Nationalism and the State

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To what extent does nationalism help or hinder in integrating a state?

I. INTRODUCTION

Nationalism has often been synonymous in influencing methods of governance. However, the interpretation of nationalism has brought about unexpected consequences. Nationalism has seen a war that witnessed massive destruction to the world in the mid twentieth century, all due to the nationalist ambitions of Germany's Adolf Hitler. Likewise, Italian leader Benito Mussolini harboured similar aspirations only to suffer the same fate as Germany. Conversely, nationalism also gave birth to the most populous nation in the world, China. The teachings of Mao Tse Tung, beginning in the nineteen fifties up to seventies has shaped China's economic and cultural landscape fifty years later. But not all leaders have been as successful as Chairman Mao. Robert Mugabe's leadership has been less impressive in Zimbabwe, with Zimbabwe's economic policies being rather myopic for its people (BBC, 00). Nationalism has also fuelled a man to change the course of history for his people. The civil war in the Balkans saw Yugoslavia disappear from the map of Europe. It then disintegrated to six smaller nations due to irreconcilable differences in race and religion. Nationalism has achieved significant desired results. The social unity displayed by the Japanese, for instance, ensured their meteoric rise from the brink of disaster to one of the world's economic superpowers. However, differing takes on nationalism by two leaders has brought about the division of Korea.

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This paper shall discuss the vagaries of nationalism and how experiences in world history have shown to either mould or divide a state as a result of various ideologies adopted by the respective leaders of states.

II. THEORIES OF NATIONALISM

A. Liberal Nationalism

According to Heywood (00), nationalism suffers from "the political equivalent of multi-personality syndrome" (p. 111). He views nationalism to fall under different categories of interpretation. Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed to be the chief instigator of the French Revolution (Kohn, 165, p. ), stressed that national unity can be achieved through democratic rule where equality amongst its citizens is the predominant belief of the state. The active participation of the citizens in deciding political leadership of the state is translated as "a feeling of brotherhood and mutual devotion" (Kohn, p. 1-). This idea of "national self-determination" is termed as liberal nationalism.

B. Expansionist Nationalism

However, Rousseau's interpretation is not universal. National unity can actually be achieved through unerring obedience and allegiance to a single authority (Heywood, p. 116). The leaders would glorify the past achievements of the state (Heywood, p. 117). This is known as expansionist nationalism.

C. Conservative Nationalism

Heywood also mentioned that nationalism is often an agent for social cohesion and order, where emphasis is based on "the sentiment of national patriotism" (p. 114). This view of nationalism is known as conservative nationalism.

D. Anti-colonial Nationalism

Independence movements, often epitomized by the African countries, are features of another form of nationalism. Anti-colonialism acted as a "summons to the people" which brought about political consciousness (Guibernau & Hutchinson, 001, p. 167). This has helped to bring people of different races and ethnicity together under the common aim to get rid of colonial masters. This form of commonality is known as anti-colonial nationalism.

III. NATIONALISM IN HOMOGENEOUS STATES

A. Mao's China

Nationalism has shown to be successful in integrating homogeneous states. As stated by Heywood, states with "ethnic or cultural homogeneity" are often successful in making use of conservative or expansionist nationalism to bring about integration (p. 11). Chairman Mao, utilised socialist ideas and the personality cult he erected as a result, to promote nationalism (Kohn, p. 181). Mao created a common enemy, the bourgeoisie, for his people and widely propagated that the state was under siege from them. He also emphasised on the distinct characteristic of the "Chinese Marxist culture", which is how "it can never unite with the imperialist nature of other nations, because it is a revolutionary, national culture" (Mao, 141, p. 181). This served to integrate China and gave it a strong national identity which it is proud of. The shared values and a common past which formed the basis of the state, is a prime example of conservative nationalism.

B. Germany and Hitler

Hitler widely propagated the humiliation suffered by Germany as a result of World War One and this, combined with adverse economic conditions, made the Germans more determined to rebuild itself (Guibernau & Hutchinson, p. 58). In retrospect, this "extreme type of nationalism fascism" has perverted the state and led to its devastation, which it took years to recover from (Guibernau & Hutchinson, p. 4). However, it is undeniable that Hitler's form of expansionist nationalism has integrated the state. Wimmer (00) mentioned that the "republican dimension of German nationalism" had managed to bring about the "assimilation and incorporation of large groups of ethnic others, among them immigrant workers of Polish origin" (p. 56).

C. North, South Divided -- Korea

Korea served to personify Heywood's view that nationalism suffers from "the political equivalent of multi-personality syndrome" in a tragic way (p. 111). Despite being a homogeneous or "macro-ethnic" state, the opposing ideologies within resulted in its division. (Guibernau & Hutchinson, p. 00). North Korea, under the leadership of its "Eternal president" -- Kim Il Sung, followed his "personal philosophy of Juche, or self reliance" (BBC). The citizens' devotion to Kim is a distinctive feature of expansionist nationalism. South Korea, on the other hand, followed conservative nationalism. Its long history and suffering under foreign powers served as reminders to them of their solidarity.

D. Japan and its revival

Yoshino commented about Japan's use of nationalism to rebuild itself after its defeat in 145 (Guibernau & Hutchinson, p. 148). Educational policies reflected the "removal of Occupation-imposed elements … and a return to traditional values and morals." This, combined with caution against "wartime ultra-nationalism" served to re-educate the Japanese, therefore propelling their economy to the second largest in the world during the eighties and early nineties. However, this re-education of the state does have its consequences. Mahbubani (18) remarked that Japan is "ethnocentric and exclusive", with low tolerance towards foreigners (p. 108). This is often a result of conservative nationalism in homogeneous states, as there is wide emphasis on the distinct cultural identity of the people.

E. Advantage of homogeneous states

One advantage that homogeneous states have over heterogeneous states is its uniformity. In contrast, heterogeneous states often have to deal with racial or ethnic conflicts. Hence, it can be seen that heterogeneity and multiculturalism is oftentimes "incompatible with conservative and expansionist nationalism" (Heywood, p. 11).

IV. HETEROGENEOUS SOCIETIES

A. Mugabe's Zimbabwe

In heterogeneous states, where there is multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism, nationalism, if ill-managed, will bring about tragic consequences. Young (Guibernau & Hutchinson) acknowledged that "widespread politicization of ethnic categories" in Africa upon its independence was an attempt to highlight the "potential significance of ethnic consciousness as a vote bank" (p. 174). Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe since 180, is such example. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) commented on its website that he manipulated nationalism to empower himself, as his "economic policies are widely seen as being geared to short term political expediency and the maintenance of power for himself". While Mugabe may have helped Zimbabwe achieve its independence, but overtime he also brought about its economic decline. The biasness of his economic policies, imposed "with the stated aim of benefiting black farmers", has torn the state apart thereby worsening the racial ties between the blacks and the whites.

B. Former Yugoslavia and Slobodan Miloševiæ

Ethnic cleansing is a consequence of extreme nationalism, as witnessed in the former Yugoslavia. Armstrong (Guibernau & Hutchinson) suggested that "remote fears of Turkish return appear to have been manipulated by President Slobodan Miloševiæ and the army (JNA) to maintain power beyond the narrow scope of Serbia" (p. 00). Miloševiæ's use of nationalism to preserve power is parallel to Mugabe. The idea of an external threat ultimately resulted in the Serb ethnic cleansing of Bosnians. This has shown how a political leader has made use of a common history shared by the state to propagate nationalism and empower himself.

V. SUCCESSES IN HETEROGENEOUS SOCIETIES

A. Switzerland

As much as homogeneous societies show more success, there are still some success stories in heterogeneous societies, like in Singapore and Switzerland. Wimmer considers Switzerland to be the former Yugoslavia's "equal in every way in linguistic and cultural diversity" (p. 86). Switzerland is also deemed by Wimmer to be a model of "a fully nationalised modern state built on an ethnically heterogeneous basis" (p. ). This hereby lays the difference between it and other heterogeneous states, which tend to focus on the superiority of a single race or ethnic group in the promotion of nationalism. Switzerland does not place emphasis on specific minority communities, in fact, all ethnic groups are considered to be equal. This form of liberal nationalism has hence prevented it from experiencing a "pervasive politicisation of ethnicity" (p. 86).

B. Singapore

Similarly, Singapore is not a homogeneous society. Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's Senior Minister, made acute observations of the "cultural ethos at work" before making governmental policies. (Han et al, 18, p. 175) Singapore places emphasis on the "values of hard work and thrift, and the virtues of increasing worker productivity" (Mahbubani, p. 184). These shared values of the state, a form of conservative nationalism, are of paramount importance to its citizens. Hence, the racial diversity within it is put aside for the interests of the state.

