Life:An Artistic Expression

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Human Potential and philosophical idealism revitalized Renaissance art from that of the middle ages. The humanism movement taught artists to appreciate and celebrate life on earth. Generally, artists chose to move away from false, idealistic perceptions of man and religion and redirect their attention to detail, emotion and individualism. Symbolism was replaced with realism. Life was no longer meant to surround the church, nor was every aspect of it. Renaissance art took advantage of this sudden social change and flourished in return.

Paintings turned from bland pictures into invigorating masterpieces complete with color and expression. Suddenly, one could distinguish between joyous smiles and watery eyes filled with hurt and sorrow. People in paintings were no longer looked at in "god-like" manners; instead they were appreciated in their natural state. During the middle ages, painting a nude human body was considered sinful and disgusting while in the Renaissance the nude body was celebrated and beautiful.

During the Renaissance sculpting took upon a life of its own, almost literally. Sculptors and painters alike had been known to study cadavers to have a better grasp of the human body, its muscular groups and its appropriate functions. Through these studies, the accuracy and livelihood of each sculpture increased dramatically. While the amount of time and detail each sculpture received was remarkable, a new intensity had been reached and sculptors were able to create depth that a painter could never achieve. Unlike past times, sculptors found beauty in mankind's flaws and imperfections. It was these attributes that made each sculpture different and at the same time alive with character. The people of the time saw reflections of themselves portrayed in religious and non-religious sculptures alike giving them a newfound sense of hope and importance. The emphasis was focused on the people as opposed to anything else.

Architecture advanced greatly during this time period. A new emphasis on symmetry and proportion combined with Greek and Roman inspirations created beautiful landscapes and cities that have withstood the test of time and can still be seen standing today. The dome was introduced during the renaissance, giving architects more choices and later affecting sports arenas throughout the world. Architects often use the renaissance as inspiration for works, the influence of which can be see throughout the world.

Music also took a humanistic approach as opposed to that of the Middle Ages, where lyrics were usually long, repetitive, church-related and often spoken. Renaissance music was more lively and fun. Composers branched out and expressed themselves freely as artists, much like the other players of the Renaissance. Emotion could now be heard as well as seen.

The Renaissance was known for its advancements in art that included emotion, proportion, symmetry, realism and beauty. However, beauty was now in the eye of the beholder-a new concept contributed by the Renaissance. Science made all of these advancements possible, questioning everything led to a better understanding of almost every aspect of life and during this time period life was to be lived to the fullest. Life was celebrated and appreciated through art, for art was looked at as an expression of the soul.

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Objectification of Women

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The objectification of women is commonly used to refer to the presentation of women in the media as an object. Women's bodies are routinely used as objects to sell various products. In certain pictures women are presented as being vulnerable and easily overpowered especially in ads were they have on revealing clothing and take on submissive roles. These images are found in music videos as well, where the focus is only a particular body part. Lyrics to some songs promote this objectification as well.

"In many magazine advertisements women are often viewed as objects rather than human beings. Instead of focusing on the woman as a whole, many ads will just focus on one part of her body" (Objectification of Women).Often the focus is on a leg, a neck, a headless torso, etc. One Guess Eyewear ad has a man's head resting on a woman's torso. While her breasts are visible, her head is not. Skyy Vodka continually uses women's legs in their advertisements. One ad for Lily of France which spans the bottom of two pages not only focuses on a headless torso, but compares the breasts to speakers. Women's bodies are used as desirable objects to attract attention to the product. This is occurring in increasingly ridiculous ways. An ad for Visa found in several teen magazines shows only a woman's stomach. A naked woman with her face tucked away holds a Palm Pilot. The text reads, "Simply Palm". About-Face (an organization which combats negative and distorted images of women) features commentary on that particular ad. "Simply gratuitous use of naked female body to sell high-end electronic gizmo to gullible (mostly male) public. Esquire magazine featured on its Febuary 001 cover, a naked Italian actress covered in cavier. The featured photo spread included one of her covered in honey as well. In one extremely disturbing photograph from Esquire, several (what appear to be) Barbie dolls with broken limbs litter the landscape. Closer inspection, however, reveals them to be women. A male figure in the background is throwing one over his shoulder while he holds another in his hand. The central female has her head severed with her body lying behind it. The title of the article the picture acompanies is "46 Women Who Were Not My Wife" which focuses on the author's various affairs. This is the image of intimate sexual relationships? The picture vividly illustrates that those involved are merely objects for the man's sexual pleasure.

Music lyrics and videos continually objectify women. Dr. Dre and friends spray champagne on women in Next Episode. In Maxwells video Lets Not Play the Game, Maxwell pauses on womens body parts. In DMX's No Love For Me, footage is shot looking up women's skirts. Sugar Ray's Fly video features several shots of various parts of female dancers' bodies. "In a raft of Rock and Hip Hop videos, women get turned into pieces of booty served up for the pleasure of powerful men...." (Mtv News Now) Eminem's Kim includes the lyrics, "Sit down bitch If you move again Ill beat the shit out of you...Now shut the fuck up and get whats comin to you. You were supposed to love me {choking} NOW BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED!" "Fuckin your bitch in the ass with a tire iron.. " is a line from Under the Influence. Who Knew says, "Fuck that, take drugs, rape sluts..." Amityville includes the lyrics, "My little sisters birthday, shell remember me. For a gift I had ten of my boys take her virginity..." Korn's Kill You says, "All I want to do, is kill you...Id beat and stab and fuck her.." Jordan's Night's Give it to You contains the lines,

Its creepin around in your head

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Me holding you down in my bed

You dont have to say a word

Im convinced you want this

Baby you know that Ill give it to you

Your body needs a man like me

Anything goes when I give it to you

Magazine articles serve to reduce women to merely parts. Often they include a variety of articles on how to tone the abs, slim the upper arms, tighten thighs, etc. Interviews with female celebrities often question which body part she'd most like to change, which one she likes best, which one she hates, etc. "They tell their terrible secret. It's my breasts, they say. My hips. It's my thighs. I hate my stomach..."(Wolf 14-150). Women learn to see themselves as disconnected parts and not as a whole human being. For women, appraisal and self-worth are determined by appearance. When a person's features are severed, that allows the observer's attitude to shift towards objectification. This is particularly true when facial features are hidden or non-existent. Facial features reveal a A cperson's emotions and therefore identity. So by severing them, this facilitates the viewer's ability to see that person as merely an object treating and thinking about the subject as though it were an object with no needs, feelings, or identity. (Dittrich)

One consistent theme in magazine advertisements is one of the woman who needs not speak. The idea is that her beauty or scent are enough of an attraction; she doesn't need to and shouldn't speak"(Zarchikov). She is not a person with thoughts and opinions, but rather a pretty decoration. "Make a statement without saying a word, " says an perfume ad. "The silence of a look can reveal more than words," says another perfume ad. "More than words can say," says yet another perfume ad, and one clothing ad says, "Classic is speaking your mind (without saying a word)." An ad for lipstick says, "Watch your mouth, young lady," while one for nail polish says, "Let your fingers do the talking" A 1 University of Michigan study found that, girls are told to be quiet much more often than boys starting as early as preschool. Although boys were much noisier than girls, the girls were told to speak softly or to use a "nicer" voice about three times more often. The researchers concluded that one of the consequences of this socialization is that girls grow into women afraid to speak up for themselves or to use their voices to protect themselves from a variety of dangers. Girls, seeing these images of women are encouraged to be quiet and not talk too much. (Kilbourne, 18-140)

According to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 75, No. 1, 6-84) Objectification theory posits that American culture socializes women to adopt observers' perspectives on their physical selves. . . ." The first psychological consequence of this objectification in the media is self-objectification. A woman views her own body as an object (or each piece as a separate object). That article stated that self-objectification induced through experiments caused women (not men, however) to feel shame about their bodies, and therefore restrain eating. (Sexual Objectification of Women). Amy Beck, coordinator at Harvard's Adams House who worked in an eating disorder unit at a psychiatric hospital firmly believes that the media plays a role in eating disorders and sexual abuse. "I am absolutely convinced that the objectification of women by the media is an integral part of both of these problems, presenting women with unrealistic role models while encouraging men to think of women solely in terms of their sexuality" (Beck). The average supermodel weights twenty-three percent less than the average American female. Yet these images of models bodies are constants in fashion magazines and videos. The personality of the model is typically not portrayed. Only her breasts, legs, arms, etc. are visible. Therefore, women are encouraged to look at their own body parts completely out of context of them being just one aspect of the whole person. Women focus on thinning down their thighs, enlarging their breasts, firming their stomachs, etc. The encouragement is to see the body as a series of parts which each have a value. The entire person, however, has little or no value.

