Hello Essay

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1. Never really enjoyed the job. His expectations of what to expect was not close to what his experience was.

. His philosophy was, "They hired me to enforce the rules and I am going to enforce them."

. He was frustrated at times by his feelings that there were no real punishments that the kids knew would be handed down for bad behavior.

4. Was really good at a one-on-one level with the kids. I witnessed several occasions where what came out of his mouth really impressed me. His philosophy and understanding of the issue and how he communicated would sometimes blow me away.

5. He did have a temper. His good advice was sometimes followed by real anger when he perceived the kids not following through with what he had asked of them.

6. He would pull pranks. I never witnessed him do anything mean, but the occasional shaving cream or toothpaste in the hair happened a few times.

7. He would curse occasionally. Brent would be better to ask, but I asked him on one occasion to tone it down.

8. He would keep their canteen at times. Brent and Brian and to some extent me realized that this one real power we had over them. If Brian perceived that the kids were disobeying them or acting inappropriately, then he would threaten to take their canteen. It usually worked, but sometimes he would follow through with the threat. I did on several occasions give them their canteen when Brain or Brent had taken it away. I am probably too soft hearted and should have conferred with those two to come up with a solution.

. They did play "freeze" in the dining hall. The kids loved and the several times I sat at that table, the kids would get mad at me because I did not play any games. I never felt they did it too long.

10. Did have a knife, but never heard him threaten anyone with it.

11. Never heard about the urinating in the super-soaker incident.

1. Never heard about the photo of his testicles.

1. Never heard about the propane tank in his backpack.

14. He was frustrated about Stan giving rewards and then having the kids obsessively asking for it. "Stan said I could get coke", but knowing it was against the rules to have one was frustrating to Brian.

15. He did collect money from the kids on two occasions that I know of and I felt on both occasions he used all of the money. The first was before our night at the upper campsite. He bought extra sodas and chips for the kids. Every kid had at least - sodas that night. The second was a couple of nights before the kids left. He collected money and went down to the soda machine and bought everyone sodas.

16. The line about "your parents are paying $160/day and you are not doing anything" was said, but he said it on a rainy day when we were sitting in the bunk and he was laughing when he said it. Truth be told, those kids in Bunk 1 would have liked nothing more than to sit in the bunk all day doing nothing.

17. He was very touchy about the kids touching his stuff.

18. Did not know about the duct tape.

1. He was frustrated with the kids' attitudes at times. Hearing " I'm gonna tell Stan" a thousand times would get to anybody. Matt Fox and Jason Mirra would say it on a daily basis. I feel that they were not used to a counselor that actually enforced the rules. They would say that their counselors in the past would let them have candy or drink sodas, or do whatever. They said it to me numerous times. This is what led Matt Fox's dad to talk to Brian on visiting day. Matt spends three to four weeks telling his parents how mean Brian is and Mr. Fox felt it necessary to speak to Brian. I feel that his dad reacted to hearing one side of the story and reacted wrongly.

BRENT

1. Did not know about throwing Richard.

. Bathroom incident it did happen. I walked in and everyone was laughing (including Richard) about what happened. I told Richard he should throw water on Brent to retaliate as a joke. He did and ran out of the cabin. Brent took it the wrong way and dumped Richard's cubby. I talked to Brent, but he was stubborn so I helped Richard put his cubby back together since I felt I was responsible for starting the chain of events.

. Did not know about the nipple incident or the throw my trash out or I'll kill you incident.

CONCLUSION

Before this all happened, I had considered Richard one of my favorite campers. I never would have guessed that he would go home and tell his parents what he did tell them. On visiting day, his mother and I spoke. The only thing she mentioned to me was that Richard was bored. She said that she was a former camper and counselor and trusted us to work with Richard. I said I would do whatever was necessary and so after that, Richard starting going to Arts and Crafts up to 10 times per week. The other kids asked why Richard got to go so often and I would say that his parents set it up, but they sensed that it was unfair that they had to go to areas they did not like while Richard went to A&C.

In all of the letters that Richard wrote home, I doubt he ever mentioned the so-called "abuse" he was facing. Did he think we would read his mail? Did he not think that his mom and dad would not be at camp the next day if he leveled such charges in a letter or phone call? I never heard from Richard's parents after parents weekend and I feel certain that they would have called if there were any hint of problems with Richard. I feel that he is an overprotected child with a tendency to create "problems" in order to flesh out a reaction from his parents. Maybe because of his size his parents have felt the need to put him in a bubble, but as a veteran camper with parents with camping experience, they should all know what to expect and that a little teasing, rough play, etc. might happen with 1 guys leaving in a small, hot environment for 7 weeks. I regret that Richard did not have the camping experience that he hoped for and I do feel that there were times (few) where Brian stepped over the line, but I do not

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Deception of the Amontillado and other Ironic Twists

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Irony is the use of words that expresses something that has a different meaning, or sometimes the opposite meaning of the literal expression. The use of irony in any kind of story is a good way of making someone, to the audience, appear as a fool. Anyone can see what characters say, but it can show us the thought process of these characters. In Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Cask of Amontillado," irony is a key element from beginning to end.

As "The Cask of Amontillado" opens, we are pushed into the lives of two prideful characters, Montresor and Fortunato. From the beginning, it is shown that there is nothing fortunate about Fortunato. This fact alone is ironic. Poe decides to name the victim of this story Fortunato, yet in the end he seems to be he one with all the misfortune. Fortunato is introduced in the first line by Montresor, having spoken of the injuries and the great revenge he would take upon Fortunato. He is first seen during the carnival season wearing motley and "a tight fitting parti-striped dress, and his head was surmounted by the conica; cap and bells" (7). He had dress of fool's suit, much like a joker that is on a deck of cards. Yet this time the joke would be on him.

At their first meeting in this story there are two ironic things that happen which foreshadow the future events. During the first few events of the story, we are shown that Montresor is is not too fond of Fortunato. Knowing this fact, we see that when they meet up the narrator says, "I was so pleased to see him that I thought I should never have done wringing his hand" (7). At this moment Fortunato might be under the impression this warm handshake is out of joy, but little does he know that same hand will lead to his death. Also Montresor says, "My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met. How remarkably well you are looking to-day" (7). He was looking well enough to die.