VI. THE FLEETING NATURE OF INTEGRATION

While cohesion of the state can be achieved by means of nationalism, history has shown that this unity can be momentary. Political leaders or parties who use nationalism for their own aims, for instance economic gains or the maintenance of power, are one such threat. In such cases, the interests of the state and its welfare are neglected. Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's Senior Minister commented in an interview with CNN (Dec, 18) that "No society is static." This insinuates that societal values, which are the basis of conservative nationalism, are ever changing. This can be substantiated by Lee's emphasis on the importance of "Asian core values" and the threats the Western media poses to it, as seen here

"… Singaporeans, subject to a barrage of Western values, through the media and travel, could lose the cultural traits that had underpinned the country's success." (Han et al, 18. p. 187)

Hence, the erosion of nationalistic ideas which the state was based on would threaten the continuation of integration of the state brought about by nationalism originally.

A. Nationalism Any Universal Model?

Despite the success stories of nationalism, there is no 'utopia' for states to follow. Is nationalism best served under the practice of democracy? Or is nationalism a by-product of socialism? The schizophrenic nature of nationalism has created much difficulty in the analysis of whether it has brought about more dissension than assimilation of the state. As much as nationalism is idealistic, human nature is not. Political leaders have constantly amended the constitution to consolidate their position in power, as seen Mugabe's exploitation of Zimbabwe's economy. Racial lines are vulnerable and susceptible to the greed of the insidious. In heterogeneous states particularly, racial alliances are vulnerable and can be easily exploited. Wimmer stated that "notions of political legitimacy" as purported by political leaders, were often "fused with the idea of national solidarity" (p. 01). This therefore brought about ethnocentrism and racism.

Leaders who have achieved good level of success by using nationalism to mould the state are also afraid that it can go wrong at any one time. Lee Kuan Yew has sued a Workers' Party candidate, Tang Liang Hong, on the basis of "Chinese chauvinis(m)" . Tang tried to promote an increase in Chinese lessons in the curriculum in a bid to strengthen the Chinese cultural identity. The People's Action Party accused him of trying to topple racial balance, which could pose as a threat to the welfare of the state.

VI. CONCLUSION

This paper has discussed the vagaries of nationalism and how experiences in world history have shown to either mould or divide a state as a result of various ideologies adopted by the respective leaders of states.

Throughout the course of history, nationalism has been served as a political tool by leaders of the state to circumvent the electorate mindset. This has pervaded into much of the state's social, economic and political fabric. As much as nationalism has brought about the assimilation of the state, it has more often than not brought about the disintegration of the state. Stability brought about by nationalism is often fragile and transitory. All it takes is one person upon his appointment in charge to circumvent, monopolise and manipulate the system according to his needs, as seen in the cases of Mussolini, Mugabe and Hitler. The greed of one man or one political party can often jeopardise the welfare of the entire state.

Bibliography

BBC, (00). Country profiles Germany. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/europe/country_profiles/1047864.stm

Country profiles Japan. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/158586.stm

Country profiles North Korea. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/11141.stm

Country profiles South Korea. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/11668.stm

Country profiles South Africa. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/africa/country_profiles/1071886.stm

Country profiles Serbia & Montenegro. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/europe/country_profiles/106.stm

Country profiles Zimbabwe. Retrieved October 15, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/africa/country_profiles/106458.stm

BBC News, History files, Yugoslavia and the Balkans, 100-18. Retrieved October 18, 00, from the BBC Web site http//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/map/yugoslavia/

Guibernau, M., & Hutchinson, J. (Eds.). (001). Understanding nationalism. United States of America Polity Press.

Han, F. K., Fernandez, W., & Tan, S. (18). Lee Kuan Yew The man and his ideas. Singapore The Straits Times Press.

Heywood, A. (00). Politics (nd ed.). Great Britain Palgrave.

Kohn, H. (165). Nationalism Its meaning and history (nd ed.). United States of America D. Van Nostrand Company, INC.

Mahbubani, K. (18). Can Asians Think? Singapore Times Edition Private Limited.

Singapore Worker's Party (001). 11 to 001, 17 General Election, Legal Action Tang Liang Hong. Retrieved October 1, 00, from the Singapore Worker's Party Web site http//www.wp.org.sg/beta/party/history/1_001.htm

Wimmer, A. (00). Nationalist exclusion and ethnic conflict Shadows of modernity. United Kingdom Cambridge University Press.

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Women In St.Luke's Gospel

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In the New Testament Times Women didn't have many rights, and were obligated to stay home, feed, and cook the family. It wasn't common for women in New Testament Times to have the privilege of education (not necessarily a school), there weren't schools as such for girls. A young women's education was in responsibility of her mother. The mother would teach in the home and was learning domestic skills for example sewing, cooking and taking care of the younger children and babies.

In contrast a young Jewish boy would receive education in a school connected to a synagogue, which was usually given at the age of six. They were taught Jewish scriptures, history, geography, literature (Jewish) and particularly the Jewish religious law contained in the Torah (five first books of the Bible).

This shows the difference in social standing between women and men in New Testament Times. Jewish girls were not allowed to be taught the torah. As one Rabai said.

"May the words of the torah be burned, they should not be handed over to a woman."

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Women in New Testament Times had to be well behaving red in society and in public. It was considered un-proper for a woman to be alone with a man, or even allowed to greet a man in public. Women's rights would be compared to a child, were not allowed to give testimony in court. It was important for a woman to dress and act modest in society, it was considered disgraceful for women to be associated with another man other than her family or husband, even if she was not married. Jewish women weren't even treated equally in the synagogue in New Testament Times. In a synagogue there had to be a minimum of ten men this was called a minjaw. Women were not counted for in this. They were kept separate from the area of the men. In King Herod's time, women were not allowed to go beyond the court of the Gentiles and women. If any women were menstruating, she would not be allowed to even enter the synagogue as it was considered that women were unclean during this period. Similarly if a woman had just given birth, she could not enter the Temple for forty days after childbirth.

In New Testament Times, Jewish women had no rights or status of their own. A women's place was defined first in relation to her father, then to her husband. When in marriage a young woman was considered more or less as an object rather than an individual with their own rights. Usually the father would arrange his daughter's hand in marriage to the husband of his choice. Men only were only entitled to divorce their wife however women couldn't divorce their husbands. Only if a woman's husband refused sexual intercourse, restricted her movements unbearably or if he was impotent, even so the divorce was the husband's act. It was not common but a woman could only divorce on the grounds of adultery. But many disagreed about the grounds of divorce between them. To evaluate everything women in all were not treated equally in New Testament Times, and Luke's Gospel presented and showed this, that a woman's opinion or word in both religion and society was not counted for then for example at the Resurrection the women who witnessed were not believed, their word was counted for.

a) (ii) At the time when Jesus lived society had a generally negative attitude towards women. Both Jews and Greeks believed women should be limited to the domestic roles of wife and mother and also believed that they were responsible for most sin, especially sexual temptation as The Old Testament attributes sin to the temptation of Eve. Jewish men thanked God they were not born a woman! However, despite the cultural limitations imposed onto women a quick glance through Luke's gospel will reveal that Jesus had a very positive attitude towards them. He accepted and affirmed women who were neglected by society and declared them people of value. Jesus healed women who were considered ritually unclean and forgave women guilty of sexual sin, when other then would disaprove. But Jesus did not see it was this way. In Luke 7 It tells the story of a sinful woman (prostitute) who showed love for Jesus by washing his feet and using expensive ointment. Jesus showed no embarrassment by this physical contact with such a woman. He said that her loving actions showed she was forgiven. This went against all traditions and customs in New Testament Times, many would oppose. One of the Pharisees Invited Jesus to have dinner with him, so Jesus joined him at a meal, a woman who had led a sinful life knew Jesus was attending the Pharisee for dinner she brought a jar of perfume. She then began to weep at his feet, wetting his feet with her tears. Then she wiped them with her hair, kissed them and poured perfume on them. The Pharisee saw this in disapproval as many would in New Testament Times, to forgive someone who had sinned.

Luke 7 When the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, "If this man were a prophet, he would know who is touching him and what kind of woman she is- that she is a sinner"

Jesus replied to the Pharisee " I have something to tell you"

Jesus told Simon (Pharisee) a story comparing the situation to make him understand. Simon replied with an answer to the story with the question Jesus had asked. "You have judged correctly", Jesus said.

Then he turned toward the woman and said to Simon, "Do you see this woman? I came into your house. You did not give me any water for my feet, but she wet my feet with tears and wiped them with her hair.

