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Conflict and Change in the Modern World
There are many conflicts in the Modern World. These conflicts often lead up to change. These conflicts include problems in the Cold War, the Four Worlds, China, Southeast Asia, the Negritude movement, African nations, Middle East, and Latin American countries.
The Cold War was an intense rivalry that developed after World War II between two groups of communist and non-communist nations. On one side were the U.S.S.R and its communist allies and on the other side were the United States and its democratic allies. The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings by both the United States and the Soviet Union, and their allies. The United States accused the Soviet Union of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The United States wanted a world of independent nations based on democratic principles. Some conflicts that occurred during the Cold War were the Berlin blockade, the Cuban Missile crisis, the Suez Canal crisis, the Bay of Pigs, and the Vietnam War. As years went by, ties among members of both the Communist and Western blocs began to loosen and new international relationships in the 170's began to appear. Several Communist and democratic nations developed friendlier relations with one another, helping ease tensions.
Custom Essays on Conflict and Change in the Modern World
There are some conflicts in the Four Worlds. For example, one world is trying to achieve a high standard of living and others are trying to stay stable. The first world consists of wealth, democracy, and capitalism. The second world consists of the socialist nations of the former USSR and Eastern Europe, which are now developing mixed economies. The third world consists of poor countries struggling to use their resources to raise their economy levels. Finally, the poorest of the poor is the fourth world of nations where people are destitute.
In 158, China began its First Five-Year Plan for economic development. From 15 to 157, Chinese industry grew at the rapid rate of about 15% a year. By 157, the Communists had brought all important industries under the control of the government. In addition, peasants were forced or persuaded to combine their landholdings into agricultural cooperatives, but agricultural production increased much more slowly than industrial output. The Great Leap Forward was the name of China's Five-Year Plan. The Great Leap Forward shattered China's economy. From 15 to 161, China experienced economic depression, food shortages, and a decline in industrial output. By 16, the economy began to recover. However, the Chinese had not solved the problem of achieving economic growth while maintaining revolutionary values. Disagreement over this issue began to produce a major split within the Communist Party between radicals and moderates. The radicals called for China to strive for a classless society in which everyone would work selflessly for the common good. The Moderates stressed the importance of economic development. They believed that the policies of the radicals were unrealistic and hampered the modernization of China. Mao Zedong was the chairman of the Communist Party. His attempt to put China back on a revolutionary path wrecked the government and economy so severely that he had to call out the army in 167 to restore order. In 16, the Communist Party, the government, and the educational system gradually began to resume their normal activities, but the conflict between radicals and moderates within the party continued.
Many people in Southeast Asia resented colonialism and fought for independence. These nations began to win independence after World War II ended in 145. At the same time, Communists gained a foothold in Southeast Asia, often as part of independence movements. Most of the newly independent Southeast Asian governments faced uprisings by Communists and other groups who wanted to take over the countries. Communists gained control of North Vietnam in 154. In 175, after years of bitter fighting, they took over South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The Vietnamese Communists united North and South Vietnam into the single nation of Vietnam in 176.
There are many reasons for the Negritude movement. One of the reasons was to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. It first began when French-speaking Africans and West Indians began to express their growing sense of black consciousness and pride in tradition. This movement also viewed the black experience as unique. One of the movement's leaders, Leopold Senghor, later became the first president of Senegal.
In Africa, a left wing military group controlled the government of Ethiopia from 174 to 11. The Military government adopted socialist policies and developed close relations with the Soviet Union. In 175, leftist guerrilla forces formed Marxist-Leninist governments in Angola and Mozambique. They controlled the governments of these countries until 10. Other African nations had Marxist- Leninist governments for short periods in the 170's and 180's. In Central America, an alliance of Marxist groups called the Sandinista National Liberation Front held power in Sandinista parties won
Nicaragua's presidential election. In southwestern Asia in 178, a Marxist-Lennist party seized power in Afghanistan. However, many Afghans rebelled against the new government. In 17, the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan to prevent the overthrow of the government. The invasion resulted in a lengthy conflict between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels. The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ended in 18. The rebels overthrew the government in 1.
The 150's and 160's were years of radical change in the Middle East. A new generation led by young army officers took over the governments of many Arab states. They overthrew leaders who cooperated with the United Kingdom and France. They hoped to bring about a political unification of the Arab world and to remove any European influence. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, became the symbol of these hopes. In 156, Nasser seized the Suez Canal in Egypt from its British and French owners. In response to Nasser's action, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. Pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations forced the invaders to withdraw.
In 15, former President Ibanez was elected president of Chile for the second time. Major issues in the election were food shortages, rising inflation, and falling worker income. Ibanez continued to encourage industrialization, but economic problems persisted. A sharp drop in copper prices in the world market added to the economic problems. Chileans elected Eduardo Frei Montalva president in 164. Frei began a limited program of land refom, built public housing projects, and expanded education and health services. Frei persuaded U.S. firms that owned copper mines in Chile to give the Chilean government a greater share of the profits and more control over pricing, production, and marketing of copper.
In Nicaragua, its new government, headed by the Sandinistas, took over key parts of the economy, including agricultural exports, banking, insurance, and mining. The economy system is a mixture of public and private ownership. The government adopted many policies designed to help the poor and improve the economy, which had been badly damaged in the Civil War. The economic recovery from the war has been show, and hardships remain for many people.
There are many conflicts that affected the modern world. Some conflicts that people and countries faced over the years dealt with wars, governments, the economy, and other such things. These conflicts often lead to a positive change and sometimes a negative change.
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