The objectification of women acts as a barrier to the equality of women. As long as women are seen as sex objects existing solely to please men, their status will be determined by men. How can someone be on equal terms with an object? If the woman isn't viewed as a person, she's merely a collection of objects to be used and therefore will never be equal to men.

Violence against women is another consequence of seeing women as objects. The New York Governors Task Force on Sexual Harassment found

• The increase in the popular cultures tolerance for matters relating to sex and violence presents unique obstacles. In recent years, the influence of popular culture (e.g. music videos, rap and hip hop music) has increased, influencing public attitudes to a much greater extent than ever before. The objectification of women in rap lyrics and music videos and the sexual violence against women depicted in these and other media promote sexual harassment as normal, and even good.

Most men aren't genetically predisposed to abuse and disrespect women. Their attitudes are conditioned by society. Violent lyrics and videos encourage abuse because women aren't viewed as individuals, but rather as body parts. "Turning a human being into a thing, an object, is almost always the first step toward justifying violence against that person...The violence, the abuse is partly the chilling but logical result of the objectification." (Kilbourne 74 ) Women are portrayed as objects that exist solely for the pleasure of men and are therefore treated as such by some men.(Beck). According to Mtv News Now "When Sex Goes Pop Not That Innocent", "What happens when a woman's sexual allure exists merely for males? She's no longer viewed as a person, but as a man's play thing. Out in the real world, that can have serious consequences... The incessant barrage of booty offered up with joyous aplomb can turn sexual appreciation into fetishistic gimmee gimmee" (Mtv News Now). These images are designed to arouse men, but research shows that they also arouse feelings of acceptance of violence against women. Men also have less pity or mercy for victims of rape because of such images. (Objectification of Women). Some encourage men not to believe women who have been raped. The Fetish perfume ad with the woman who appears to have black eyes and the text", "Apply generously to your neck so he can smell the scent as you shake your head 'no'," promotes that idea. The concept is that women mean yes even when they say "no". And since clothes and perfume are said to "Make a statement without saying a word," and reveal "More than words can say," one is lead to assume that even if a woman says "no", if her perfume or clothing says otherwise, her words are not to be believed. If a woman wears such perfume or clothing, she was asking for it. Her words may contradict that, but men are lead to believe her scent and dress speak louder than her voice.

• In our society, a womans body is objectified daily on television, music videos, advertisements. What do we do with objects? We buy, sell, and trade them prostitution. We tame them through rape and domestic abuse. Finally, we destroy them (Bonzo).

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Renaissance Man

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The Renaissance, begun in 150 in Florence, Italy, brought on a rebirth and rediscovery of classical culture. In breaking away from the Middle Ages, people brought new attitudes of optimism, confidence, and creativity. They admired and encouraged art, literature, and scholarship. Their surroundings were constant reminders of ancient Rome, certainly helping to boost the interest in classical culture. Medieval society, profoundly consisting of suffering and death, showed its miserable condition through artwork and writings. In the Middle Ages as well, people tried to clarify Church teachings and encourage preparation for an afterlife. So whereas the people of the Middle Ages focussed on surviving, the people of the Renaissance, following classical Greece and Rome, believed in living life as fully as possible. The Renaissance brought on an entirely new view of life. People now had much more secular values and were more accepting of individualism. This Renaissance spirit brought on an ideal of a well-rounded person. This person excelled in many fields and was praised as a universal man. Moreover, the title given was Renaissance man. The ideal Renaissance man and woman were similar in that they were both expected to be charming, educated, artistic, and athletic, even though women were expected to make use of their talents at home.

In Baldassare Castigliones The Courtier, Castiglione illustrated the characteristics of the ideal gentleman. The Courtier was described in a gentle fashion. Castiglione possessed most of the qualities he praised piety, loyalty, courage, an easy learning, and wit. A friend wrote to him I do not wonder that you were able to depict the perfect courtier for you had only to hold a mirror before you and set down what you saw there (Thompson 75). For Castiglione, the courtier was the cream of civilized society. In his book, he explains that the courtier must be able to acquit himself in all manly exercises, however equally familiar with literature. He should speak several languages, play musical instruments, and possess elegant writing skill. (Yo Mr. Longo! How ya likin my paper so far? Pretty good for a procrastinator). Above all, he was to be a man of his word, loyal to his prince, generous to his servants. In modern language, Castigliones courtier would be described as a well-educated, decent man, with a strong code of personal morals, but tolerance of the weaknesses of others (Thompson 77).

The Renaissance man had to be one of charming character. Young, witty, and valuing self control, he was a real gentleman. In love, he was to be discreet and honorable; in war, courageous but magnanimous (Thompson 77). Effective public speaking, polished manners, and elegant writing style were skills valuable to political leaders. A true Renaissance man believed in having secular values and maintained that Renaissance spirit. He was also a humanist and only mildly religious.

This well-educated man believed in education through the study of the humanities. (Mr. Longo, you remind me of the Renaissance man. Indeed you are well educated, and you having such a charming personality). Less concerned with science, he focussed on humankind and culture. Petrach is said to be the first humanist. He used the seven humanities least-regarded in the medieval university and placed them first. Leonardo Bruni, an outstanding scholar, insisted that it was Petrach who opened the way for us to show how to acquire learning (Johnson 4). The word umanista came into use, and its subjects were listed as five grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosphy, and history. Music and mathematics were sometimes studies as well. People learned the Latin and Greek language. Enthusiasm for ancient Greece and Rome spread and many people imitated the customs and lifestyle of the classical civilizations.

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The universal man required artistic creativity. Not only was he interested in oil painting, sculpture, and portraits, but he was also very involved with music. He played instruments such as the lute, viol, cello, recorder and drums. Although it was an age primarily of secular and domestic music, it was also an age in which some of our great Church music was composed (Halliday 1). There were also great operas, quartets, and choruses, and many people enjoyed song and dance. Literature and poetry evolved with graceful and delicate lyrics. The theatre was also amazing; this period was one of the most memorable in the history of English drama. Many new tragedies, comedies, and romances were brought to the stage for those who enjoyed dramatic arts. There were plenty of people who admired architecture and gardens as well.

No Renaissance man was complete without athletic ability. With all of the other qualities said to make up the ideal man, there was very little emphasis put on athletics. However, humanists did add physical games and exercises to the seven liberal arts. Men evolved their military skills. They had to become skilled riders and swordsmen. The courtier was involved in all manly exercises. He did much running and practiced their wrestling.

Patrons of the arts and very powerful, the Medici family ruled in Florence and became active in politics. Lorenzo de Medici was the most famous member of the family. In expanding the university in Florence, he gave young people an opportunity to study classical literature. Lorenzo hired many different types of artists to create works for his palace. He became known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. (Its Mr. Longo the Magnificent if you ask me). A scholar, skilled architect, talented poet, financier, statesman, economist, and strategist, Lorenzo de Medici was definitely a universal man.

Another universal man was Niccolo Machiavelli. A diplomat in Florence, he wrote The Prince, a political guidebook on how a ruler can gain power. According to his book, morality is irrelevant. He tells that a ruler should do whatever necessary to gain power, even if he has to lie, kill, or break treaties. (Ah! Its after 400am, I am so tired. This cant be good for my health). He also claims that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. Machiavellis Prince was a cold exercise in logic; Castigliones Courtier was a warm, living portrait of the ideal man (Thompson 75). Machiavelli may have been a cynical political thinker, however he was also a diplomat, patriot, poet, and historian.

Leonardo da Vinci was a remarkable artist with true genius. He was rather unusual, however gifted with intellectual and technical skills. His restless mind had a thirst for knowledge. He believed painting was a science because it is based on mathematical perspective and on the study of nature. Da Vinci left over 5,000 pages of notes and drawings in his notebooks filled with his brilliance (Leonardo da Vinci). This incredible man spent his days painting, engineering, designing, sculpting, inventing, writing, sketching, building, dissecting, and contemplating. No other artist of the Renaissance made such close and detailed observations of nature, including anatomy, as did Leonardo (Thompson 16). Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man.