You did not give me a kiss, but this woman, from the time I entered, has not stopped kissing my feet. You did not put oil on my head, but she poured perfume on my feet. Therefore, I tell you, her many sins have been forgiven-for she loved much. But he who has been forgiven little loves little."

Then Jesus said to her, "your sins are forgiven"

The other guests began to say among themselves, "Who is this who even forgives sins?"

Jesus said to the woman, "Your faith has saved you; go in peace."

Luke's gospel favoured the parables of women and Jesus encounters with women because Jesus saw them equal in his eyes. Those women then, were worth consideration. It was people in New Testament Times like this Pharisee who opposed him and didn't understand and criticised Jesus for forgiving a woman of sin.

Jesus both taught women and included them amongst his followers/disciples. In the Parable of Sower it said of the women who travelled with Jesus.

"After this, Jesus travelled about from one town and village to another, proclaiming the good news of the good kingdom of God. The twelve were with him, and also some women who had been cured of evil spirits and diseases Mary (called Magdalene) from whom seven demons had come out; Joanna the wife of Cuza, the manager of Herod's household; Susana; and many others. These women were helping to support them out of their own mean."

Jesus really did relate to women, he didn't just choose men to travel with him. To some in New Testament Times they would disapprove, as they believed a woman's role was in the household, like religious leader's or officials even generally the majority of men then, even women would be made to believe their work was in the kitchen as such or in the house. Such travelling groups did not normally include women in New Testament Times and this story shows that Jesus did not discriminate between the sexes. These women were grateful to Jesus because he had healed them. In his teaching they are often used as examples of people living a life of faith. Although women were not generally educated at the time of Jesus he allowed them to sit at his feet, and taught them. We should also note that it was women (including a reformed prostitute Mary Magdalene), who first witnessed and told the twelve male disciples about the resurrection of Jesus.

In Luke's Gospel especially, and other Gospels, Jesus communicated with all different types of people from prostitutes to housewives and fisherman, Pharisees, tax collectors, widows, and rebels. So you can see Jesus communicated with all the people and showed no discrimination that separated people. Whether it's race, poverty, politics or sex especially, giving message of liberty to everyone, men and women alike.

Jesus was open and related comfortably with women, when in New Testament Times people would not approve. He would hold private conversations with women, taking an interest to what they said, going against New Testament Time traditions and beliefs, as Jesus enjoyed the company of women. He even raised the status of women for example; Jesus told Mary the sister of Lazarus had been doing well by choosing to listen to Jesus' teachings rather than doing her daily household chores. Men usually by culture would seriously listen to a teacher, as it was felt that wise words were wasted on women. Women were never taken serious in New Testament Times, even when they give evidence of witness to an event, it will not be believed until proven. As the same situation with the Resurrection, the Disciples even then after all of Jesus' teachings they did not value a woman's word then. When Jesus had even before the crucified said that he would be resurrected.

On the first day of the week a few women were sent to attend to Jesus' body and the spices they had prepared. They found the stone rolled back from the tomb, they could not find Jesus' body inside. While wondering two men appeared gleaming with light stood beside them. The women were scared and frightened and bowed down to the ground. They said to them, "why do you look for the living among the dead? He is not here; he has risen! Remember how he told you, while he was still with you in Galilee The Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, be crucified and on the third day be raised again." Then they remembered his words.

When the women returned from the tomb along with their experience and encounter they shared it with the Eleven and to all the others. Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the other with them who told the apostles. No one believed them until they would have evidence and proof. "But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them nonsense."

In a society where women were not formally educated and not taken seriously, no one would have been convinced by women witnesses of anything that needed to be proved. Even if all four Gospels state women witnessed the Resurrection before the disciples or any other men.

Jesus' friendship with women is especially noted by Luke. It is what makes Luke's Gospel so unique. Luke uses every opportunity to show Jesus' concern for women, and his Gospel mentions

Anna the prophetess, Simon's mother-in-law, the Widow at Nain, a woman at a Pharisee's house, women amongst Jesus' followers, a woman with haemorrhage, Mary and Martha, a crippled women, women on the Crucifixion route, women at the tomb. The Annunciation is told from Mary's point of view.

b) In Christianity women have often been denied the more prominent spiritual roles in the Church (E.g. Vicar, Priest, Bishop, Pope etc.), and have been largely assigned jobs which are often perceived to be an extension of their home-life (E.g. Putting out flowers, cleaning, teaching children in Sunday School). Critics of this scheme of things claim the Church is patriarchal (serves male needs only), and as such needs to revise its structures. Others claim that the Church should not allow women and society to have more rights, and needs to remain firm to the clear teaching of Scriptures, which according to them, denies women equality with men in these matters. They would say that although the Bible acknowledges a woman has spiritual equality with men, they are in fact assigned different roles in the Christian community. A third group would claim that although the Bible looks like it denies women equality in Church matters, when certain key texts are understood in their social and cultural contexts, it can be said that in the Church both men and women are equal in all matters before God. This will depend on what part of the Christian religion you are talking about. Most religious groups would see men and women as equal before God (Genesis) as we are all equal before God. Many Christian denominations allow women to take a full and active part in all activities including leading the worship and being a minister. Some other groups (Orthodox, Roman Catholic and some Evangelical) say that while men and women are equal they have defined roles and that women cannot be ministers/priests of the church. Dame Cicely Saunders stated the first hospice movement, she was the founder of the idea of not being able to cure but to live the life expectancy as much as possible. Dame Cicely Saunders is a great example of a Christian woman's role. That women were valuable as Christian leaders or believers. Mother Teresa lived her life dedicated as a Christian patriot to the poor, outcast and the unfortunate. Surely this proves women can obtain positions in the church today even as leader in every Christian denomination.

Some Christian groups would expect women to do as their husband or fathers tell them, they should be subservient to their father/husband but this is not so common today. You might also like to consider how issues like abortion and contraception affect the roles and status of women in the Christian church. Like all institutions that are dominated by men, the church has been guilty of sexism. Women have had little to do with the power in the church, even though they have traditionally made up the majority of the members. God is assumed to be a man and still in most churches women cannot rise to the highest positions.

The social and cultural objections are to do with how women are seen in society or in their cultural background. The place of women in society has changed a hundred years ago it would have been impossible for a woman to be a teacher or dentist. Although there have been many big changes and women now have many more opportunities and greater status, there are still attitudes which are less progressive.

c) At the time when Jesus lived society had a generally negative attitude towards women. Both Jews and Greeks believed women should be limited to the domestic roles of wife and mother and also believed that they were responsible for most sin. Jewish men thanked God they were not born a woman! However, a quick glance through Luke's gospels will understand that Jesus had a very positive attitude towards them and saw no objection to them following and taking on board his teachings, even those who had committed the worst sin considered then in New Testament times.

One of the most important disputes in the church today is about the role of women in the church i.e. the ordination of women as ministers and priests for example. The Roman Catholic Church rejects the ordination of women entirely. The Church of England however in some parts of the Anglican Church have women priests, but if a woman wants to be ordained they have to travel abroad to be trained for ministry, only practising where it is allowed. Some free Churches, Methodist and Baptists, ordain women. The Orthodox Church does not as yet see the issue as an important one.

But if Jesus appointed women followers why not ordain women some would argue. As Jesus is the Son of God, God chooses the priest hood. There are many objections to the ordainment of women in the church today. God is always referred to as Father, which would lead you to think he is male. Jesus might of chosen female followers, but Jesus the Son of God was male and chose only male disciples. The Bible mentions and teaches that women should submit to their husbands and be silent in churches. As women bare children, looking after their children would take up valuable time, time they should be spending on church duties. Women are considered more emotional than men and this might lead arguments to how they will cope with the job. But there are many female doctors and they handle this job ordinarily. Some might feel women would not have the same respect they would get if they were a man, a men advising women is easier than vice versa. As should women be in charge of men. But isn't there no difference in god's eye between men and women. The Bible recognises only two kinds of priesthood, the priesthood of Jesus and the priesthood of all believers. Women today can do jobs, which were thought impossible in the past, women are now leaders in a way never before.

Please note that this sample paper on Women In St.Luke's Gospel is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Women In St.Luke's Gospel, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Women In St.Luke's Gospel will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mythology Paper that Compares Heros with Comic book Heros

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Many hundreds of years from now our great comic hero's stories will be told to a new generation of humans, it will then be called a myth. That is exactly what our modern day myths, they are comics. When you look at our modern day comic book hero's you don't view them as a myth. "Myth as viewed by many modern intellect is primitive; trying to explain world of nature, production of poetical fancy…mythology is all these" (Campbell 8). As Superman is to our generation of mythology as is Herakles to the ancient Greeks of mythology. Both share very similar traits and qualities that a typical hero myth. As do most of the hero's in our myths, and not just noticed in our Greek hero myth's but also in Norwegian, Romanian, and Native American mythology. Most hero myth's share the same common motifs. However in this paper I am only going to concentrate on two of the most popular hero's. One being the incredible Herakles and the other being modern day hero Superman. When I am done with this paper you will see how the idea and the symbol of a hero have not changed over the centuries.