Physical appearance was not the only use on irony in relation to Fortunato's health in the story. Montresor seems to be quite scared that something will happen to Fortunato when they enter the catacombs. Ironically he takes great care to assure Fortunato's safety. Before entering, the narrator says, "My friend, no. It is not the engagement, but he severe cold with which I perceive you are afflicted. The vaults are insufferable damp" (7). It is almost as if Montresor is using reverse psychology to get his victim to enter the damp dark cavern. Having entered the catacombs a fowl and harsh, perhaps raspy cough overcomes Fortunato. Due to the kind and protective nature of Montresor, which truly an illusion, he tries to convince his "friend" to go back. The response of Fortunato is innocent "the cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough" (7). The reply of Montresor is hauntingly ironic "Truetrue" (7). He knows that the cough will not be the death of Fortunato.

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Another bit of irony is found in the way that Fortunato enter into the catacombs, his future deathbed. He decides to do everything with his own free will. Nothing about the journey into the deep dark tomb is forced. Fortunato is quite an arrogant and prideful man. He considers himself an expert in the field of fine wine and drinks. For this reason, when he hears that his friend wants to see if he has received the real Amontillado, Fortunato has no reserves about going. Montresor plays him for the fool he is when he says, "As you are engaged, I am on my way to Luchresi. If any one has a critical turn, it is he. He will tell me" (7). Fortunato, in his mind, is the best person for the job and does not want anyone else to judge the Amontillado. He even back bites Luchresi by saying, "Luchresi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry" (7). The character Luchresi is not mentioned much in the story but it is my personal opinion that he was a very knowledgeable person as well regarding wines. Perhaps even a threat or competition in Fortunato's eyes. An ironic aspect of Luchresi is found in his name. It is similar to the word lucre, which means profit or gain. In order to lure Fortunato in, he overcomes or gains control of Fortunato just by using Luchresi's name. So in essence Luchresi's name was really used as personal profit over Fortunato.

The change of setting shows a bit of scenic irony, leading from a happy carnival atmosphere to a dark and dreary catacomb. During the journey there are several things that happen that add to the ironic mood. At one point they stop to have a drink and to make an informal toast. Fortunato exclaims, "I drink… to the buried that repose around us" (7). Then Montresor responds with, "And I to your long life" (7). The first bit of irony is in the fact that Montresor knows that Fortunato will in fact not have a long life. Yet there is a deeper irony in these comments. Fortunato drinks to the dead that lie at rest. And he is going to be the one that shall die. Montresor toasts to life, which is what he will get to keep even after that night. Montresor is not physically going to die, but emotionally he is drawn to madness.

After entering the catacombs, it is reveled that Fortunato is part of a group known as the Masons. After taking a drink he shows a sign of the masons to Montresor "He emptied it at a breath. His eyes flashed with a fierce light. He laughed and threw the bottle upward with gesticulation I did not understand" (74). This gesture was a sign and one that had to be repeated as Montresor did not understand. Obviously Montresor is not a mason or he would have understood the sign. To cover for his lack of knowledge he presents a trowel. Montresor has no idea this little display will work, but since Masons do work with bricks Fortunato was not alarmed. Little did he know that he was looking at the tool that would seal him in his death bed. In response to the presentation of the trowel he states, "You jest" (74), showing that he thought the whole think was a joke.

At the story comes to an end having been chained down, Fortunato screams, "The Amontillado" (75)! He did not understand where was the Amontillado? In his mind the Amontillado was something to drink, to test. Montresor replies, "True… the Amontillado" (75). In the eyes of Montresor the Amontillado was not just a fine sherry, but represented the success of pulling off the murder.

After the death of Fortunato, the story comes to a close. One again the story has been told but the memories of the events still haunt Montresor. True to his word he accomplished the task of killing Fortunato, "with impunity" (71). There is a great phrase of irony that polishes off the story. The last words of the story are written in the Latin tongue "In Pace Requiescat" (76)! This translates to, "May he rest in peace." This phrase applies to Fortunato as he might rest peacefully in his tomb. Yet I do not think peace will ever come to Montresor who has led himself into his own, personal hell.

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Orwell: Shooting an Elephant

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The story that my evaluation will be based on is Shooting an Elephant written in 1936. The author George Orwell was born in 1903 in India to a British officer raised in England. He attended Eton College, which introduced him to England's middle and upper classes. He was denied a scholarship, which led him to become a police officer for the Indian Imperial in 1922. He served in Burma until resigning in 1927 due to the lack of respect for the justice of British Imperialism in Burma and India. He was now determined to become a writer, so at the brink of poverty he began to pay close attention to social outcasts and laborers. This led him to write Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) during the Spanish Civil War. He embodied his hate for totalitarian system in his book Animal Farm (1945). George Orwell fell to the disease of tuberculosis at forty-seven, but not before he released many works. He wrote six novels, three documentary works, over seven hundred reviews and newspaper articles, and a volume of essays (1149). This particular story was very interesting and found it to hold a lot of truth. Shooting an Elephant is about an English man that was a police officer in Burman, who was hated for his race and felt it almost impossible to do his job. He had to deal with a lot of hatred and disrespect, but yet he was expected to do what the town's people asked of him when they asked. When the elephant got loose the first person the sub-inspector at the opposite end of the town called was the main character, who was to be nameless throughout the entire story. He wanted him to go do something about the loose elephant because the mahout (the keeper and driver of an elephant) was away and no one else could handle a situation such as this. The main character grabbed his 44 rifle and set out to find the elephant. The purpose of the gun was not to kill the elephant but to just scare it with the noise. Little did the officer know the act of grabbing the gun to just scare the elephant would lead to its demise. On the way to find the elephant the officer learned it had destroyed a garden, a bamboo hut, devoured some stock and had trampled a cow. As the officer went further on he found that the elephant had killed a townsman just minutes before. Now thinking that the elephant could be dangerous he asked for a larger and more powerful rifle. He only wanted the bigger gun in case he was threatened in any way, not to cause unnecessary harm to the elephant. After asking for the gun he then realized that the crowd became anxious and wanted to see what was going to happen to the elephant. As he walked on to locate the elephant the realization that the whole town was watching and waiting for him to make his move was very apparent. The officer came across the elephant eating in a clearing and felt at ease that the animal was finished with his path of destruction. He glanced around him and realized that he would be forced to kill the animal. The town's people disliked him greatly, but with a weapon and the ability to kill the wild beast the quickly changed their opinion about the officer. Although the elephant was harmless at this point, the officer fell into the trap of peer pressure and felt obligated to terminate the animal's life. He walked as close to the elephant as he could without startling it and pulled the trigger. George Orwell then goes on to describe in great detail the horrible death that the elephant experienced. I liked the message of this story, but I did not care for the way that the author chose to present it. The message was very clear in that there was a common problem between people in general and certain races in the mid-thirties. The message was that even though peers may expect something of them it is not always the right thing to do. This is displayed in the paragraph at the top of page 683 and continues until the middle of the page. The main character mentions right before he shoots the elephant the first time that " he was a puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind" (683). He also describes why he is expected to shoot the elephant by saying " a sahib has got to act like a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things" (683). Throughout this paragraph he also mentions why he feels that he must shoot the elephant by saying, " When the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives" and so in every crisis he has to do what the "natives" expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it" (683). The officer did not want to commit such a heinous act to a magnificent animal that was no longer causing harm. He also felt bad for the mahout, but the look on the faces and eyes were stronger than the feeling of guilt inside of him. Many people go through this every day, but not to the magnitude that was presented in this particular story. They find themselves in situations that they do not want to be in, yet they feel obligated to do what the crowd wants. I didn't like the way the story was presented for the fact that the death of the elephant was described in such graphic detail. For example when Orwell states, "His mouth was wide open- I could see far down into caverns of pale pink throat" (684). He also goes into greater detail by saying " thick blood welled out of him like red velvet, but still he did not die' (684). The vivid description continues with the explanation of the guilt the officer felt and how long it took the massive mammal to die. I feel that the author would have been able to make his point just as effective without describing the death in the way he chose to. At the end of the story it is described how the officer feels about being responsible for the elephants death. It is made clear that he knows what he did was wrong and that he will have to live with this decision for the rest of his life. It is also clear that he gave into the pressure of the towns people when he states in the last line that " I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool" (685). This made me feel that he had no real remorse for the killing and that his reputation was winning out over his very own conscious. This story did fit into this particular section very well because of the portrayal of the cultural and identity aspects of life. The officer is forced to deal with and question his identity by the feelings he has when finds and kills the elephant. The culture is represented by the "coolie, yellow faces, and Buddhist" (680-685). It also fits very well with the author's feelings on imperialism, because the main character states that he feels that it is an evil thing (680). In all consideration I understood why the author had to describe the slaughter of the elephant in such detail. It added to the effectiveness of the story by painting a very clear picture that the actions of the officer were wrong. His point would not have been taken so seriously if he just stated that the elephant died after many shots or in any other basic way. Overall I did enjoy the message very much and felt that it fit into the section very well, but I did not care for the way the author displayed the message.