Upper-class women, like men were charming and well educated. They were far better educated than the women of the Middle Ages. It was a characteristic of humanism to pay almost as much attention to the education of ladies as of gentlemen (Johnson 41). Young ladies studied poetry, languages, and music. Unlike men, women were not to seek fame. They inspired art, however, never created it. Women were expected to make use of their talents at home. They often entertained their husbands.

Castiglione describes in The Courtier specifically the qualities of courtly ladies. Women were to be occasions of beauty and delight. No court however great, can have adornment or splendor or gaiety in it without ladies; in the same way, no courtier can be graceful or pleasing or brave, or do any gallant deed of chivalry, unless he is moved by the society and by the love and charm of ladies (Thompson 85). Similar to the gentleman, the courtly lady should be well born, naturally graceful, well mannered, clever, prudent, and capable. There are also virtues which are distinctively hers. If married, she should be a good manager of her husbands property, house, and children, and possess qualities that are requisite in a good mother. Beauty is a necessity, for truly that woman lacks much who lacks beauty (Thompson 86). Above all, a Renaissance woman must be charming and a stranger to boorishness. Her kind manner is agreeable, witty, and discreet. In her ways, manners, words, gestures, and bearing, a woman ought to be very unlike a man; for just as he must should a certain sturdy manliness, so it is seemly for a woman to have a soft and delicate tenderness, with an air of womanly sweetness in her movement….which shall always make her appear the woman without any resemblance to a man (Thompson 86).

Isabella dEste was one of the admired women during the Renaissance. She was the daughter of the rulers of Ferrara and sister of Beatrice, her rival in fame. DEste mastered Greek and Latin, the signs of serious scholarship. She was also skilled at lute playing, dance, and witty conversation. Married to the ruler of Mantua, she exercised much political power. She studied maps and astrology, and designed the allegorical schemes. DEste brought many Renaissance artists to court and acquired a famous art collection. (Almost done, almost done, just a little bit more).

Renaissance is the French word meaning rebirth. And for its time in history, this meant a flowering of art, scholarship and literature. It only makes sense that the ideal Renaissance man would symbolize the era in which he lives. In other words, the characteristics of a Renaissance man in a nut shell. The same holds true for any other era as well. It is because the Renaissance period was so focussed on celebrating the classical civilizations and living a beautiful, up lifting life that the Renaissance man tends to receive more publicity than men of other eras. People are, today even, fascinated by those well-rounded people who lived during the Renaissance. To have such skill in the many different fields-education, charmed personality, music, art, poetry, and athletics-is truly phenomenal. The people of the Renaissance who played the part of the universal man or woman deserve much respect and admiration. (Phew!)

Works Cited

Chamberlin, E. R. Everyday Life in Renaissance Times. Portman Square B. T. Batsford Ltd, 167.

Halliday, F. E. An Illustrated Cultural History of England. New York The Viking Press, Inc., 167 11-1.

Introduction to the Sixteenth Century. The Renaissance

Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance, A Short History. New York Random House, Inc., 000.

Leonardo da Vinci. Renaissance Art 7 January 00 http//intranet.gouldacademy. org/ Teachers/manningr/Renwebpage.htm

Rabb, Theodore K. Renaissance Lives, Portraits of an Age. New York Pantheon Books, 1 1-18.

Renaissance 8 January 00 http//www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/renaissance.html.

Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance. Chicago Charles Scribners Sons, 171.

Thompson, Stephen P. The Renaissance. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 000.

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Blood Covered Words

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The sun is shining brightly. Streams of gleaming heat penetrate his face. His

black and red cap does very little to protect his face from the rays of the sun. He wears

dark, rugged jeans, worn out skate shoes, and a red, white and black hoodie, with one of

her favorite bands on the front.

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He stands in front of one of the many cornerstores on the block. Leaning

against the wall, he pulls out his box of Marlboro Reds, and his clear red $.50 lighter.

There arent many cars passing by, but he stands there patiently, blowing clouds of

smoke into the still air.

Flicking away his cigarette, he pulls up the sleeve of his hoodie, and looks at

his three year old watch, for a brief moment, catching a glimpse of the time. He

remains calm, cool and collected in his own thoughts, in his own world. He is so

mysteriously attractive.

Natalie stands there, her 54 frame leaning against the stop sign pole, her waist

length, black hair covered with dark burgendy streaks sways slightly with her movements

as she tugs down on her black, lace-covered top, and fixes the array of black and silver

bracelets she wears. She reaches into her bag, pulls out a black compact and looks at herself

in the mirror, making sure her abundant black eyeliner hasnt run. She reaches into her bag

once again, this time rummaging through for her CD-player, which she puts to the maximum

volume as she waits for her bus. With her deep brown eyes she follows the path of a small,

filthy black car, with the music blasting. As the window opens, a cloudof foggy gray smoke is

let out into the air. Natalie watches as this guy walks over to the car, full of people with

matching hoodies, jumps in, and speeds off down the street.

The next afternoon, Natalie walks to the park, in search of anyone with a

cigarette in their hands. She walks slowly, paying careful attention to peoples hands.

She has given up on buying packs for herself lately, because of the increase in the taxes,

which she doesnt think is worth it. Instead, she just looks around for nice people that

seem like they would understand someone who needs a cigarette. The breeze hits her

face harshly. The day is cold, and even though the sun is shining, the air overpowers the

heat of the sun. And, there is nobody walking by her that seems to be smoking. The brisk

air hits her so strongly that she swears to herself that at the corner of the next block shell

turn around and go home. But as she approaches the corner, she sees billowing clouds of

smoke up ahead. Walking faster, she realizes who it is, and is satisfied with her luck.

Finally reaching the corner, Natalie stops in front of him, and stares into his big,

brown, expressive eyes. She wants to run her hands through his short, wavy, dark brown

hair. She wants to touch his soft looking skin, and caress his tan complexion. He flashes

her a mischievous grin, and she feels both of their worlds suddenly collide. She feels as if

her dreams have just become reality. All these feelings are too strong, and she tries as

hard as she can to not let them affect her. She asks him for a stoge, so he passes her one

out of his pack and his red lighter. Once thats all over, she walks away as quickly as she

can. All she can do is think about his hypnotizing intrigue. She walks away, hoping

desperately that he doesnt notice all the silly emotions, of her sudden infatuation with him,

that were swimming around in her head.

As she gets into her house, and closes the door, Natalie hears the distant ringing of

the telephone from her basement. She runs down to pick it up. She is bored, and has nothing

to do on her Friday night, so she runs in anticipation of it being someone who also has nothing

to do on a nice Friday night. When she picks the phone up, she instantly knows that it is her

best friend, who always has something to do. Darla, a punk-rock stoner that has been friends

with Natalie since elementary school, with blonde hair covered in hot pink streaks always

wearing her plaid skirts mentions to Natalie about a show later that night. Natalie is always

up for a show, especially when shes bored and has nothing else to do.

She pays her $10 at the door, waits for her hand to be stamped, and walks on in.

The club is so packed, and all the different kinds of smoke fill the air. She has to push her

way through the crowd to get anywhere. Walking past the bar, she approaches the stage.

The chaos around her is getting her excited, and she begins to focus on the dancing, instead

of protecting herself from the swings coming her way. Before she knows it, she is pushed

against a wall, and with nothing to keep her up, she stumbles tothe floor. Scrambling as fast

as she can, so as not to get trampled, Natalie is pulled up by a warm helping hand. The

rugged fingers caress her palm gently as she gets to her feet. Face to face with her hero, she

can not take her eyes off of him.

Standing there speechless, they realize that everything around them begins to calm

down, as the music fades, and the lights are turning back on. He opens his mouth, as if to say

something, but before the words escape his mouth, small petite hands, with black painted nails

and bright green streaks in her jet black hair, take him by the waist, turn him around, and

takes the heart that was Natalies only a few seconds ago into the palm of her hand and

crushes it until the blood seeps out of it, laughing all the while.