With so many cultures there is no one way to categorize all the worlds' myths into one category. Joseph Campbell, the foremost expert in hero mythology had been known for not concentrating on the differences of a hero but rather the seeks to show that most hero myth's have to same development and therefore must share a common value. (Segal 6) Similarities that exist from one cultures hero to another are; most all hero myths have the hero being a male and in the case of Campbell's myth's all of the hero's he studied were male (Segal 4), you will always have the good vs. the bad and the hero will always be the good, a hero will have an unusual birth, the hero will have strength that a mortal man will not be able to obtain, there is always a quest that a hero must act upon, the hero will have to overcome temptation, hero's have this need to perform good, and finally most all our hero's will have a tragic death. Most hero's will through out there life go through what is called the Separation-Transformation-Return (STR) model of mythology. (Campbell 0) It is a model showing that a hero must be isolated from his, I refer to the hero has in the male form because most classic hero's are male, community. He must leave his home to change into the hero; this will lead him on to his quest. That is your Separation. Where the hero truly becomes a hero is when he is challenged. This is the evil that he must over come to transform into the new being. Once he has over come his evil he is then considered a hero. The Transformation stage has just occurred. Finally, the hero must return to the community, when he does he is no longer the same person that he was when he originally left. With this is change he is able to bring a new view to the world thus changing the community as well. The Return is the final piece of that puzzle in the STR model of mythology. (Caprio interview) The same is with Herakles and Superman; they too will follow the same common traits and STR model. Most important feature is not the traits that are exhibited by the hero, but why is the hero exhibiting these traits. What is the significance behind the motif? When those question is answered you are then able to determine the meaning behind the myth, and that is all mighty goal of understanding mythology.

Before I can begin to analyze Superman and Herakles you must have some back ground of who are Superman and Herakles. The very first part of the hero is the hero's birth. Superman was born on the planet Krypton. Superman's father, Jor-El had explained all the attributes that his young son, Kal-El would have over the humans because the humans were inferior to them. He will be able to fly due to the atmosphere composition, he will be stronger than any human because of his denser molecular structure, he will be practically indestructible, and be faster than being. As young child Superman reaches the planet earth you get your first taste of his strength when he lifts up the car to help out his uncle change the tire. (Superman the movie)

When Herakles was born he was born of the great god Zeus. Zeus incase many of you are not aware of your Greek mythology is the king of all the gods after he was able to defeat his father Cronus in the epic battle for supreme ruler of the Universe. (Morford 50) Because Hera was the queen of the gods she was not pleased that Zeus had slept with a mortal woman. To get even with Zeus, Hera had sent two serpents to kill Herakles. To Hera's disappointment Herakles was able to choke the life from the serpents, one in each hand. (Morford 41)

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As you can see both Superman and Herakles have very unusual births. Now how many babies have you been be able to pick up a car? Or how many people have you seen choke a serpent to death, but Herakles did this as a child and one in each hand! That is amazing accomplishment for any mortal human. This is a common motif of enhanced strength and usual birth is seen through out all of out ancient hero myths. I believe that the hero must have a usual birth and childhood so that he is able to set himself apart from the rest of the world. Hero is able to do what no mortal human is able to accomplish, and if he is able to do the impossible, then he must be different, therefore the hero must have a usual birth. This is the set up for the hero leaving for his quest; every hero must have a quest. This leads to the first stages of the STR model, the Separation. The hero must leave his home to go on his quest.

The first action sets Superman on his quest, to create the first part of his myth, is when his earth father dies. He makes the comment, "With all those powers I couldn't save him." (Superman the movie) This has a major effect on Superman, here the hero must make a choice he can either use his powers for the easy road, "evil" or he can take the long road, "good". This is what sets our hero apart from the villain. Of course our hero's could take the simple road and decide that it is not worth all the effort to try and save everyone with their abilities that they have been blessed with. All heroes will take the more difficult road because in most mythology the difficult road is the righteous path. And the hero will always do what is moral. The hero also chooses the challenging path because a typical mortal being is not capable of doing what a hero can. The hero is able to overcome obstacles that sets apart mortal from a hero. (Caprio interview)

In Herakles choice between the "difficult road" and the "easy road", Herakles was not able to choose his ways. He was more or less forced to be a hero. As the myth goes Herakles was driven mad my Hera, the queen of the gods, causing Herakles to go on a mad rampage killing his wife and children. (Morford 41) In Greek times it was an unforgivable sin to kill your own family for any reason. Because of this sin Herakles was forced to be purified by performing what is called in "The Twelve Labors" of Herakles. Herakles could have easy left Greece and disappeared from the known existence. He was not forced by the gods to perform these tasks. He was only told that to be purified from his sins he must perform these labors. He knew in his soul that he must do these labors, because it was wrong of him to kill and must be justified so that he can have peace in his life. (Caprio interview)

Herakles first labor was to kill the mighty lion of Nemean; to do this it would require the use of a club. For arrows were no use against this magnificent beast. After getting close enough tackle the lion he was forced to strangle the lion with his bare hands to finally kill the lion. (Herakles Online Page) To kill a lion takes an unbelievable amount of courage, but to kill a lion with your bare arms and strangle him is beyond what a mortal man could do. This just shows the strength of Herakles and being able to kill a lion with his bare hands. He also kill this lion to save the city of Nemea from the terror of lion, thus exhibiting the trait that Herakles has the inherent ability to know that is morally right. This also brings me to the trait that all our heroes will face is the epic battles of "good" vs. "evil". When Herakles being the hero is good and the lion is the evil that opposes him.

Just as Herakles has his evils so does Superman. Superman stands for all that is good, "For liberty and Justice for all". However with every hero they must be an evil. Lex Luthor is Superman's evil, Lex is greedy, power hungry, craving attention, and cruel. Just as good is opposite of evil, Superman is the opposite of everything that Luthor stands for. Superman will stand up for the right, help those in needs, and put his own life at risk for those who need help. In the Superman movie he does not discriminate on who to help, first you see Superman help a little girl get a cat out of a tree and later in the movie Superman will help rid the world of nuclear bombs. (Superman the movie) If a hero is able to help the common man, and even the youngest of little girls, and help the world that has to say something about his character.

In all mythical battles the hero will prevail, because good always over comes evil. I believe that good always overcomes evil is instilled in us from ever since history was told. When we pass on a story it is told from our view point. We tell the story as it was told to us but we also want to add our slight bias opinion to that story. When the story comes from a bias point of view, you will not make yourself look as the evil. Evil then has been given the view as being opposite of good, and what ever you tell as being good obviously the opposite is evil.

Aristotle had saw there are five types of hero's in mythology. The first one being a hero who is all divine, you would call this your god such as Zeus taking control over the universe from the titans. Second being a semi-divine human usually immortal but must go thought the actions of a hero to reach this immortality, where one of their parents are divine, this is the case with Herakles of his father being Zeus and his mother being a mortal being. Superman would also fit into the second category; his parents are given abilities that a classical divine mythical god would possess. The third of our hero's are born of mortals but the gods had blessed, they are able to achieve abilities that mortal humans are not able to reach however they are able to die like any mortal, it maybe because of assistance from the gods but for what ever the reason they are superior to normal human, Greek hero Theseus. The fourth is our typical mortal human being, this is like you and me, but they are able to be put in the position to perform the actions of a hero, an example of this hero is Odysseus. The final of these heroes's are the moron who saves the day, he is at the right place at the right time, modern example of this hero is old cartoon character Inspector Gadget. (Caprio interview)

To fit into the category that Herakles and Superman you must be able to go where no human has ever been able to go. Both are able to do what most are not able to achieve. Superman is able to travel into space with out the use of oxygen pack to breath. He also is able to with stand bullets and hold up trains on his back. When he had to disarm the nuclear bombs he was forced to be apart of the steel in a railroad track to save humans from falling to there death, right after that he took all the nuclear bombs to outer space and throw them into the sun where they would be destroyed. (Superman the movie) For him being able to do so much with his abilities he is far superior to any mortal being thus giving him the status of semi-divine.