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Human Cloning: Scientific or Just Playing God?

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Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have a clone? Cloning is the scientific process of combining the DNA of one organism with the egg of another in other words getting an egg and fertilizing it (Cloning Fact Sheet 1). This is done to certain structures to generate a genetically matched life form (Cloning Fact Sheet 1). I have thought about cloning several times and its scary to know that scientist might be able to clone humans. Ever since the successful cloning of an adult sheep on February , 17 by Dr. Ian Wilmut, the world has been really upset about this historical event, also scared that scientists will finally achieve in cloning humans (Cloning Fact Sheet 1). Human cloning is very unnatural in todays society. Problems with human cloning include genetic diversity, genetic abnormalities, religious concerns, and emotional risks.

The biggest problem with the use of cloning on a large scale is the decline in genetic diversity (Why Should Not Use Cloning 1). If a population of humans had the same genetic information, the disease would wipe out the population entirely (Why Should Not Use Cloning 1). The main reason science is holding out on cloning humans is if we tried to clone them, we could possibly kill the last females of the human race (Why Should Not Use Cloning 1). 1). A quote from the Nation magazine states that The goal from the Human Cloning Prohibition Act was simple, stop anyone from trying to clone a human; a prospect that strikes just about everyone as medically dangerous and morally repugnant (Gibbs 18). The problem was how

to do it in a way that did not also out law all kinds of other promising research that relies on some of the same techniques (Gibbs 18). If scientists in todays society was to actually succeed in cloning humans, they would result in severe abnormalities.

Today about 8% of cloned humans ranging from oversized fetuses to malformed organs and developmental glitches (Greenwood 1 ). Health risks from mutation of genes an abnormal baby would be a nightmare come true (Dixon 1). Many attempts from cloning has produced disfigured monsters with severe abnormalities (Dixon 1). An article of the Washington Post stated that The like hood that a human cloning attempt would produce fetuses and babies suffering from severe abnormalities calls for a clear response its wrong, and should be illegal to court such disasters ( Greenwood 1). There is a very high risk that when cloning the scientists could possible lose the embryo and the mother (Bush Morally Wrong 1). If cloning humans result in severe abnormalities why do scientists say that by cloning humans it will help others that are needing medical treatment such as organ transplants. Scientist are just trying to clone humans for organ banks and tools for other people. Humans should not be used as a medical junkyard for experimentation (Gibbs 0). In any case scientists are trying to clone humans to get organs is definitely not a fact. The House recently said that scientists cross the line by manufacturing humans as tools (Gibbs 1). I think scientists need to realize that humans are not lab rats and to drop the whole cloning experiment that all scientist

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insist on doing.

In the United States of America, the majority of man kind believe in some particular kind of God. Therefore, when scientist try or even succeed in cloning a human being the religious individuals of the United States will become involved in this matter. When scientist clone humans there are actually playing God and taking nature into their own hands. Even if the smartest scientist of the world cloned a human being he/she still would have no spiritual soul which of course is created only by God and cannot be generated or produced by cloning (Dixon 1). Religious people are deeply concerned about cloning because clones are not granted the birth of newness and cloning would deprive the person of their uniqueness (Why Should Not Use Cloning ). Another reason religious people are concerned is that organizations consider cloning to be the main cause of men to be reproductively obsolete (Why Should Not Use Cloning ). A quote from a newspaper article called Scientist Should Think Twice About Playing God states that The ability to clone whether in be mice or men is a God given talent (Stanley 1). The ability to use that which is in creation is a God given gift (Stanley 1). If we begin cloning humans in a way to just to succeed in some experiment, scientists will cross the line and accept gifts from God to playing God (Stanley ).

Cloned people would result from mental and emotional problems if he/she were to find out that they were cloned (Why should Not Use Cloning). In human

cloning a woman could be the twin sister of her mother, lack of a biological father and be the daughter of her grandfather (Dixon 1). A child could grow up knowing

her mother is her sister, her grandmother is her mother, and her father is her brother-in-law (Dixon 1). If a child knew that his/her family was not what they seemed to be that would leave the child with significant emotional pressures. My opinion on these emotional risks is that if a child was to find out he/she was cloned they might possibly do something to harm themselves. There is not a child psychiatrist in the world who could possibly say that there will not be emotional risks if a child was to find out that he/she was cloned (Dixon 1).