He turns back around, giving Natalie a very desperate look, and is about to introduce

both girls to one another, but not knowing Natalies name, she has to fill that in for him. The

green-haired, black-nailed girls name is Melissa. Natalies heart shatters. After the introduction,

she walks away, flashing them a fake smile as she leaves. She notices that he doesnt seem to

want her to leave, but she figures it is just her imagination. She walks away, trying to talk to

people to get her mind off what just happened. She tries to make herself believe that she doesnt

care, even though she knows it is breaking her heart apart, sucking all the emotion out of each

and every drop of blood.

A few days later, Natalie is invited to a party, and she sees it as the perfect opportunity

to get her mind off of what had happened to her a few days ago at the show. She goes, hoping to

have some fun. All she wants to do that night is enjoy herself. Beer in one hand, a thick joint in the

other, she walks around greeting her friends, and introducing herself to the people she doesnt

know. She walks to the smoke room, where all the other potheads are gathered around hookahs

and bongs. The lights brilliantly flash around her eyes. Shades of blue, green, yellow, and red

swim around about her, seeping through the clouds of smoke trying to find their way into Natalies

body. When she sits down, and grabs one of the hookah tubes, taking her hits of the herb, she

feels at home and comfortable. But as she sits there, staring at the nearby strobe light, all she

can do is think about him. And once she thinks about him, she cant forget about the girl. She

takes another few hits to try and get that green hair out of her mind.

But trying to get her mind off that guy wasnt going to happen tonight. Coincidentially, he

was at the party too. He walked into the smokey room, and at first not realizing that Natalie was

there, sits on a chair and waits for his turn using the big glass bong on the table. He seemed to be

alone tonight. The moment that Natalie finally spots him, is the same moment that he sees her. He

happily brings himself over to her, big grin on his face and all, and Natalie is speechless as their

bodies lessen in distance from one another, until they are face to face.

His name is Ivan. Even his name is beautiful. He takes Natalie by the hand, and pulls

her outside, where the stars are twinkling in the amazing black night sky. The moon is smiling

for Natalie and Ivan. They were finally together, and alone. The way his hands caress her hair,

gives Natalie chills. When their lips finally meet, they both feel as if they are in another world,

another dimension. She takes in every word he says, concentrating on his beautiful voice, and

watches all the movements he makes in adoration. She feels an unbelievable rapture of emotions

just being by his side. He tells her that he feels the exact same way when he is with her, and

that he could sense it from the moment that they first met, when she approached him, and asked

him for a cigarette. But the whole time, Ivan makes no comment about the girl he was with a

few nights before. This keeps Natalie wondering.

Making their way back to the party, Natalie spots Melissa who flashes her and Ivan

a big smile. She makes her way over to him, and makes it seem as if nothing has changed

between them tonight, from the few days ago at the show. Natalie, disappointed, and feeling

used, walks away, not noticing the distressed look in Ivans face, and ignores him for the rest of

the party.

When she is finally home, Natalie checks the messages on her answering machine. Her

roommates boyfriend called twice, and Ivan has called about three times, telling Natalie to come

to his house. He wants to share something with her, is all he says. Natalie, though still mad about

Melissa, is curious of what this might mean and makes her way over to his house as soon as

possible.

On her arrival, she sees that all the lights in the house are off. There is no sign of anyone

inside. She approaches the door and knocks but there is no answer. To her surprise the door is

slightly open, so she walks inside. Before she knows what hit her, she is struck to the floor. She

cannot see who, or what it is that is hurting her, but she knows that it is not good. Then, she feels

a sharp blade slide against her arm. All she had to her defense were scissors on the table next to

her. She runs for it, grabbing the scissors on the table. When her perpetrater is near, she takes the

scissors in her hand and plunges it deep into the flesh of her attacker. She feels the scissors break

the skin, and before she knows it, she can feel her hands soaked with blood. She continues to

plunge the scissors into the bloody flesh, until there is no longer any movement. All she can do

is lay down on the floor, to think about what had just happened.

As she lays there, not knowing what to think of such an incident, the lights are turned on.

To her surprise, she sees Melissas bloody corpse sprawled out on the floor. She admires the

beauty of her nemesis. Small, petite body, beautiful flowing hair, a complexion color so brilliant it

almost seems to glow, At the door, she sees his face once again. Only this time, he is in shock,

shock so great no words come out of his slightly ajar mouth. After getting over the sight of the

bloody mess, he begins to smile. Natalie is confused as to what this means, and begins to get

frightened. But he comforts her. Pulling it out of his pocket, Natalie notices that he has a gun.

Doubtful of what that gun could be for, Natalie remains motionless on the floor, but Ivan drops

the gun and runs over to her, taking her into his arms. She returned the embrace, and felt at ease

once again. All the problems of the world seemed to fade away when she looked into his loving

eyes, only this time it was forever.

All he could do was look into her eyes and say , Thank you.

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Music and culture

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on music and culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality music and culture paper right on time.

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Introduction and background information.

For every kind of music there is a culture behind it. Rarely does music develop out of nothing. Culture means the general way of life of a particular people. This includes how they led their lives, how they related to each other, how they related with their neighbors and the like. It also includes what they infer about religion, the supernatural and also about their origin. All this reflects in the kind of music they create. Music just like culture is not static it is vibrant and dynamic and is in essence a cultural heritage.

In light of the above, a closer inspection of a particular people's music reveals that the music talks about nature- this is generally the people's environment- whatever is around them- the explainable and the un-explainable. It also talks about war and conflict be it intra- tribal or inter-tribal war and conflict and the like. Through a people's music one can infer their feelings towards any subject that concerns them and how they feel that things and situations should be. Also shown is the way the people think and in general their world-view this is how a given people perceive life and whatever it encompasses. Music also story-tells who the people concerned are. Their origin their migrations and settlements e.t.c

Music is rarely unaccompanied. Most cultures have their own unique instruments, some universally used instrument or a version of a universal instrument. These instruments accompany the music practiced and performed by these people and from them you can learn something about the people and their way of life. For example, the people might create instruments that produce certain animal sounds common in their region. These can be like horns and trumpets to produce elephant noises. The performers might themselves produce the animal sounds in their music, for example, chirping sounds in imitation of birds and the like.

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In this paper we are going to look at the kamba music and what it reveals about the kamba people as compared to other cultures and their music.

Kamba dances

Though now almost if not completely extinct is the kamba dancing. The dancing is the most spectacular manifestation of this people's culture. The dancing is characterized by awesome acrobatics that include somersaults leaps and high jumps performed to throbbing polyrhythmic drumbeats. These vigorous dances have themes and not surprisingly military ones. These arose from their huge participation in the in the country's armed forces where they fought in the first world war in India under the British government. The kamba were opposed to colonial occupation and rule and therefore included this in their music.

Kilumi dance

One of the enduring dances is the "kilumi" dance. Formally the kilumi was performed by old women showing that kambas had different dances for different age groups and genders. Nowadays the dance is performed and danced to by even men. Just like most kamba dances drums, mostly two that accompany the ululations and singing, are used in kilumi dances

Mbeni dance

This is a dance performed in celebrations by young unmarried people. It is very short mostly because of its tiring pace. This dance is performed in pairs and gets vigorous as it nears the climax, which is when the male dancer (Anake) makes a high jump and somersaults.

The instruments used in this dance are a set of four drums and three whistles.

Nduli dance.

This is a dance for strictly circumcised teenagers. It is very popular because it is in this dance that most youths choose their life partners. The performance of this dance shows that circumcision is highly regarded by the kamba people. Being circumcised gives the young man the right to marry and own property. The uncircumcised boys are often looked down upon by those who've already undergone the right. This comes out clearly in their exclusion from this dance. It is also a drum dance.

Kisanga dance

This is a dance for all community members. It is mostly performed after the community has had a good harvest. During this celebration, a goat is slaughtered, it's blood poured under the holy "kitutu" tree and it's meat left under the tree for their God- "Mulungu". This celebration and dance shows that the kamba are religious people and recognize that there exists a supernatural being who created them and the universe. They recognize that he is the one who gives them rain to grow their crops. The kamba value their relationship with their God and that's why they perform this rite to him. This dance also involves the drum.

Mwasa dance.