Herakles is not able to fly high in the fly or even able to with stand bullets. However, back in times of ancient Greece little was known beyond the Peloponnesian lands, so it would be extraordinary to go beyond these boundaries. Herakles had to perform the last six of his twelve labors in the non-Peloponnesian lands. One of the most famous labors was the retrieval of the Apples of the Hesperidies; the Hesperidies were the tree daughters of the night. They stood guard of the tree from which the apples grew. This tree was originally given to Zeus and Hera as a wedding gift from the mother earth. No one was sure where the location of these apples were, so assist him he had to search long and wide around the globe, to the Greeks this would be a universal search. After while he ran into a fellow named Atlas, he knew where the tree was and offered to help Herakles if someone could hold up the Heavens. Atlas returned with the apples and took them back to Eurystheus. (Morford 44) This symbol of the myth shows the over coming of death. The apples represent the meaning of immortality and the tree is a kind of tree of life. The journey that Herakles must make to the west is the overcoming the realm of Death. However because he is not totally divine he must need assistance from Atlas. All of these labors and feats that both of our heroes must perform are the Transition stage of the STR model. All during his quest he grows and learns more about not only his world but learns more about himself. The hero symbolically discovers his own true nature, "What makes the man, the man". Our heroes will encounter his true identity and his sole purpose in life. You will notice that the main difference between our ancient heroes and our modern heroes is that modern heroes will go on a quest of self discovery, an inward glance, while the ancient hero will take an outer journey, how strong is our hero. (Segal 4-5) What seems to be the final part in the hero's journey is his Return back to society. Once he returns back to society he is able to change the society just a bit.

The final part in our heroes' journey is his tragic death. All great mythical heroes' have a death. That is what separates them from a hero and a god. For a god is an immortal and will live forever. A hero is a mortal who has been given a purpose to do the bidding of a god. No different are out heroes, Herakles and Superman. Superman was killed by the great villain Doomsday, the both of the two battled fist to fist and both are killed at the end of the comic. (Supermanthemovie.com) Herakles is no different however after his death he was made immortal by the gods for his triumph over the twelve labors. His death was not of a glorious one, his wife, Deianira, was very cautious that Herakles had fallen in love with another woman so to try and win back his love she as sent him a beautiful robe. Dipped in the robe was the blood of Nessus, the centaur, it was told that his blood was a love potion. Once Herakles had put on his robe his skin had started to burn, the agony that Herakles had felt was unbearable and he could not with stand it. Shortly he had died and was taken up to the heavens with the other gods to live forever. (Morford 4)

I believe that heroes must die so that they are able to show that no one is total god. No one that is born on the earth is a god. That is what I feel myth of a hero is trying to say. Those heroes are our fantasies; they are what everyone wishes they are able to do. Have you never dreamt to be able to fly, or be strong as a hundred mortal men? Or if you have not wanted these gifts then maybe you wanted to just raise a family and be a good parent someday. That is a very reasonable goal, we as a society do not know how to achieve that goal that mission to be the perfect being. That is why we tell these myths of great hero's, they are what every single person strides to be, to be that perfect being that everyone could look up to. Some people all us hero's stories as a way to discover themselves. Whatever the reason for a hero myth, the point is that hero's have been around forever and will continue to be told because no one is able achieve all their aspirations in life. Maybe that is the meaning to life, to try to be all you can be. Or maybe the meaning of life is to try the best you can with what you are given. That is what our heroes have done. They did the best they could with what god had blessed them with.

Bibliography

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 14.

Caprio, Professor Jim . Personal Interview. November 1, 00.

Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Hercules Greece's Greatest Hero. November 1, 00. March 16, 000 http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakle/

Morford, Mark P.O., and Robert J. Lenardon. Classical Mythology. New York, New York The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, 1.

Moschell, Adam. Personal Interview. November 1, 00.

Rank, Otto. In Quest of the Hero. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 10.

Segal, Robert. Joseph Campbell An Introduction. New York, New York

Penguin Books USA Inc, 10.

Superman The Movie. Dir. Richard Donner. Perf. Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, and Christopher Reeve. Warner Brother, 178.

N.P. The Superman Movie.com. November 1, 00. October 00 http//www.thesupermanmovie.com

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Maths yr 10 stats Cw

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Maths Year 10 Statistical coursework. Francis Newall

Introduction. I have been supplied with a database containing data about year 10 and 11 boys and girls in Mayfield School. I have to make up three Hypotheses, and prove them right or wrong throughout my project. I will use a large amount of various charts and graphs in order to do this. I was supplied with my data from Mayfield School, so the fact that I didn't collect it myself means that it is secondary data. There are many different methods of sampling, here are just a few

Random sampling - Randomly picking out samples.

Systematic sampling - This is where you have the whole population of the school and you pick out every 10th of 100th pupil.

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Stratified sampling This is where you divide the whole population of the school into groups of smaller sections and chose samples depending on the proportion of people in each group. You pick out these samples either randomly or systematically. I'm using Stratified Random Sampling, to make sure that the pupils have chosen are chosen totally by random. This is where you pick randomly from the groups you have made. The method of stratified random sampling is as follows

1. Firstly you need to work out how big your sample size is. For example, I have chosen to do a sample size of 41 this will mean that 41 of the pupils need to be stratified. Below is an example of one of the group's sample size.

Number of people in the group

_________________________ 100 x Eg.4

__ 100 = 5%

Total population of all the groups 70

Eg.100

__ = 4

5

Eg.71

__ = 17.75 = 18 pupils

4

. After you have worked out all of the group's sample sizes, you need to take one group at a time and pick pupils randomly. To dot his you either use the random button on a calculator or use excel.

. Once you have opened up an excel document, you need to click on a cell and type in, for example, '=4.' The number 4 can be changed depending on how many pupils are in the group.

4. You then need to click on 'Insert' and scroll down to 'function.'

5. Once you have entered 'Function', you need to locate the function name 'RAND', and double-click on it. A box will then appear from the top-left corner of the screen where you need to click on 'OK.'

6. A random number will now be in the cell that you first clicked on. If you click on that cell and then press 'ENTER', then another random number will appear. You need to note down however many numbers you need in your sample of one of the groups.

7. Now you need to open the group and find each random number along the left-hand side. You need to copy the 'Surname', 'Forename', 'Gender', 'Height' and 'Weight' for each of the randomly chosen students into a table. Finally you need to create a column for the BMI beside it. Into this table I have put all of my 41 samples.

Different types of data

I have been taught about two different types of data so far in my educational career, and they are Quantitative data and Qualitative data.

Quantitative data is data that is descriptive data, and Qualitative data, which can be either discrete or continuous. Discrete data for example, could be the number of children in a family, or shoe size (only certain values). Continuous data is data that can take any length, for example, hair length, weight or volume.

Hypothesis 1. - I predict that year 10 boys will have a larger body mass index than year 10 girls. Here are my sampled year 10 boys and girls.

Sampled Year 10 Boys

Student Number Surname Forename Gender Height(M) Weight(kg)

BMI

6 Smith Saf Male 1.8 64 17.1

5 Jones Nathan Male 1.54 76 .04

Dover David Male 1.1 6 16.