In conclusion, human cloning is very unnatural in todays society and should not be practiced or performed in America. The five reasons that human cloning is very unethical include genetic diversity, genetic abnormalities, religious concerns, and emotional risks. A quote from a doctor states that If the House was to let human cloning labs be formed all over the world, then its only a matter of time before someone would create a cloned human with severe problems ( Bush Morally Wrong 1). Luckily In August, President Bush declared that human cloning would be banned and should not be practiced by anyone in America if so he/she would spend up to ten years in prison with a one million dollar fine (Bush Morally Wrong 1). Personally I thank God that human cloning was banned because first of all, scientist need to realize that humans are not just something that they can experiment on. If scientist insist on doing research then why dont they research more about cancer and AIDS where they might be able to find a cure, and let God be the one to make human beings? Works Cited

Bush Human Cloning Morally Wrong. 11 Nov. 00.

http//www.cnn.printthis.clickability.com

Dixon, Patrick Dr. Reasons Against Cloning. 11 Nov. 1

http//www.globalchange.com/noclones.htm.

Fisher, Joannie. The Cell Wars Begin. U.S. News and World Report 10

Dec. 001 56-57.

Gibbs, Nancy. Cloning Where Do You Draw The Line. Time 1 Aug.

001 18-1.

Greenwood, James. Reasons Not To Clone. The Washington Post 1 Apr.

001 B06.

Stanley, Lauren R. Scientists Should Think Twice About Playing God.

Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service July 18 7K507

Why We Should Not Use Cloning?. 11 Nov. 00

http///www.vuhs.org/apbio/clone/wrong.htm

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HOw does its management affetcs.

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• Many people inside/outside a company want to know if the company is performing well, and compare it to other years as well as to other companies.

There are two forms of doing this

To understand these terms, there is need to verify each meaning

 Net profit Before tax is found on the Profit and Loss Account, it is calculated by

=

Profit before tax Revenue (Minus) All costs

 Net Assets employed is found on the balance sheet us calculated by

=

Net assets employed Total assets (Minus) Total Liabilities

By knowing this the formula is then used The percentage shows how well the management of the business have used the assets employed in the business to generate money, this is compare with other years and companies, to see their progress. If the % is larger than the year before it is an improvement if there is a lower % the company is deterioration. A normal increase I would consider more a company is between 5-10% increase since it is enough growth, if it exceed this percentage the government takes action, because their profit is too large and may be exploiting their employees.

The other way to see whether the company is on the right track is

This is called the Profit Margin

The figures show the percentage of profit in each dollar of sale. It is usually called the mark up ratio; this will be compare with other years and companies, to see their progress. If there is a larger % than their companies it shows an improvement in their profit. If the company is from 7% higher than their competitors in my company is a great success.

• This is an important question, especially to creditors like banks.

To understand this, it is needed to check the terms used

 Current assets are Cash or short term uses of finance that a business can turn into cash.

Such as stock.

 Current liabilities is what the business owes, but at short terms.

Such as overdraft or money owed to creditors.

• The ratio that was shown after the formula shows how well the business is able to meet short term debts from its current assets. It is good to note that to be able to keep on operating the current ratio has to be larger than one (1).

This is a more specific way in which the company can show the way of looking how well a business can pay the debts. Stocks are taken out of the current assets because the business may not be able to sell them quickly or at the right price. The normal Acid test ratio is between 0.5 and 1.

This is the question most interested Shareholders are asking themselves, to see if they have an opportunity to gain any profit from the dividends.

Two types of Ratios may be used

This shows how successful the management of the business has used the money the money invested by shareholders. Return of 15-0% is reasonable during a period of economic recession.

Another type is Gearing

Both of this figures are found on the Balance sheet, the percentage shows how much of all the company's capital is owed. If a high percentage is owed, the company is growing faster, however it is more risky due to the fact that if they are not able to repay it, it may lead to bankruptcy. Or if there is a low percentage the company is growing fairly slow but securely. It is normal to have a gearing of 10-0% to be a normal growth if it is exceed to 0-40% , to be a more risky gearing.

(High Load Capital) = (High Risky Growth) And inversed…

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AMERICAN HISTORY, PRE-America

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Chapter 1 Notes Mike Kuritzky

P.1

11-01-0

1. During this time a major shift about the idea of democracy took place. Democracy began to become respectable and the idea of aristocracy was becoming despicable. This new democracy was based on the idea of universal white manhood suffrage, and did not include the property requirements of the past. The common man was moving to the center stage and all decisions made would be made by the average person. During this time there were some major political issues going on. The issues were the resounding growth of the market economy, the panic of 181 and moreover the Missouri compromise of 180. The people of the country were becoming more involved in politics by this increase in the market economy, which led people to understand how banks, tariffs, and internal improvements affected their lives, and they began to act.

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. The four candidates in the election of 184 were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford and Henry Clay. The campaigning was interesting. Jackson had the strongest personal appeal, especially in the west mostly because he appealed to the idea of the salvation of republicanism from the clutches of the caucus. The accusation of the corrupt bargain was because under the special conditions of this election the house of representatives was to choose the president. Clay, than the speaker of the house supposedly made a deal with Adams. Shortly after Adams was elected president and quickly gave the prize of Secretary of State to Clay. These were only accusations though because no official documentation could prove the validity of the accusations.

. John Quincy Adams was frigidly austere. He despised people, he was a closeted thinker rather than a politician (in fact, he hated politicians). He was also irritable, sarcastic, and tactless. Adams antagonized certain groups and people by refusing to oust efficient officeholders to make room for his supporters. He also refused to see that the popular tide was turning away from nationalism and towards sectionalism and this made people go nuts. Adams land policy also antagonized westerners.

4. The tariff of 188 or the tariff of abomination was a plan the south employed to make New England hate Adams, and therefore secure the president's office in the next election in favor of Jackson. The tariff proposed a tax of 48% on imports. Contrary to what the south thought, New England swallowed hard and accepted the tax for they thought that if they turned down protection now that it might be taken away later. What the south didn't realize was that in the long run this was now bad for them. They didn't see that if New England manufacturing expands than they would make more money by selling their products and raw materials to New England. The reason this tariff was such a big deal to the south was that they became afraid that if the Northern congress will impose this obviously unjust tax then they may, one day, impose the banning of slavery.