This is a relatively young. It came into existence during the Second World War when the kamba and the Giriama served together in the colonial army. The dance is performed as an accompaniment while elders enjoy beer made from honey. The dance is not primarily for dancing. The instruments involved are two drums, one small and one large. From the performance of this dance shows that the kamba had different leisure activities for different age groups. In this case the elders take beer that is made from honey. It also shows that most probably only elders are allowed to take beer.

KAMBA SONGS

There are many different types of songs in the kamba community. The songs are composed on a wide range of topics affecting the community. All types of songs have names

Mbathi sya kivalo

These are songs commenting on the general society. They rebuke the social misfits and outlaws. These are accompanied by dance and mostly instrumental music. Whistles, jingles and shakers feature prominently when it comes to instrumental music. The distinguishing factor in these songs is the steps performed and the drum used. Some songs are also unaccompanied. These songs show that the kambas value good social and moral conduct.

Maio songs

These are mourning songs performed by unmarried girls at a newly married girl's home to "mourn" the loss of one of their colleague. They are mostly sad, mournful and unaccompanied songs. These songs show that the kambas esteem marriage.

Myali songs

These songs are neither danced to nor accompanied. They are sung during the interlude between dances, at weddings or after work. These songs covered events, experiences and attitudes of the kamba, conserving traditions and defending customary norms. They also conveyed the people's hopes, aspirations and fears. The language used is highly figurative with metaphors, similes and innuendos using imagery common to the people and their surrounding. They challenged people to decipher their meaning. They denounced deviant behavior and helped discipline wrongdoers and rogues. The wrongdoers were exposed in public through the use of these songs.

Afro-American music and culture

In comparison we will look at afro- American music and what it reflects about the afro-American culture. This is because most African music and cultures are more or less similar to the kamba; therefore, for the sake of diversity we look at afro-American music. Afro-Americans are originally Africans who were sold as slaves to the Americas to work in the up-coming industries and plantations. With time and as they multiplied in numbers they needed to assert themselves and preserve their own history in the face of foreign land, language and culture. They performed songs that did this for them in more than one way. We will look at some of their compilations.

Spirituals

Spirituals are sacred songs sang in churches. They are mostly sang in unison and are usually unaccompanied. If ever accompanied, the instruments used are minimal and might include just the keyboard. Only recently are these songs being accompanied by drums electronic guitars and dances. These songs despite being sacred called attention to their plight and demanded equal treatment since God made them all equal.

Union songs

This was sung by labour organizers to call for and encourage collective action. It was a powerful symbolic response to their oppression under the new system installed by the Anglos thoughout the southwest. Afro-American music draws on the lived experiences of ordinary men and women who were and often are defined and limited by the cultural construction of race, class and gender

Afro-americans use music as a means of transcending racial segregations since there is no way of segregating airwaves.

Through music blacks and white could come together and transcend social limits imposed by segregation. It is pointed out that travelling black and white often come into contact and influenced each others' musical repertoires and playing styles. Responses to racism and social segregation were reflected in the American roots music. For the afro-americans there has been a long reciprocal connection between religion, song and the reproduction of "community"

Unequal power relationships, shaped by differences in race and class and often gender have characterized the development of "folk" music from its roots in local communities to wide and diverse audiences in their quest for rights.

From the above we can see that freedom has been a key theme in American music, both in terms of the ideas expressed by the music the uses to which the music is often put within the social change movements. The history of American roots is intricately woven with individual and collective struggle for social change and freedom from oppression. Afro-americans musicians mostly transform their harsh experiences into powerful musical expressions and embody the spirit of freedom and refusal of constraint. This is prominent in present day rap music that is dominated by Afro-Americans. What they sing and rap about is their demand for rights, fair treatment and equal opportunities.

The instruments used by these musicians have always been more advanced than those used locally. These include the piano, keyboard guitar and other electronic instruments. This is the only glaring difference between their music and the kamba music. Otherwise the themes incorporated are similar in more than one way. They both demand freedom and liberation, from the colonialists in the case of the kamba and their former masters in the case of the afro-Americans. They sing about the ills of society and how people should treat each other and their neighbors. Both sing about their origin and identity and also what they want to attain in future.

Conclusion

From the above we can see that music really does reflect a people's culture. This is simply because whatever music a people create is influenced by whatever is around them. Their environment, their general way of life and mostly, how they perceive the universe. The kamba had different songs and dances for different genders and age groups whereas in the case of the Afro-Americans anyone could join in the songs and performances. From this we can infer that Afro-Americans really wanted to be accepted as part and parcel of their new habitat. They showed the unity and accommodation they needed so badly, in their songs by making them inclusive for all.Idenity has always been the major crisis on their part and that is why it dominates most of their music. However, they also have music for entertainment and relaxation like the blues and jazz music. The kamba had none of this quest and instead wanted the colonialists out of their motherland. They sang about their neighbors, the hunting and cultivation this is what dominated their everyday lives.

Padison, Max, Adornos's Aesthetic of Music Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 1.

Hutnyk, John, Critique of Exotica Music, Politic and the Culture Industry, Archway road, Pluto press, London, 001.

Music of the world Readings for FAR000

Bent, Ian, Music Theory in the age of Romanticsm Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 16

Burns, Ken, The Story of America's Music(CD- ROM), New York, Columbia Records, 000.

www.bluegecko.com

www.kenyaweb.com

www.google.com

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Pro athletes get paid too much money

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Professional athletes are finely toned human beings who work extremely hard to make a living to support their families. They are the cream of the crop when in terms of fitness and health and are the most highly skilled people in the world in regards to each of their sports respectably. Most "work" throughout the year whether staying in shape in the off-season or playing through their rigorous seasons that vary in length depending upon the sport. Football players pound each other for about five months each year while playing one game per week. Basketball and baseball players play a much longer season then do football. Baseball players play one hundred and sixty-two games that lasts more than five months long throughout the country. Nevertheless, the professional basketball season lasts about the same amount of time as does baseball except they play eighty-two games throughout the country. As for tennis players, golfers, and racecar drivers, they are in season throughout the year performing in different places around the world. The life of professional athletes is indeed tough and treacherous. They travel throughout the country and world always improving to be the best as they play their high-speed vigorous sport. Despite all these facts, professional athletes are overpaid people who believe they are above the law and better than anyone else. They are simply millionaires who have an "I am God" attitude, which they get away with.

Professional athletes began getting paid too much money as early as the end of the 1th century. John L. Sullivan, who was a moderately known boxer, earned four times as much as the President of the United States of America. This was during a period in American history when America was trying to build an imperial power in which they had to pick and choose their battles. The average American during this time was an industrial worker making extremely low wages, living on bare essentials to survive. The first real superstar was also created at the turn of the century. Mike "King" Kelly was baseball's first transcendent star getting paid five thousand dollars. This salary allowed Kelly to live a flashy lifestyle while many bleacher bums filled ballparks even though they were in disagreement with his oversized paycheck. Salaries of baseball players slowly but steadily continued to rise during this time. This being somewhat incredible and ridiculous as America was struggling horribly during this time. America was going through the first World War and a suffering economy. Yet, professional athletes were getting paid more then the President of the United States who had the most important job trying to guide America through hard times. In 10, the Great Depression had just hit the United States. This was arguably the hardest time in American history. However, not everyone believed that life was that bad. Babe Ruth was paid a salary of eighty thousand dollars in 10 just to hit home runs. Indeed, Babe Ruth was a great baseball player; however, he was a typical overpaid athlete with an attitude that foreshadowed many to come in the future. When Ruth was asked to justify himself making thousand dollars more than the President of the United States that year, he replied, "I had a better year than he did." Such examples of overpaid athletes in early America opened the doors for those in the future (Sullivan 144).

Athletes' salaries continued to rise in other sports with baseball as their model. In 170, Curt Flood challenged baseball's reserve clause. The reserve clause is what bounded each player to his team. Curt Flood argued that a player should be able to holdout and test free agency. Despite the case going all the way to the Supreme Court, Flood lost the case but pretty much spelled out free agency to everyone. Within a few years, the reserve clause was modified allowing free agency. This completely opened the floodgates to even more money and consequently extreme overpaying. However, not until the late 170's did the grand old game really die. In 176, America became quite alarmed and shocked when Reggie Jackson was given . million dollars a year to play baseball. Many Americans became quite frightened by such a high salary. That is more money than most doctors, lawyers, and teacher make. People who save other people's lives and those who teach our children play a much more important role in society than greedy athletes. This problem would only grow worse (Sullivan 144).