101 Stallin Joseph Male 1.84 6 18.1

65 Lister Kuta Male 1.6 7 7.4

15 Bonovan Liam Male 1.54 66 7.8

0 Singh Michael Male 1.68 64 .67

6 Leavy Thomas Male 1.7 71 .

Glintode Billy Male 1.55 50 0.81

1 George Wayne Male 1.75 68 .0

41 Hardy Jeff Male 1.7 75 .40

70 McManus Anthony Male 1.7 50 16.70

10 Taylor Lewis Male 1.0 80 .16

54 Kaura Kaz Male 1.66 6 .86

1 Slater Gordon Male 1.8 7 0.15

8 Smith Bill Male 1.55 7 46.45

51 Jones Paul Male 1.68 7 4.85

77 Pearce Robert Male 1.80 6 5.00

84 Robinson Mical Male 1.57 64 5.6

Carmichael Ryan Male 1.70 60 0.76

105 Urfon Homeed Male 1.6 57 1.71

4 Smith Arnold Male 1.54 54 .76

0 Browning Stephen Male 1.77 57 18.1

Aberdeen Richard Male 1.75 45 14.6

Edd Michael Male 1.68 5 5.11

57 Knott Mark Male 1.75 65 1.

6 Collins Alex Male 1.55 57 .7

8 Ray Adam Male 1.80 40 .

Smith Jason Male 1.68 4 14.88

41 Hardy Jeff Male 1.7 75 .40

104 Tumasi Rolo Male 1.50 65 8.88

75 Panjitsingh Mohammed Male 1.6 56 4.5

46 Honda Pablo Male 1.85 6 18.11

77 Pearce Robert Male 1.80 6 1.44

4 Hawk Matt Male 1.85 70 0.45

1 Black Joe Male 1.6 50 18.81

5 Fancropper James Male 1.81 56 17.0

78 Petit Neil Male 1.80 54 16.66

16 Brown Thomas Male 1.6 40 15.05

8 Gilroy Stuart Male 1.7 48 16.0

44 Hawks Tony Male 1.77 5 18.8

Sampled Year 10 Girls

Student Number Surname Forename Gender Height

(M) Weight(kg) BMI

14 Brown Emily Female 1.6 54 0.57

7 Sampras Paula Female 1.55 48 1.7

1 Chayse Erica Female 1.7 5 .05

50 Kelson Nina Female 1.80 60 18.51

85 Tahir Yasin Female 1.67 48 17.1

81 Slater Natalie Female 1.57 45 18.5

Connerly Jenny Female 1.70 48 16.60

78 Skully Josephine Female 1.60 66 5.78

7 Rogers Jade Female 1.65 5 1.67

Gorst Francesca Female 1.60 50 1.5

1 Brockley Maria Female 1.70 48 16.60

65 Owen Gemma Female 1.41 55 7.66

57 Martin Jane Female 1.67 48 17.1

7 Durst Freda Female 1.75 60 1.5

64 Morrison Nichole Female 1.6 48 18.06

5 Grimshaw Jane Female 1.6 7 7.0

4 Grimshaw Katie Female 1.7 50 16.0

87 Taylor-Wall Angela Female 1.70 55 1.0

80 Slater Sara Female 1.60 50 1.5

5 Lawson Karren Female 1.75 50 16.

Black Mia Female 1.75 57 18.61

5 Dean Samantha Female 1.70 50 17.0

18 Butt Sania Female 1.65 54 1.8

55 Long Anne Female 1.74 47 15.5

71 Roberts Sarah Female 1.54 45 18.7

1 Ali Aisha Female 1.5 45 1.47

17 Bullock Janice Female 1.7 51 17.

4 Ashiq Azra Female 1.60 56 1.87

0 Cell Jill Female 1.47 45 0.8

44 Hughes Donna Female 1.66 45 16.

4 Yo Rhonda Female 1.5 47 0.4

Fox Serena Female 1.0 40 11.08

46 Johnson Donna Female 1.68 50 17.71

0 Cell Jill Female 1.47 45 0.8

7 Bhatti Hannah Female 1.7 56 18.

65 Owen Gemma Female 1.41 55 5.45

81 Slater Natalie Female 1.57 45 18.5

6 Montogmerie Samantha Female 1.61 54 0.8

10 Blashaw Holly Female 1.7 51 17.04

Anderson Taz Female 1.80 60 18.51

1 Brandward Amy Female 1.65 5 1.46

As you can see, I have put a next to the last student on the list, Amy Brandward, as on the original data we were given, it said that she was 4.65 metres tall, which is very improbable! So I believe that this must have been a typing error, and I have changed it back to what it probably was originally, 1.65m.

As all of my hypotheses contain something about a BMI (Body Mass Index), I think I should explain how to work it out

Weight (kg)

BMI= __________

[Height (m)] ²

To try and prove my first hypothesis right I will show the Standard Deviation of the two sets of data, a stem-and-leaf diagram and a box and whisker diagram.

A Stem and leaf diagram to show year 10 boys' BMI against year 10 girls' BMI

Key for boys- 11 = 11.. 15 0 = 15.0. 14 6 8 = 14.6 and 14.8

Key for girls- 0 11 = 11.0. 5 15 = 15.5. 6 14 = 14.6 and 14.

Girls Boys

0 11

1

1

14 6 8

5 15 0

6 6 16 0 6 7

0 0 7 17 0

6 5 5 5 0 18 1 1 8 8

8 5 5 5 4 4 4 1 4

8 8 8 5 0 1 4 7 8

8 6 1 7

1 6 7 8

4 4 7

4

7 5

6

6 0 7 4 8

8 8

0

0

1

0

4

5 0 1

6

7

8

40

41

4 8

4

44

45

46 4

Box and whisker diagrams to show year 10 boys' BMI and year 10 girls' BMI

Boys

Min = 14.6

Max = 46.45

Median Q = 1.45

Q1 = Lower Quartile = 18.1

Q = Upper Quartile = .7

Girls

Min = 11.0

Max = .0

Median Q = 18.75

Q1 = Lower Quartile = 17.

Q = Upper Quartile = 1.

Standard Deviation, workings on year 10 boys and year 10 girls data.

Year 10 Boys data

The formula most commonly used to find the standard deviation is

Where N is the number of data points in my data set, and xj is the jth data point. The x with the bar over it is the average value of the data. This is also the formula used here.

If your data is known to follow the bell shaped curve (or is normally distributed or Gaussian distributed data), then 68% of your data points should fall within ± 1 standard deviation of your datas average.

In this set of year 10 boys data, I have 41 total data points. If you examine it carefully, you will see that that 7 data points are between 15.87 and 0.8.

The variance is the standard deviation squared. So for this set of data, the variance is 5.605

Year 10 Girls data

In this set of year 10 girls data, I have 41 total data points. If you examine it carefully, then you will see that 7 data points are between 16.05 and .5.

The variance is the standard deviation squared. So for this data, the variance is 11.5

Hypothesis . I predict that boys in year 11 will be taller than boys in year 10. To be able to do this, I need to have some year 11 boys samples. I shall use the same year 10 boys from hypothesis 1 to compare to the year 11 boys.

Here is my sample of year 11 boys.

Student number Surname Forename Gender Height (m) Weight (kg)

6 Berk Stephan Male 1.77 57

66 Paul Niel Male 1.7 64

47 Khan Assad Male 1.68 6

7 Horney Anthony Male 1.81 54

11 Brown Kevin Male 1.85 7

16 Cripp Justin Male 1.67 50

1 Cunning Kenneth Male 1.51 40

7 Singh Norman Male 1.51 8

5 Major William Male 1.8 68

8 Hossany Selim Male 86

18 Cullen Sam Male 1.55 54

1 Cunning Kenneth Male 1.51 40

77 Solomons Ian Male 1.7 7

81 Warne Michael Male 1.84 76

45 Kent Philip Male 1.86 80

7 Simmons Russell Male 1.65 50

Dixon Graham Male 1.6 5

80 Vincent Nigel Male 1.8 6

4 Fairfax Jacob Male 1.6 51

14 Chidgley Steven Male 1.6 5

4 Johnes Jimmy Male 1.4 80

1 Dixon Rico Male 1.6 8

50 Little James Male 1.65 47

5 Major William Male 1.8 68

74 Slim Andre Male 1.7 50

58 Mole Adam Male 1.64 60

70 Rottecth Amine Male 1.61 4

Ballson James Male 1.5 60

64 Oliver Marcus Male 1.57 4

75 Smith Michael Male 1.5 45

47 Krane Assad Male 1.68 6

Hughes Mark Male 1.65 58

1 Armstrong Simon Male 1.67 66

6 Fasworth John Male 1.7 7

10 Boggart john Male 1.75 60

48 Lee Brett Male 1.8 75

5 Bentley James Male 1.1 8

4 Lewis James Male 1.68 56

15 Chinny Anthony Male 1.6 56

51 Madalin Joseph Male 1.6

56 McDonald James Male 1.6 50

6 Olderson Stuart Male 1.6 48

To prove this hypothesis correct or incorrect, I shall do a scatter diagram and a bar chart.

Two scatter diagrams, one showing year 10 boys and the other showing year 11 boys, both according to height

Average height of year 10 boys = 1.80m

Average height of year 11 boys = 1.7m

Hypothesis . I predict that the taller you are, the higher your BMI will be. Here are my randomly chosen samples that I will need to do this hypothesis. I have not included any additional information except for the information that I will need to know

Year 10 boys

Weight (kg) Height (m) BMI

57 1.8 17.

57 1.6 1.7

58 1.7 1.6

40 1.6 15.1

60 1.80 18.5

56 1.61 1.6

56 1.60 1.8

64 1.55 6.6

75 1.7 .4

5 1.77 14.

68 1.80 1.0

57 1.77 18.

Year 10 girls

Weight (kg) Height (m) BMI

55 1.70 1.0

66 1.67 .7

57 1.67 0.4

54 1.6 0.

5 1.65 1.5

45 1.7 15.

56 1.56 .0

54 1.71 18.5

54 1.65 1.8

48 1.67 17.

Year 11 boys

Weight (kg) Height (m) BMI

6 1.68 .

54 1.55 .5

5 1.50 15.6

57 1.77 18.

54 1.58 1.6

7 1.78 16.7

6 1.80 1.1

51 1.6 1.4

54 1.70 18.7

Year 11 girls

Weight (kg) Height (m) BMI

54 1.65 0.0

44 1.6 16.6

45 1.60 17.6

48 1.58 1.