5. The southerners felt that this tariff discriminated against them because this tax limited the amount of money that they could make, and increased New England's profits. The tax was only on imports so if the South exported raw materials they could get a certain amount of money for it. But if they tried to buy something from out of the country they would have to pay the price of the goods PLUS 48% more on top of it just so the domestic manufacturers wouldn't go broke. John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition (although he kept his identity secret at the time). This pamphlet boldly denounced the new tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. It also proposed that the states should nullify the tariff within their borders. He wrote it in hopes of salvaging the union by quieting the fears of those forces that he believed would destroy it.

6. The election of 188 was an incredible one. Jackson won by a huge majority and was placed into office. Some major changes were happening during this time. One was the idea of the common man having power came into place, the increased turnout of voters proved that the common people now had he vote and the will to use if for what they wanted. Prior to this time America had been rules by aristocratic people, Jackson's victory accelerated the transfer of national power from the countinghouse to the farmhouse. Jackson as a person was the new West. He was the jack of all trades, he was extremely individualistic, he was also opportunistic and moreover he showed the west's directness and its prejudices. As a president he was suspicious of federal government. He was friendly to the democracy being created in cities across America, but most of all he insisted on preserving the Union and the ultimate power of the federal government over the individual states. His inauguration was symbolic in the sense that it represented the ascendancy of the masses, all common men poured onto the presidential lawn to watch one of their own become Mr. President.

7. The spoils system was the process of rewarding political supporters with public offices. Under Jackson this system was introduced on a large scale. Jackson also implemented the idea of "rotation of office" or the idea that as many people, as possible should hold public office because it was valuable training for citizenship. Jackson's kitchen cabinet was a bunch of people that were virtually useless, excluding the magician Martin Van Buren. This cabinet included 1 ever-shifting members that met very informally with the president on very random occasions. The Eaton affair was the one singular thing that wrecked the cabinet. Peggy Eaton was a woman that was ostracized and chastised by the wives of the community, especially Calhoun's wife. Jackson, believing that his own wife died from this type of situation, tried to force the acceptance of Eaton. When the dust settled Calhoun and all his followers were thrown out of Jackson's cabinet in 181.

8. Sectional passions flared up immensely during the Webster-Hayne arguments. In late 18 a New England senator proposed a resolution limiting the sale of public land in the West. The passion flared up when the Western Senators jumped to defend their interests. Robert Hayne of South Carolina was their main spokesman, he dazzled the senate by speaking of New England's disloyalty to the Union during the war of 181, and the inconsistency of the tariff. Daniel Webster came to the defense of New England by recalling the idea that the people of the United States wrote the constitution, not the states themselves.

. Jackson, during a Jefferson Day banquet toasted to "Our union It must be preserved!" Than, although stunned, Calhoun replied "The union, next to our liberty, most dear!" Jackson meant that the union is the most important thing in the eyes of man and that they should be ready and willing to give up anything and everything needed to preserve it and help it grow. Calhoun, on the other hand, states that the union is very important, but not nearly as important as the rights of the people. This in turn supports his argument of nullification, that if a law is infringing upon our liberties, forget the union and act to rid yourself of them.

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Women's bodies throughout advertising

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Each of us is born male or female, but not masculine or feminine. Our bodies are transformed into recognizably masculine or feminine bodies through various cultural disciplines and practices. If both women and men are culturally disciplined, how does patriarchal domination incorporate itself into our cultural practices to create the docile bodies of women? In American society, there is currently an emphasis on excessive thinness of women and girls. This obsession with the slenderness of female bodies which advertising both creates and perpetuates is an essential part of the struggle aimed at restricting and immobilizing womens lives within patriarchy.

In Susan Bordos anthology titled Unbearable Weight, she examines the body as a text of femininity. Bordo writes that we learn what femininity consists of and how to achieve it directly through bodily discourse Loss of mobility, loss of voice, inability to leave the home, feeding others while starving oneself, taking up space, and whittling down for the space ones body takes up--all have political meaning [for women] under the varying rules governing the historical construction of gender. Women are disciplined to feed others, not the self. They develop an other-orientated emotional economy. Bordo argues that female appetite for food is a metaphorical expression of female hunger for power in the public sphere and in the bedroom. It follows then, that controlling womens appetite for food is related to limiting their movement and power in general.Bordo attributes this ideological belief to Victorian times when showing women eating was a representational taboo, and celebrations of female sexuality used images of women eating explicitly, lustily, and joyfully. The images that media surround us with most often agree with our cultures gender ideology. Men are almost never shown spending time on cooking. Almost all food advertisements show a woman (visible or implied) who has prepared the food being shown. Women are shown nourishing others, almost never themselves. It is actually suggested that women receive gratification through feeding others. When women are shown self-feeding, their eating is portrayed much differently than male eating. In food commercials aimed at women, words or phrases such as innermost cravings or obsession are used. Their eating is usually shown as private and as a fulfillment of some deep emotional needs. For women, the emotional comfort of self-feeding is rarely turned to in a state of pleasure and independence, but in despair, emptiness, loneliness, and desperation. Commercials will often show women turning to food for solace, especially if they have been emotionally wounded by a man in their lives.The ideal feminine body that advertising gives us today is one that is absolutely tight, contained, bolted down. Being thin is not enough. One must be firm also. Obtaining the ideal body becomes a matter of self-control. Thin women are obviously in control, having mastered the intense discipline of dieting and exercise. It is the fat women who are not in control. Fat has become associated with laziness and a general lack of self-discipline.

This effect produces one perfect image. How can any woman achieve such entirely impossible standards of attractiveness? Young girls learn very quickly that they must spend much energy, time, and money on achieving these standards. Dieting entails a disciplining of the bodys hungers. Appetite must be monitored at all times, and will-power suddenly becomes essential. The body is the enemy. Since the innocent need of the organism for food will not be denied, the body becomes ones enemy, an alien being bent on thwarting the disciplinary project. Anorexia nervosa, which has now assumed epidemic proportions, is to women of the twentieth century what hysteria was to women of an earlier day the crystallization in a pathological mode of a widespread cultural obsession. Eating disorders have most definitely become a trend among women and girls as we become increasingly conditioned to lose weight (be in control), yet conditioned at the same time to be the best consumers we can be (allow ourselves to lose control). This double bind tells us we should lose control at the mere sight of desirable products yet keep our well-managed self in which all is kept in order despite the contradictions of consumer culture, ...the difficulty of finding homeostasis between the producer and the consumer sides of the self...bulimia embodies the unstable double bind of consumer capitalism, while anorexia and obesity embody an attempted resolution of that double bind. Anorexia is an extreme expression of self-control and denial. Obesity is, as Bordo states, an extreme capacity to capitulate to desire. Bulimia illustrates the actual double bind women find themselves in--expression of an uncontrollable desire which is often a part of belonging to a consumer culture (evident in the bingeing episode), in addition to the heavy control exercised after a bulimics bingeing which is a product of the imposed shame and guilt when the slender ideal is not recognized (evident in the bulimics vomiting episode, excessive exercising and laxative purges).