By the 10's the inflation of professional athletes' salaries was unthinkable. Jose Canseco was the salary king in 10 when he made $4.7 million in just one year to only hit the baseball. He could not even play the field that just added to how disgustingly overpaid he was. In fact, in one game, Canseco had to play right field and a fly ball bounced off his head for a home run when he made an attempt to catch it. Then, in 18, the word overpaid received a whole new definition. Kevin Brown signed a seven-year, $105 million contract (Sullivan 144). He has not even been able to play half of that deal due to injuries. This makes him, to say the least, just somewhat overpaid while he sits in his mansion and fire fighters save lives getting paid not even a twentieth of that kind of salary. Also, in 18, Kevin Garnet signed a six-year deal worth $16 million. The twenty-one year old phenom who did not even go to college signed that contract after he turned down a $10 million offer over six years (Infotrac). In golf, Tiger Woods made $6 million in 00. However, people are starving throughout the world. To say the least, Tiger Woods is just somewhat overpaid. Lennox Lewis, who is the Heavyweight Champion boxer, made $6 million in 00 for boxing in only one boxing match that was not even an hour long. That is more than five hundred thousand dollars per minute (Daly and Pereira ). However, some people try to justify that; while the majority sees the reality of the insanity.

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Despite the rich athletes becoming richer due to their overpayment, the fans suffer as the prices involved in these events also inflate to absorb the salaries. Ticket prices have almost doubled for professional football games in the last ten years. However, they are not the only things that can break the pocket. Beverages at Miami Dolphin games are ridiculous. A beer costs five dollars and fifty cents at the game. A six-pack of beer at the gas station is less than one beer at a football game proving the players do get overpaid. Also, a bottled water at the Dolphin games costs a whopping three dollars which is also highly inflated. At New York's Madison Square Garden, many of the water fountains have been removed (Barret 6). This is an attempt to force people to pay their charge of three dollars and fifty cents for a small bottle of water. Apparently, the owners need to bring in more money to help pay for their overpaid athletes. In new National Hockey League arenas, seamless glass without any support bars has been used (Barret 6). This provides a better view for the one hundred dollar seats so the team can pay its overpaid players. However, these new boards have no give leaving many players with head injuries when they collide into them. It does not matter though as long as they get their money. Parking at all these sporting events is also a joke. Depending in what part of the country you are in, parking will cost any where from ten to twenty-five dollars for each event. Multiply that by each car and there is all that extra money given to the overpaid athletes. Needless to say, when in attendance at a sporting event, you are watching your money perform instead of the greedy athlete.

Athletes and their attitudes go hand in hand together for one simple reason. They are overpaid. "Since athletes get paid so much money, a lot of them think that they should be able to do whatever they want"(Johnson 8). In most cases, this is true. For example, in the most popular incident of them all, in 14, the outstanding football player O.J. Simpson was charged with murder and found innocent. O.J. was accused of murdering his wife and her companion at her home. In the most highly publicized trial ever, many clues and facts pointed in O.J.'s direction. For example, his alibi was fishy, a glove and clothes were found near his house and a motive was also put in place. However, thanks to a detective who "so-called" planted this evidence, O.J. was found innocent and has been free even though another killer has never been found or even suspected ("O.J. Simpson"). Another similar example would be the incident with Ray Lewis in 000. In this case, Ray Lewis, Reginald Oakley, and Joseph Sweeting were accused of fatally stabbing two men outside a nightclub after a Super Bowl party in Atlanta. Despite many factors that put Ray Lewis right there at the scene of the crime, he and his attorneys managed to persuade officials and the jury that he was not and had no part in it. Lewis got off with some community service time ("Ray Lewis"). Lastly, Michael Irvin is another prime example for being overpaid, having an "I am God" attitude and getting away with everything. In 16, Irvin was caught with cocaine and marijuana at an apartment with some prostitutes. However, since he was an overpaid athlete, he pleaded no contest and just got probation, a $10,000 fine and dismissal of the marijuana possession charges. Also, in 000, Irvin was found in another apartment with a twenty-two year old woman and marijuana and ecstasy pills. Cocaine was later found. However, the cocaine charges were dropped since it was not in plain sight during the raid. Needless to say, Michael Irvin got off once again with nothing but a slap on the wrist (Associated Press). Overpaid athletes truly are above the law.

If athletes continue to get overpaid then more strikes will occur. In 14, baseball went on strike, which ended up canceling the World Series that year. Labor disputes about money caused the World Series not to be played for the first time in almost a hundred years. Despite two World Wars and the Great Depression, the World Series had always been played. However, as the problem of overpaid athletes grew from the early twentieth century, it reached a climax in which there was no baseball. Strikes are most definitely the worst possible thing to happen. It hurts the fans, the players, the owners and the economy. Nevertheless, in 00 baseball almost went on strike again, once again nearly causing the cancellation of the World Series. However, on the last day possible, the players and the owners reached an agreement in which play continued leading to a great World Series. Contraction had been the main topic to solve some problems. This would eliminate two financially weak franchises, which would hardly eliminate the main problem. Also, contraction would end some of baseball's past time and tradition. Overpaid athletes are the main problem, and if something is not done, it will only get worse.

Professional athletes are severely overpaid people who inherit a "God-Almighty" attitude as they receive more money then they know what to do with. This issue causes great disgust to many fans and pretty much society as a whole. For the fans' sake, overpaid athletes cost them to pay extravagant prices to watch different sporting events that include a fifty-dollar ticket and twenty dollars of food and beverages. They also hurt fans because in the long run strikes will occur sending everyone home. As for the public, overpaid athletes disgust them by the way they live and do whatever they want with no regard to the law. Therefore, overpaid athletes are simply a menace to society in more ways than one.

Please note that this sample paper on Pro athletes get paid too much money is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pro athletes get paid too much money, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on Pro athletes get paid too much money will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ethics in Accounting

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Accounting Ethics

When examining the effect of open marketing on the profession of

accounting it is important to view it from three perspectives the

clients, the professions, and societys. Additionally, two key areas

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that are affected by marketing must be addressed,

these are concerning competition, and ethical implications. Marketing in

public accounting is here to stay therefore making an argument against its

existence would be fruitless; however, in order to achieve maximum benefit

to the firm, the client, and s ociety more stringent guidelines must be

implemented at the firm level.

The first, and most obvious, of the effected areas is competition.

Within competition several points are discussed. First, the implications

advertising has on public accounting-- the model of perfect competition

versus the model of monopolistic compet ition. Secondly, the relationship

between firm size and advertising expenditures. Thirdly, the effect of

advertising on firm specialization, the implications of client turnover on

public accounting practice.

Before making the comparison, a brief explanation why the two

models are chosen is in order. Monopolistic competition has been chosen

for the pre-advertising era because it most closely resembles the market

structure in an extreme sense. The elements o f monopolistic competition

are as follows product differentiation, the presence of large numbers of

sellers, and nonprice competition. Although accounting services between

firms offer very little service differentiation, the absence of

advertising serve s as a replacement because clients are not necessarily

aware that other options are easily attainable. The post-advertising era

is explained through the model of perfect competition for which the

qualifications are as follows very little or no service d ifferentiation,

many sellers, and price as the only means of distinguishing one firms

service from anothers.

In a perfectly competitive market the price of a particular

service is established solely by the interaction of market demand and

supply. (Thompson p.77) When market demand for accounting services

increases the resulting demand shifts right causing pri ces to increase

returning the market back to equilibrium. However when supply increases,

such is the theoretical effect of adding advertisement to public

accounting practice, the supply curve shifts right causing prices to fall.

The model of monopolistic competition is also price sensitive,

however only at the firm level. For example, the CPA firm of XYZ has an

established clientele base and uses referrals as its sole means of growth.

They increase prices only as their cost o f providing the service

increases and therefore are able to maintain their client base. In this

example a gently downsloping demand curve exists (Thompson p.04) causing

only drastic changes in pricing to send their client base shopping for a

new firm. The result is XYZ can continue to grow by practicing fair

pricing and providing a reputable service. Cut rate pricing only

marginally effects their client base because there is little means to make

their pricing publicly known, and only drastic, unwarran ted increases

sends clients packing.