44 1.6 16.6

51 1.7 17.

8 1.6 14.

60 1.75 1.6

51 1.6 1.7

4 1.5 16.6

54 1.65 1.8

44 1.6 16.6

I shall do four separate scatter diagrams, one for each table, and then I shall see of there is any correlation between height and BMI.

Here are the four scatter diagrams.

Conclusions of all three hypotheses.

Hypothesis 1- I predicted that year 10 boys would have a larger body mass index than year 10 girls.

This prediction was indeed, correct, as we can see from the scatter diagrams, the stem and leaf diagram, and especially the box and whisker diagram. One of the key points to note, is that the boys' minimum BMI was 14.6, whereas the girls' minimum BMI was 11.0, a difference of .6, and the largest clue to the end result of boys having a larger BMI than girls is the fact that the boys' maximum BMI was 46.45, compared to the girls' maximum BMI of .0, a huge difference of 17.45!

One of the reasons that boys have a bigger BMI than girls may be the fact that boys tend to be stronger than girls, which means that they have more muscle. Muscle weighs more than fat, which may be why a lot of the boys had quite high BMI's, as the range in which a healthy BMI lies is 18-5.

Hypothesis - I predicted that boys in year 11 would be taller than boys in year 10.

This prediction was incorrect, as the average height of the year 10 boys was 1.80m, and the average height of year 11 boys was 1.7m.

This was a very unexpected result, as usually older people tend to be slightly heavier than people 1 or years younger than them.

I don't think this was a case of randomly picking small year 11's and tall year 10's, as one of my friends who predicted that year 11 girls would be taller than year 10 girls found out that the year 10 girls were taller than the year 11's, just like me, although I have not studied or looked at her graphs so I do not know how different they were.

Hypothesis - I predicted that the taller you are, the higher your BMI will be.

As you can see from my scatter graphs, there was no correlation between height and BMI, so therefore if someone is tall doesn't necessarily mean that they have a high BMI, as we need to take into account that weight is also included in the BMI, and we need to realise that someone who is tall probably has the same body structure as someone who is an average height. This means that even though they are taller, they are heavier because of this. This is why people who are taller do not necessarily have a higher BMI than an average person.

Possible Bias

Not all the pupil's measurements would have been measured at the same time and so they may have varied. If someone's weight was measured just after they had eaten then it would obviously be higher.

Final note

I feel I need to point out, that unless we take a survey including everyone in the whole world, the results I have come up with only suggest that, for example, boys have a bigger hand-span than girls. Also, I may have just randomly picked pupils that would tend to swing the results one way or the other, for example, for my second hypothesis, where I predicted that year 11 boys would be taller than year 10 boys, I may have just randomly picked big year 10 boys, and small year 11 boys, as I have already pointed out in my conclusion of the nd hypothesis.

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Alcoholism in Cheers

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The belief of most of the Unites States used to be that alcoholics were mean spirited, good-for-nothing, lazy, wretched men who liked to fight frequently and swear in excess. With the stereotypical television drunkard being homeless, a gambler, or just a plain loser, this myth was perpetuated. The myth was perpetuated until Cheers came along. It gives unrealistic portrayals of alcoholics in politically correct and friendly ways. The alcoholics never hurt anyone or say anything offensive in the Cheers universe, and this is how the viewing audience is beginning to view alcoholism as a whole; not as a disease, but as a source of lighthearted humor. They are wrong, very wrong.

The audience sees the cast of Cheers drink their sorrows away on every episode. The bar patrons and servers do not react in a realistic way to the alcohol that they've been imbibing. They neither feel it's affects immediately nor do they ever exhibit the signs of either an alcoholic or even a lifetime drinker. All of the characters appeal to a certain part of the viewing audience and are easy to form a strong connection with, and thus influence the entranced viewer. Exposing the characters for what they would be like if they existed in the real world and not just a sitcom will lend valuable insight to the television viewers and allow them to see that even their cute alcoholic prime-time role-models should have problems too Problems that are conveniently never mentioned in the scripts or brought into a realistic perspective by the writers.

The above problem will be discussed mostly in the following format A brief description of the actual character should suffice to lend familiarity to the reader who knows little about Cheers. Examples of that characters behavior will be included with episode identification to show instances where the character exhibits those particular traits. After that there will a section explaining what problems and basic personality changes the character's alcoholism would cause him/her in the real would, and taking that into account the previously discussed examples of behavior and how the real-world problems caused by an addiction to alcohol would cause them to react differently.

Cheap Custom Essays on Alcoholism in Cheers

Heather L. Hundley wrote a critique concerning The Naturalization of Beer in Cheers. She discussed Cheers role in causing beer drinking to be considered a normal part of the day. Instances were cited where beer was treated as casually, if not more so, than water in this sitcom. She went a long way towards proving that a flippant attitude towards beer was the cause of the problem that will be discussed here. It will soon be seen that a casual attitude towards alcoholism in the entire show is the problem itself.

The show ran for eleven award-winning years and broke more than one record. It is set in a Boston bar named Cheers whose exterior is the Bull Finch, a real life Boston bar. The series began with five regular characters in the first season and ending with seven regulars in the last season. Only three of the characters made it thought the entire run of the series which makes a total of ten regulars in Cheers. Almost all of them can be viewed as having an addiction to alcohol for one reason or another. They may not always be seen with a drink on screen, but the complications arising from their problems are easy to find.

Nicholas Colasanto played 'Coach' Ernie Pantuso for Cheers first three seasons. He was a kindly old man who ran a tidy bar but was awful at giving advice. Coach always has a smile on his face, and is rather oblivious to all the problems going on around him while still managing to be a convincing father figure. He used to coach Sam when he was playing baseball, but is now happy to take orders from him. He isn't senile, but has a very childlike approach to most problems. He is too shy to confront his daughter about her sleazy fianc (October 8, 18) and needs an inspiring pep talk from the others to get the courage. In And Coachie Makes Three (January 1, 184) he doesn't let Sam and Diane have any time alone so they try, unsuccessfully, to set him up with a girl.

The character of Coach appeals to older men, mostly those who are retired, by being well liked and capable in a job. In the real world he would probably be bitter because Sam is now his boss. The series never deals with anything concerning the coach's drinking. He is seen with drinks, but no mention is ever made of the obvious damage that it is doing his liver and kidneys.

If he was a true to form ex-baseball manager his drunk side would have more dominance over his personality. In the Coach's Daughter (October 8, 18) he wouldn't have needed a pep talk to confront the fianc, he would have hopped over the bar and punched him the moment that his daughter was insulted. During the January 1, 184 episode he would have been spending too much time with Sam and Diane for a different reason, be it inability to cope with the world or being to drunk to function, and would have been much more angry when he found out that they were trying to get him off if their backs.

Woody, played by Woody Harrelson, was the character with childlike innocence who replaced coach. A naive farmboy, Woody was unaware of all the complexities of life in the city including female roommates and the home shopping channel. He wasn't an alcoholic, but had problems with alcohol. In one episode he was staggering around drunkenly after a few woman problems when Norm began a conversation

Norm Geesh Woody, how many have you had?

Woody Four I guess.

Norm Wow, four beers and you're this drunk?

Woody No, four sips.

Woody appeals to all the viewers are either children or aren't heavy drinkers. His exploits teach the lesson that it's perfectly acceptable to have a low tolerance for alcohol as long as one occasionally overindulges. This encourages binge drinking and drinking to ease depression. Both of these are signs of alcoholism. Woody exhibits them both.

Kelsey Grammer is the character of Dr. Frasier w. Crane, a psychiatrist who was in the bar a great deal between the fifth and last seasons. He drinks to numb his feelings about his job, and sometimes out of depression. Both in the fourth season and when his wife leaves him he drinks himself into a liquor induced stupor (November 5, 1). His actions and dialogue are funny and those in the bar feel bad for him, but still chuckle along with the laugh track. His drinking is both constant and full of binges. His alcoholism causes him to do rash and unpredictable things such as live in a monastery to find renewal(September 6, 185) but in the very next episode he becomes a janitor so he can pay off his bar tab (October , 185). In later season he marries a frigid woman, the only one that he can get, Lilith. She is cold, deadpan, and emotionless. They have a child, but Frasier feels that they aren't spending enough time with the baby and decides to do something about it (November 1, 10).

Frasier is an intellectual giant compared to everyone in Cheers save Diane and occasionally Cliff. Dr. Crane knows this, but never flaunts it. If he were to actually get drunk and start talking he would say very hurtful things to the others in the bar. He has a lot of pent up anger, anger which he takes out by being rash and unpredictable, anger that would come out in conversation in given the chance. He marries the only woman that he can find who is his mental equal ends up unhappy about the situation although he never confronts her. He promises to spend more time with his child, but only a few episodes later (April 1, 11) Sam is babysitting for Frasier. The character appeals to rational people who would love to show their wild side after a few drinks. He encourages alcoholism as an escape from what is bothering a person, and as an excuse to make rash and foolish decisions.