What the consumers are not told is that ninety-eight percent of those who lose weight through diet products such as pills, shakes, etc. gain the weight back including additional weight. The advertisements only tell us that You can never be too rich or too thin, and Starving and suffering got you into shape. The diet industry deliberately perpetuates dangerous attitudes about food and body image because it is profitable for them to make women feel terrible about their bodies, and the majority of women do feel this way. It has been documented that women in our culture are entirely more affected and tyrannized by the slender ideal than are men and by the beauty ideals in general. It is also well-documented that the prevalence of eating disorders is astoundingly higher among girls and women than among males.

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Advertising has served as a disciplinary force in the lives of women. Advertisers create images that dictate cultural trends indicative of the time. In the current disruption of gender roles, there seems to be a cultural uprising against womens increasing power. The uprising is noticeable in advertising. The dominating image of the painfully thin woman in advertising remains the ideal for American women. The grim truth is that attaining the slender body of today is not realistic for most women. Our bodies are not naturally shaped like those of twelve-year old boys. Eating disorders are on the rise, and the relationship women have with food is becoming an increasingly dangerous one. In order for patriarchy to continue to thrive, womens mobility must be limited. Is there a better way to limit a person than to starve them? Recognizing that the present ideal of slenderness has not always been the case at all times or in all cultures is the beginning of a new definition of our bodies. For centuries, women have shaped their bodies in accordance with mens needs and desires. Our lives have been immobilized in the process. In order to combat the pervasive effects of advertising on womens body images in our male-centered culture, our self-definition is essential. We must reinvent our bodies in a way that does not limit them.

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Nest predation

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The effects of Nest predation with reference to open and vegetated environments

Abstract

The predation of nest in vegetated and open areas was studied in a broad area around the Illiwarra region from 1//0 to the //0. Experimental nests were used made from halved tennis balls and modeling plasticine was used to make eggs. The result of 6 nests were collaborated. Each nest had three eggs, the type of predator that attached the nest was recorded. 58% of the 6 nests were attacked with 57% of the nests attacked being in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other birds with 4% of the eggs attacked in the open and % in vegetation. Accounting for 40% of all nests attacked.

Our studies concluded that nests in the open are more likely to encounter predation than those in the thick vegetation.

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Introduction

Predation on birds nests is commonly coincided as a major factor reducing the population of young ( Angelstan .P 186) Many different predators have been found to prey upon bird eggs, some of the predators of nests include rats, cats, other birds such as Currawongs, crows, Kookaburra , snakes and other reptiles as well as a range of other species.

In this report a comparison was made between open nesting sites to vegetated nesting sites in urban environments comparison of total predation as well as types of predation on each type of nest. However most studies dealing with nest predation have however found it extremely difficult to tell which predators had been responsible ( Angelstan .P 186). This was also found in this experiment with most nests showing no signs of which predator being responsible with the eggs just missing or in some cases the whole nest. Despite this difficulty bests effects were made to correctly identify predator by identifying teeth or beak marks in eggs left behind.

The hypothesis of the experiment was that nests in the open area would be attacked by predators more often then those in the thick vegetation as they were more easily found. The null hypothesis was that the position of the had no effect on the amount of predation. The experimental independent variable was the location of the nest over a number of different sites around the Illawarra region the standardized variable were the number of eggs used, nest size, plasticine used to make the eggs.

The choice of sites for nesting has shown to be important part in survival of offspring. The choice can be determined either genetically or some by some form of learning process, or by a combination of both of these features.

Methods and Material

The experiment was set so that a group of 18 students each took two nests each, with three eggs in each and placed them in there back yard. One in a highly vegetated area the other in a more open area. There was a number of variables with this practice that were not looked at such as height of nest as well as specific area localities. All nest and eggs were kept constant with the nests being made out of 1/ tennis ball that was covered with coconut fiber on both the outside and the inside to make it look like as much like a real nest as possible. Plasticine was used to model small eggs that were placed in the nest.

Predator were identified mainly by the process of looking at teeth or beak marks that were in eggs that were left or spat out. Some were identified visually but this was not common thought out the group.

Group data was collaborated into nests attacked in the open and vegetated. And also into eggs attacked by the type of predator, predators were broken up into Rodents, Cats, Birds, Snakes, and unidentified, specific species were not looked at.

Results

The result showed that nests in the open were more vanuble to attack against all predators. 58% of the total nests were attacked. Of that 57% of the nests attacked were in the open. Although this figure only shows marginally higher attack rates of nests. The number of eggs attacked varies greatly with 1 out of the 0 eggs attacked being in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other bird species with 4% of the nest being attacked in the open, and % of the nest being attacked in the dense vegetation. Which amounted to 40% of the total eggs attacked were by birds. The next highest amount of predation shown was in the unknown with the eggs be entirely taken or in some cases the entire nest, proper judgement could not be made to the predator responsible. % of open nests and 44% of vegetated nests were attacked by unknown predators. Cats attributed to 14% of nests attacked in the open and 11% of those attacked in the vegetated areas. Rodents were the only other predator recorded with % of attaches in the open and 11% of the vegetated. The graph below shows the proportion of eggs taken by each predator.

The only variable that can be looked at being inconsistent was the position of the nest and definition of dense vegetation. Also the height the nests were placed of the ground was also not monitored.

Discussion

The observation of the nests over a two week period was in agreement with the hypothesis that nests in vegetated area are more protected against predation then those in the open. Although the degree to which artificial nests are attacked to natural nests is largely untested ( Major R. E. et. al 16) For example some important mammalian predators of natural nest are under represented while others such as birds can be over represented. Even though the identity of the nests predator is largely not documented. It is likely that many of the predators recorded could not gain access to natural nest. Especially if the nest is protected by the parents of the eggs such as magpies or willie wagtails. Given that most previous artificial experiments have no independent identification on the identity of nest predators, it is likely that animals that do not prey on natural have preyed upon affecting nests ( Major R. E. et al 16) the data gathered by this experiment

The effect of the height of the nest on predation was not measured in this experiment, in other experiments Major R. E. et al Nest predation incidences increased with nest height, despite there only being a narrow range of height variation. Other features such as the amount of trees and other vegetation was also not looked at but could affect the results gathered.