Conversely, in the post-advertising era, XYZ must always be aware

of market pricing because the demand curve is steeper and more volatile.

Therefore the client base of XYZ is not stable as in the previous example

and measures must be taken to keep price s competitive with other firms

regardless of cost inferences. The result is the necessity of a more

aggressive policy regarding new client recruiting and a higher turnover of

existing clients.

Now that the differences are established, the resulting issues in

public accounting can be discussed. The first area deserving discussion

is the relationship between firm size and advertising. expenditures. A

study made of CPA firms in Britain in 185 asserted the most dramatic

contrast between advertisers and non-advertisers was their size.

(ODonohoe p.1) The obvious reason for this anomaly is availability of

resources. Larger firms ha ve, at their disposal, a much larger profit

level; therefore advertising expense is easily included only marginally

affecting bottom line. This implies larger firms to have gained a great

deal more from inclusion of advertising than small firms. Consequ ently,

small firms could be pushed out of the picture entirely in the area of

audit services.

Why? In the area of audit services, small firms have little to

offer to differentiate themselves from their larger counterparts who can

now freely move in and perform the service at a lower price. This,

unfortunately, will be a byproduct of the adverti sing era. Smaller firms

only hope is to emphasize personalized service in tax and full service

areas in hope that audit services can result. The major drawback is small

firms are offered little room for growth because of the expense involved.

Adverti sing in public accounting causes perspective clients to become

bottom line oriented meaning the firms with the most available revenue to

dump into advertising, coupled with the resources to offer lowest fees are

the ones which grow. These resources are h eld by Big Six firms and large

regional firms. As a result these firms will grow while small firms

struggle.

The second inference drawn from the model of perfect competition

is some smaller firms being forced to specialize. In order to

differentiate themselves some smaller regionally operated firms have

chosen to specialize. In the March 10 issue of the CPA

Journal Arvid Mostad, CPA published an article in which he set up Seven

Marketing Guidelines. His first guideline was Create your own special

niche. (Mostad p.54) He goes on to encourage small firms to establish an

area of expertise. (Mostad p.54)

This develops significant implications regarding firm longevity in a

capitalistic market of industry upswings and downturns. An example of

this is the construction industry in the Baltimore-Washington corridor.

The industry experienced phenomenal growt h in the Eighties followed by a

near halt. The result? many small to medium size firms following the

advice of specialization went belly up along with their clients. This

uncertainty exists with any firms who specialize. !

Firm specialization clearly is n

The final implication of the new competitive market is client

turnover. Gone are the days when firms could guarantee retaining a client

by providing a quality service at a fair price. New market pressures

require firms to constantly evaluate pricing st rategies, and, in some

cases bid on jobs yearly. This creates high levels of client turnover.

The result is firms must always actively seek new clients. Several

drawbacks of this are increased overhead costs to firms, less stability,

and greater servic e cost. Firms overhead costs increase because the

expenses of replacing clients must be absorbed. This expense comes from

both marketing tools used to attract clients, and costs of preparing a bid

to perform a service. Firms which previously served a client base from

year to year must face the uncertainty of retention of their client base

now. The cost of providing a service to a new client greatly exceeds that

of providing the same service to an existing client. When !

providing a service to a new clie

Now that the difference in the competition aspect of public

accounting is established emphasis is changed to examine the ethical

implications derived as a result. In the area of ethics one must examine

differences in independence, and integrity, and eva luate the changes in

quality of service resulting from these areas.

When examining independence one must maintain an emphasis on the

competitive structure of the market and new pressures in the area of

client retention. Independence, one may argue, never existed before;

however an assumption is made that independence, t o some extent,

historically exists. With the competitive structure now present the

process of gaining a new, and retaining an existing, client has become

increasingly costly and time consuming. One may then infer that once a

client is obtained, a firm would wish to do business with that client for

an extended number of years, in order to realize the benefit of expenses

incurred. Put simply, a firm would not look kindly toward a partner who

lost a new client. This, inherently, decreases auditor indep endence

during the first several years of the engagement. The partner overseeing

the audit must always concern himself with the consequences of losing the

engagement. Previously, firms worked mostly with longstanding clien!

ts and the relationship developed

The second major area of ethical effect is that of integrity.

Competition has resulted in some firms damaging the integrity of the

profession. This damage has occurred mainly through pricing practices.

Two deviant practices have become commonplace in todays market. These

are below cost pricing, and discount pricing. Many firms have adopted

policies of below cost pricing as a tool of market penetration,

(Formichella p.1) implications regarding the motives and integrity of

these firms must be explo red. Is it reasonable to assume that a firm

would be willing to absorb a loss from an engagement, or would a more

practical assumption state that firms which lowball would seek means to

cut service costs at the expense of quality? It is not possible to answer

this question; however its mere existence creates a damaging effect on the

integrity, or at least perceived integrity, of the profession.

The second pricing strategy which is cut-rate pricing provokes

similar questions. In his commentary Mario Formichella states the

following

It is no longer unusual to find firms willing to

take on work at substantial discounts from standard

fee levels. While there may be justifications for

performing services at reduced rates during off-peak

periods in special situations such as for non-profit

institutions or similar organizations, the extent to

which this practice has grown cannot be justified

on any logical or professional basis. (Formichella p. 81)

The distaste shown by Mr. Formichella in the area of cut-rate pricing

shows it as an issue of concern and one which damages integrity. Mr.

Formichella goes on to call for the implementation of professional

standards to prohibit actions such as this which

are damaging to the image and integrity of the profession. One would

have to agree with his statement; however difficulties arise, in the area

of monopolistic activity when guidelines are established regarding pricing

strategies across an industry. Unf ortunately the profession must rely on

the integrity of individual firms to guard against this strategy. As a

result, this is a practice likely to continue, albeit damaging to the

profession and those which rely on the statements made by the profession.

The existence of advertising in public accounting creates a new

environment to which firms are still adapting. This new environment is

largely the result of increased competition and a clientele which is

increasingly more bottom line oriented. In order

to compete firms must place more emphasis on marketing and accept it as a

cost of doing business. The result of this will be more difficult

penetration and an increasingly limited number of small firms in the

business. Market pressures also are forcing

creating situations where ethical issues such as independence and

integrity are questioned making it imperative that the AICPA create

guidelines from which the evolving profession must base itself. In the

age of deregulation accounting jumped on the boa t, now it is becoming

increasingly fashionable to re-regulate, accounting, as a profession must

not miss that boat, lest they drown in the result-- government

intervention.

Please note that this sample paper on Ethics in Accounting is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ethics in Accounting, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Ethics in Accounting will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Kaizen

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Jeffrey B. Cloutier

Internship - Avery Dennison Office Products Co.

Project Kaizen

Custom writing service can write essays on Kaizen

Spring 00

Kaizen

Many observers consider kaizen-a philosophy of ongoing improvement involving everyone, from top managers to the lowest level worker-to be the single most important element in Japans competitive success in manufacturing. One commentators characterization of kaizen distinguishes Japans process-oriented view of thinking from the Wests innovation-and results-oriented view. In practice, kaizen is a system for communicating ideas up and down the company hierarchy; everyone is encouraged to seek out and exploit new opportunities, and institutional barriers to the information flow are dismantled.

The kaizen attitude helps to explain why Japanese firms are so adept at exploiting new technology, even when they are not its originator. Kaizen-driven firms do not suffer from not invented here syndrome. Ideas are not the exclusive preserve of R&D, corporate planning, or market research; every new idea is welcomed and channels are forsaken.

An example of Kaizen's effectiveness is at Avery Dennison Office products were the simplest of just having areas cleaned and organized has improved the uptime of the machinery. These gains were achieved through a series of kaizen programs that searched out improvements that cut time by as little as two to three physical steps or even to seconds.

The logic of kaizen is that breakthroughs result not from massive reorganizations or large-scale investment projects but from the cumulative effects of successive incremental improvements. Rebuilding a factory, wrote William H. Davidow and Michael S. Malone (The Virtual Corporation [New York Harper Business, 1], 118), requires replacing almost every brick in the old plant. Do that too quickly and the structure will collapse. The only practical way is through kaizen.