Sam Malone, the only one without a drinking problem. It is common knowledge that the character, played by Ted Danson, was an alcoholic before the series was began, but has gone clean. He is always seen drinking club soda or water. He had a relapse in Rebound (September 7, 184) and Coach has to get Diane to help get him out of his slump. He makes up for his addiction with women and fast cars.

Sam appeals to all men, but does not encourage alcoholism. He encourages large egos, debauchery, meaningless sex, and lies. With all of the troubles that befell him during the eleven years that the show ran he should have had many more than just one relapse into drinking.

Carla, Cheers only cocktail waitress, was a cranky little woman with more problems, children, and ex-husbands than anyone could count. Carla was nothing short of uncontrollable, going so far as to endanger the bar's license when she attacked an obnoxious sports fan(October 14, 18) She repeatedly became pregnant through the series and was often unsure who the father was. Rhea Pearlman played the character whose full name is Carla Victoria Angelina Teresa Apollonia Lozupone Tortelli LeBec. Carla became increasingly sexually active after the death of Eddie, her hockey playing husband. When her son tells her of his intention to become a priest she throws a fit, calling him 'stupid and irresponsible' (January 16, 1) She is somewhat delusional and superstitious at times, claiming to have seen Eddie's ghost in Cheers (April 1, 10) and believing that the foosball table is haunted (January 10, 11). She also has a psychic advisor (October , 11) and believes that a house that she moved into was haunted when it was only near to a air field (October 0, 186). She encouraged promiscuity in her children and engaged in this conversation with her seventeen year old daughter

Daughter Mom, I'm getting married

Carla Congratulations, you know who the father is!

The character of Carla appeals to single, angry, mothers everywhere. She gives the impression that she can work as a barmaid and still support ten children. She is a bad role model for women because of her smart mouth and unrestrained wild side. This is a dangerous impression to give because, although she rarely seen drinking, it is inferred when she loses all of her inhibitions after her husband's death. If she were a real person she wouldn't care at all about her children, and would go after much less high-quality men. She would sit at home in her trailer park, watch talk shows, and call the psychic hotline.

Rebecca Howe is an overeager business woman saddled with the job of running cheers from seasons six through ten, and although she no longer runs the bar in season eleven she is still a main character. Played by Kirstie Alley the character is rife with neurosis and compulsive behaviors. During seasons six and seven she obsesses over her boss, Evan Drake, and goes to great and illegal lengths to try to woo him. She is later wooed by Robin Colcord who gives her a desk with a hidden ring surprise. In a fit Rebecca demolishes the desk looking for an engagement ring. The ring that she was looking for was left by Earnest Hemingway's teacup on the stained wood. She is left with little more than firewood. She is unable to decide between Robin and Sam, and it drives her to the edge of sanity. While smoking irresponsibly she burns down Cheers and blames it on faulty wiring (September 4, 1). That episode is like another previous one where she breaks a vase at a company party and convinces Woody to take the blame for it (January 7, 18). She also calls on Woody and Sam to help her find her boss's lost dog (January 1, 18) and cannot believe it when she calls off her wedding to Robin and secretly has trouble accepting that she did it at all(February 7, 11).

Rebecca is rarely seen with a drink in her hand but almost always acts drunk. She is frazzled, hurried, and often confused about what is going on around her. Any normal human being would blunt the stress that she feels with something stronger than the cigarettes that the audience knows she is addicted to. She appeals to woman who have or aspire to a position of power. Her character shows them that it is acceptable to be a lunatic and a raving alcoholic just as long as one maintains control of one's surroundings. Unfortunately, not even a fictional sitcom heroine can accomplish this. Her foolish decisions and rushed conclusions are just as erratic and damaging as any normal drunkard's would be in her place. She has constant problems accepting responsibility for any of her actions and is an emotional hazard to herself and all of those around her.

Cliff Clavin is a man possessed-by his own ego. John Ratzenberger plays the character as though he is always right about everything. In Cliff's mind he is always right, and he'll go to any length to prove it. He views himself as nothing less than an omniscient postal worker. His attitude has only gotten him into a fight with another patron once, although the incident wasn't blamed on beer (January 6, 1884). He is also very shy and self-conscious at times, being unable to speak to women. He almost threw everything away when his ex-postal-worker-lover came back from Canada, but a hummed rendition of America the Beautiful' from the other patrons kept him from leaving (October 1, 18). He still lives with his mother and the first naked woman that he saw blinded him (Also October 1, 18). He, like Carla, is occasionally delusional and believed, beyond refute, the Hitler was living in his apartment complex (December , 1). In order to win a beard growing contest among the men of Cheers Cliff used epoxy glue and fake hair. He was so desperate to be the winner that he was unable to remove the fake beard once the contest was over (November , 18). The most defining moment in Cliff's unsuccessful quest to satisfy his own ego is in episode 18. What is…Cliff Clavin?. Cliff goes on Jeopardy, and to the amazement of his friends is winning with such a high score that as long as bets nothing in final Jeopardy it is mathematically impossible for him to lose. In an act of supreme self-confidence he bets all $0000 dollars on the last question. Alex Trebec asks a question concerning the similarities of three historical figures. Cliff, not knowing the answer says Who are three people who have never been in my kitchen? and insists that his answer is correct. He sacrificed all that he had gained to try to appease his bloated ego.

He is a proud man with a lot of smarts with sever emotional problems and a poor job. These cause him to drink away the parts of the day when he is not obsessing over his duties as a postal worker. If he lived in our world it would fit very well that he still lived with his mother, and had never seen a naked woman. He would drink to overcome his shyness, and in doing do would cause many more than the single fight attributed to him. When inebriated he knows beyond all reasonable, and unreasonable, doubt that he is correct. These damaging thoughts carry over to the times when he is not drunk, but is surrounded by friends. He is a sick man and needs help, not beer. His character appeals to all the nerds in the viewing audience. He beckons them to sit down and have a beer to gain confidence, eloquence, and sexuality just like he does.

Norm Peterson, played by George Wendt, is the most famous character on Cheers. He is greeted with people shouting his name whenever he enters the bar, and is well known for his witty one-liners and astronomical bar tab. He is a normal guy with an unloving wife whom the other patrons convince him to leave for his own good late in the series run. He is susceptible to peer pressure as shown when he is convinced to pursue a woman that the other patron believe is attracted to him (February , 184). Like most men, he changes jobs on more than one occasion. He begins the series as a CPA, becomes a house painter, and eventually gets his dream job as a beer taster. He is large man with a large appetite for beer. He admits that he never stops drinking although it seems to have no discernable effect on him, no matter how much he drinks. To work off some of his bar tab, its exact value is never mentioned, he paints Rebecca's office and Evan Drake's bedroom (November 5, 187 & February 18, 188). Not long thereafter he gets a job as an interior decorator because some of Frasier's wealthy friends think that he is gay. He hides the jobs from his friends and his true sexual orientation from his clients for a short while, but must eventually come clean. All he wants out of life is to sit down and have a few beers. Everything else is trivial to him. He is renowned for 'Normism' which are witty beer-affiliated comments

Sam How's a beer sound Norm?

Norm I don't know, I usually finish them before they get a word in.

Norm is not a wild and crazy character, that is what makes him such a damaging part of Cheers. He is the Everyman. Nothing that happens to him couldn't happen to any normal guy in the real world. He is a normal human being who is an alcoholic and has a little bit of bad luck. Everyone in the television audience can relate to and identify with Norm Peterson. Norm would have problems with his finances and his health His liver and kidneys would have failed long ago, or he would have succumbed to beer-induced obesity, but this wouldn't stop people from wanting to live his carefree life. He tempt people to embrace the lazy aspect of alcoholism, the aspect that he shows so well, but that would leave no man in as good of a mood as Norm is always in.

The television sitcom Cheers is a danger to those who watch it. There are 75 episodes that ran for eleven years, and now it is doing well in syndication. Cheers depicts abnormal alcoholics behaving in normal and socially acceptable ways which are totally unrealistic. All of the characters are geared towards a certain type of viewer which they can easily influence with their unrealistic portrayals of alcoholism. All of these factors together make Cheers a very influential show. Exposing the characters for how any real human with their characteristics would act is a step is curbing the influence that this show has.

Please note that this sample paper on Alcoholism in Cheers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alcoholism in Cheers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Alcoholism in Cheers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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