The amount of vegetation in this environment was also not measured. Although the conclusion can be made that nest predation is lower in vegetated areas then in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other birds, the conclusion can be drawn that the thicker the vegetation the lest likely a nest is to be found.

Nest site location to forest also has been shown to play an important role in nest perdation in experiments carried out by A. P. Moller showed that nest predation on open nesting sites were much lower far from the edge of any woodland, were bird species with open nests were more abundant, while the pacifically covered nests experienced a consistently low level of nest peddation across the ecotone.

The hypothesis from the experiment can be found correct as the open area nests experienced much higher amounts of predation then did the vegetated areas. Although results could have been affected by a number of variables such as the artificial nest used may have been attacks may have increased and others may have decreased. Also in real life natural nests often protect by there parents, which means there a great variation between different bird species to the success of young.

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The Criminal Justice System

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The Criminal Justice System has many components that make up its system. The police, corrections, and the courts all play the role and act together in trying to maintain the most respectable and functional CJS. A system where each uses their own judgments on how to play their role. The views of each can vary from how they each feel the court system works and the integrity of it. Many factors can play a role in the way in which these people feel on the actual court system process. Such factors being where they work within the system, if they are judges, cops, lawyers or social service officers can change the way they feel the system works. Factors of where they work geographically and the views and opinions of those areas can also shape the way the person feels about the system.

The Police are the gatekeepers of the CJS. They are the ones who find the people who are violating laws and arrest them based on their discretion and situation of the case. Since, the patrol officers are who start many of the cases that go to court. They are the ones that should be interviewed on whether or not the court system works, the court system has integrity and what would that specific officer do to change the court system.

The first patrol officer that was interviewed was from the Mount Prospect police. When he was asked the first question on if he felt the court system worked, he paused and then smiled the word "yes". He felt it did for the most part, as he felt most Americans did as well. He believed it all mattered on what side you might be on. He mostly found this question to be elementary and found himself confused, but he concluded it with determining it the best system in the world, but could use much improvement. The second question given to the officer was if he felt the court system had integrity. He thought that most people within the system do have integrity. However, he has seen situations where it has caused absolute murder towards the system. He thinks that internal and external pressure on the police, attorneys, judges, etc., can cause for some to turn the dark side. But he noted that every other profession has the situation for anything to occur that can hurt their system.

When the officer was asked the final question on what he would like to do change the court system he seemed to get excited, as if he had a lot to say. He first off felt that their should be better monitoring of all the pieces within the system. He felt that from the judges to the police officers they all should be better monitored. He felt last of all that the citizens as a whole, consisting of the police, judges, etc, should not allow the System to be manipulated by the powerful and therefore cost the weak to lose their rights and privileges.

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The second officer that was interviewed was from Hawthorne Woods and he and their department are located Lake County. He was younger than the first which figured he might have a different opinion, and the fact that the Counties were different may also play a role. Lake County is more conservative and has far more Republicans than Cook county. Therefore, the Court system in Lake may differ from those of Cook due to the political background and lobbying that may be done in the system.

When the officer was asked the first question whether he felt the court system worked, he confidently replied in favor. He believed that for the most part the court system does work. He felt with the right people and right direction then the court system will work. However, he also noted that just like anything in life there are faults and clinks. Not everything is perfect, therefore, the system worked with little problems. He concluded the question with saying it was the best game in town. Meaning possibly that he felt that in many games, organizations and such, that there are corruption, cheating, stealing, fraud, etc., but the court system was the best. Which leads into the second question on he felt if the court system had integrity and he replied again with approval, that it did. He thought most people involved in the court system were people with integrity. He felt that most people who pursued jobs in the system were ones who have integrity. He felt people looking for corruption look elsewhere in other lines of work. He thinks people in these jobs work towards justice.

The officer was then asked his final question on what would he like to do the change the current court system. He felt much the way he did about the integrity question. He felt that he would want to strive to find people in the system that believe in just, and fairness. The people would have to be able and willing to stick by their convictions. He would like to take these people and promote them to top jobs and replace any of those who did not follow in these feelings.

Another aspect to the CJS is the branch of corrections. This is where people go when they are arrested and the judge will give out supervision, supervised supervision, and probation. All three mean different and have more serious consequences, but all three mean that you are to be under the watch of a probationary officer. Probationary officers will either meet with the felon on a schedule, or have some kind of contact with them. They make sure that the felon follows their sentence and can violate them and send back in front of the judge with harsher penalties. The last interviewee was a probationary officer from Lake County.

The officer was also asked the same questions as the first two police officers. When he was asked on if he felt the court system worked, he was unsure. He felt that the court system works when it is able to keep offenders from repeating the crimes they have committed. He felt that some sentences, or, probation time, counseling hours, etc. are not enough sometimes and can't change all people. That most offenders do not like to have to pay fines and go to court. Tightening around the edges he feels needs to be done to keep offenders from committing more crimes. When the second question was asked to the officer on whether he felt the system had integrity he responded with a common answer. He felt that some people in the court system could be blinding by bias views. That for the most part the court system is fair. That judges use good discretion and if you think the system is not fair, then don't go out and commit the crime.

The final question asked to the last interviewee was what would he like to do to change the court system. He responded to this question with more humor than he did any of the others. He first of all thinks that the court system works the best when it is not over crowded. He would like to decrease the flow of traffic through a court house.

Even though he didn't have much to much insight on the changing of the court system, the idea is one that should be honestly looked at. Each of the officers that were interviewed seemed to be of short answers and not much insight. Each would always say or start off staying that there is so much they could say but then wouldn't say much. And that to stick them with these basic questions which could send discussion groups into the morning were hard to tackle at the moment. The main difference was the atmosphere of that of the probationary officers, office and that of the police stations. The two seemed miles apart, but continue to work together to keep the CJS in flow.

Please note that this sample paper on The Criminal Justice System is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Criminal Justice System, we are here to assist you. Your essay on The Criminal Justice System will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Is Capital Punishment Just?

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The public's satisfaction that comes from capital punishment does not constitute serving justice. Today's system of capital punishment is composed of inequalities and injustices. The commonly used arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. It is a deterrent. It removes killers. It is the ultimate punishment. It satisfies the public's need for retribution. It relieves the anguish of the victim's family. It has yet to be proven as a deterrent and imposing the death penalty is expensive and time consuming. Morally, it is a continuation of the cycle of violence and degrades all who are involved, as well as its victim.