To be sure, quality programs and reengineering share a number of common themes. They both recognize the importance of processes, and they both start from the needs of the process customer and work backwards from there. However, the two programs differ fundamentally. Quality programs work within the framework of a companys existing processes and seek to enhance them by means of what the Japanese call kaizen, or continuous incremental improvement. The aim is to do what we already do; only to do it better. Quality improvement seeks steady incremental improvement to process performance. Reengineering, as we have seen, seeks breakthroughs, not by enhancing existing processes, but by discarding them and replacing them with entirely new ones. (Michael Hammer and James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution [New York HarperBusiness, 1], 4.)

The difference between kaizen and business process reengineering is fundamentally a difference in duration and magnitude of change; kaizen posits change as a sustained series of incremental adjustments, reengineering as an all-out commitment to wrenching reconstitution. Kaizen charges management to prioritize, standardize, and improve. Standardization and measurement are the keys to kaizen. Without detailed and specific metrics of quality and performance, there is no basis for moving forward; goals that cannot be measured are just rallying cries.

Characterizing kaizen as simply continuous improvement trivializes the concept and portrays it as cautious and lacking in imagination, a criticism frequently leveled by advocates of business process reengineering. More typically, the implementation of kaizen reflects a radical commitment to an entire way of operating that requires floor-to-ceiling change in management, work, manager-worker relationships, discipline, decision-making, and the organization of knowledge that transforms an organization into a federation of problem solvers. Continuous improvement treats every variance from target as a problem to be solved and everyone as a responsible contributor.

At my current employment, there are many types of Kaizen's in the workplace. At Avery Dennison Office Products Co. located in Chicopee, Ma. I had the privilege of working on an event that took place in the maintenance crib. The first 40 hours of the internship were based on the following

· Kaizen and 5 "S" Training.

· Team building for the event.

· Working in the "crib".

· Presentation to the Plant wide Leadership team.

· Team lunch at Adelphia's in South Hadley.

After the initial kaizen blitz, the reaming hours were spent working on the organization of parts, counting parts, updating the PMC 000 inventory and establishing a bar code system.

During the remaining hours I had the privilege of working with other members of Avery Dennison. These other members consist of group-leaders form various departments. The departments were paper, electrical, o. & p. (sheet protectors), binders, and the printing press department.

The reason for these meeting was so each individual could help me identify parts, properly label them and enter them into the PMC 000 computer. Each member helps with explaining a common nomenclature for the parts. If you enter a part into the computer system that you think is called one thing and members from the floor go and look for it under a different name then you have a part that can not be found, thus you are wasting time.

I also was given the opportunity to work with an outside vender. The vender was Festo Co. Festo Co. is a manufacturing company that deals with pneumatics. Such parts well deals with are air regulators, unions between different size air hoses, and fittings, ect. During my dealings with Edward Sullivan I was given the opportunity to price negotiate. Working with Edward I learned a lot about parts that we need and do not need. Edward was very helpful and understanding when it came time to deal with my inexperience.

Things that learned from this internship were that the maintenance department is not one of my strong suits. I feel that since I am a young adult and some of these machine parts were older then I am, I struggled at times. Plus the scope of this internship was to big for the period of time I had to work with it. Remember that Avery Dennison is my current employer, so working 16 hours a week on this project plus during the week doing my normal group-leaders job was stressful. Thankfully I was able to hand over the project of implementing a bar code system to another individual who works on this project about 16 hours a week also. About 60% of the project was completed during my internship.

So what is kaizan and the 5 "S" lean manufacturing?

The Japanese word KAIZEN is now well known on the floors of factories all over the world. It is written with the two kanji characters at left. KAI means alter, renew, reform, or to be corrected, among other meanings, and ZEN means simply good (source The Kanji Dictionary, Spahn & Hadamitzky). In everyday Japanese, KAIZEN means improvement. For people in factories, though, KAIZEN means a lot more than that. It means the relentless process of finding and eliminating MUDA (or waste). That is why KAIZEN is sometimes translated in English as Continuous Improvement, because experts felt that saying merely improvement gave the wrong impression. MUDA is everywhere. Eliminate it and you will find it in new places. And so KAIZEN is endless.

A common misunderstanding of the word KAIZEN is that it refers to Japanese factory management practices in general. This may be due to the fact that often people learn about these practices in a KAIZEN EVENT, or Continuous Improvement

Remember what Henry Ford once said

"Time waste differs from material in that there can be no salvage. The easiest of all wastes, and the hardest to correct, is the waste of time, because wasted time does not litter the floor like wasted material."

This is one of the reasons why manufacturing plants in the U.S. are serious and commented to Kaizen and the 5 "S" of lean manufacturing.

Essential in the Lean Manufacturing Structure is

The 5S Philosophy

Seiri Seiton Seiso Seiketsu Shitsuke

The use of the 5Ss in our Kaizen Workshops is a basic part of the process. This is the finest piece of easy information about this subject that I have ever seen. The 5Ss are explained here as a very simplified but thorough and feasible process.

How can I improve efficiency, work organization, quality, safety and housekeeping and protect my investment at the same time? Avery Dennison Office Products Co. decided that the 5S process could effectively impact the way his company does business.

Based on Japanese words that begin with 'S', the 5S Philosophy focuses on effective work place organization and standardized work procedures. 5S simplifies your work environment, reduces waste and non-value activity while improving quality efficiency and safety.

Sort (Seiri) the first S focuses on eliminating unnecessary items from the workplace. An effective visual method to identify these unneeded items is called red tagging. A red tag is placed on all items not required to complete your job. These items are then moved to a central holding area. This process is for evaluation of the red tag items. Occasionally used items are moved to a more organized storage location outside of the work area while unneeded items are discarded. Sorting is an excellent way to free up valuable floor space and eliminate such things as broken tools, obsolete jigs and fixtures, scrap and excess raw material. The Sort process also helps prevent the JIC job mentality (Just In Case.)

Set In Order (Seiton) is the second of the 5Ss and focuses on efficient and effective storage methods.

You must ask yourself these questions

1. What do I need to do my job?

. Where should I locate this item?

. How many of this item do I really need?

Strategies for effective Set In Order are painting floors, outlining work areas and locations, shadow boards, and modular shelving and cabinets for needed items such as trash cans, brooms, mop and buckets. Imagine how much time is wasted every day looking for a broom? The broom should have a specific location where all employees can find it. A place for everything and everything in its place.

Shine (Seiso) Once you have eliminated the clutter and junk that has been clogging your work areas and identified and located the necessary items, the next step are to thoroughly clean the work area. Daily follow-up cleaning is necessary in order to sustain this improvement. Workers take pride in a clean and clutter-free work area and the Shine step will help create ownership in the equipment and facility. Workers will also begin to notice changes in equipment and facility location such as air, oil and coolant leaks, repeat contamination and vibration, broken, fatigue, breakage, and misalignment. These changes, if left unattended, could lead to equipment failure and loss of production. Both add up to impact your company's bottom line.

Standardize (Seiketsu) once the first three 5S's have been implemented, you should concentrate on standardizing best practice in your work area. Allow your employees to participate in the development of such standards. They are a valuable but often overlooked source of information regarding their work.

Sustain (Shitsuke) this is by far the most difficult S to implement and achieve. Human nature is to resist change and more than a few organizations have found themselves with a dirty cluttered shop a few months following their attempt to implement 5S. The tendency is to return to the status quo and the comfort zone of the old way of doing things. Sustain focuses on defining a new status quo and standard of work place organization.

Once fully implemented, the 5S process can increase morale, create positive impressions on customers, and increase efficiency and organization. Not only will employees feel better about where they work, the effect on continuous improvement can lead to less waste, better quality and faster lead times. Any of which will make your organization more profitable and competitive in the market place.

The following PowerPoint document is the presentation that was put together for the plant leadership team at Avery Dennison Office Products Company. This presentation concluded the first 40 hours of the internship.

Work Cited

Kaizen Training Material-Avery Dennison

www.fredharriman.com

The Virtual Corporation

Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution

The Kanji Dictionary

Please note that this sample paper on Kaizen is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Kaizen, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Kaizen will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!