Perhaps the most frequent argument for capital punishment is that of deterrence. The thought is that the death penalty will deter other criminals from committing violent acts. Numerous studies have been created attempting to prove this belief; however, all the evidence taken together makes it hard to be confident that capital punishment deters more than long prison terms do" (Cavanagh 4). Also, Bryan Stevenson, the executive director of the Montgomery based Equal Justice Initiative, has stated that "people are increasingly realizing that the more we resort to killing as a legitimate response to our frustration and anger with violence, the more violent our society becomes…We could execute all three thousand people on death row, and most people would not feel any safer tomorrow" (Frame 51). Also, the number of inmates actually put to death is substantially lower than 50 years ago. This decline creates a situation in which the death penalty ceases to be a deterrent when the population begins to think that one can get away with a crime and go unpunished. Also, the less that the death sentence is used, the more it becomes unusual, thus coming in conflict with the eighth amendment. Interesting enough, the less the death penalty is used, the less society can legally use it. The end result is a punishment that ceases to deter any crime at all.

The key part of the death penalty is that it involves death, which is rather permanent for humans. This creates a major problem when innocent people have been and will continue to being sentenced to death. In our legal system, there are many ways in which justice might be poorly served to the innocent who receive the death sentence. First is in the handling of the defendant's counsel. In the event that a defendant is without counsel, a lawyer will be provided. "Attorney's appointed to represent indigent capital defendants frequently lack the qualities necessary to provide a competent defense and sometimes have exhibited such poor character that they have subsequently been disbarred" (Tabak 7). With payment caps and court-determined costs, there is not much incentive for a lawyer to spend a great deal of time representing the defendant. When you compare this to the prosecution, "…aided by the police, other law enforcement agencies, crime labs, state mental hospitals, various other scientific resources, prosecutors …experienced in successfully handling capital cases and grand juries," the defense that the court appointed counsel can offer is inadequate (Tabak 7). Even if a defendant has a valid case to offer, what chance does he/she have for the case to be properly handled? Furthermore, why should he/she be punished for a misjustice that was created by the court itself when it appointed the incapable lawyer?

Even if a defendant has proper legal counsel, there is still the matter of impartiality of judges. "The Supreme Court has steadily reduced the availability of habeas corpus review of capital convictions, placing its confidence in the notion that state judges, who take the same oath of office as federal judges to uphold the Constitution, can be trusted to enforce it" (Bright 768). This makes for the biased trying of a defendant's appeals, "given the overwhelming pressure on elected state judges to heed, and perhaps even lead to, the popular cries for the death of criminal defendants" (Bright 76). Thirty-two of the states that impose the death penalty also employ the popular election of judges, and several of these even have judges run with party affiliations. This creates a deeply political justice system. Can society simply brush off mistaken execution as an incidental cost in the greater scheme of putting a criminal to death?

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In our society, there is a great expectation placed on the family of a victim to pursue vengeance to the highest degree -- the death penalty. This creates a dilemma of morality. If anything, by forcing families to seek the death penalty, their own consciences will be burdened by the death of the killer. Also, killing the accused will not bring back your loss. At some point, society must stop the violence. Seeking temporary gratification is not a logical basis for whether the death penalty should be imposed. Granted, revenge is easily confused with retribution, and most would agree that the punishment should fit the crime, but can society really justify murdering someone else simply on the basis that they deserved it? Government has the right and duty to protect the greater good against people who jeopardize the welfare of society, but a killer can be sentenced to life without chance of parole, and society will be just as safe as if he had been executed.

A large misconception concerning the death penalty is that it saves society the costs of keeping inmates imprisoned for long periods. In the act of preserving due process of justice, the court appeals involved with the death penalty becomes a long, drawn-out and very expensive process. "The average time between sentencing and execution for the thirty-one prisoners put on death row in 1 was 114 months, or nine and a half years" (Stewart 50). "Criminal justice process expenses, trial court costs, appellate and post-conviction costs, and prison costs including years served on death row awaiting execution costs over a quarter million dollars, and per execution exceeds $ million" (Cavanagh 4). When you compare this to the average costs for a twenty-five year prison term for first degree murder (roughly $0 thousand), the cost of putting someone away for life is a deal. Is it really worth the hassle and money to kill a criminal, when we can put them away for life for less money with a great deal more ease?

In earlier times, when capital punishment was common, the value of life was less, and societies were more barbaric, capital punishment was probably quite acceptable. However, in today's society, the death penalty is becoming an unrealistic form of punishment. Also, with the possibility of mistaken execution, there will remain the question of innocence of those put to death. Finally, man does not have the right to inflict mortal punishment when there are suitable substitutes that require fewer resources. It is time to stop the senseless killing. Works Cited

Bright, Steven B., and Patrick J. Keenan. Judges and the Politics of Death Deciding Between

the Bill of Rights and the Next Election in Capital Cases. Boston University Law

Review 75 (00) 768-6.

Cavanagh, Suzanne, and David Teasley. Capital Punishment A Brief Overview. CRS Report

For Congress 8 (18) 4.

Stewart, David O. Dealing with Death. American Bar Association Journal 80.11 (14) 50

Tabak, Ronald J. Report Ineffective Assistance of Counsel and Lack of Due Process in Death

Penalty Cases. Human Rights . Winter (16)

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Nursery Rhyme Nonsense?

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Myths, controversial stories, and issues with twists and double meanings catch my attention and force me to want to know more. I am extremely interested in the unexplainable things in life. My mother received an e-mail concerning the mythology behind the European nursery rhymes from a colleague. Being the anti-internet junkie that she is, my mom disregarded the e-mail. A few mornings later, on her way to school her attention was turned to the Bob and Sherry radio show. The topic they were discussing was the European nursery rhymes and the myths behind them. They told the background information on the nursery rhymes that many of us never knew. My mom knowing that I would be very interested told me about the radio show. Days passed and I thought nothing more about what she had told me. I was in 1st block, English IV, when the teacher gave an assignment for a research paper on our choice of subject. I automatically knew what I would write about. Not only do I get to research a topic that I was already interested in, but also I am being graded on something I already wanted to do. I decided to add information about the Bubonic Plague to my research, seeing how the nursery rhyme, "Ring Around the Rosies", is focused on the plague; which makes the subject all the more controversial. Many people have many different stories that were told to them as children about what the nursery rhyme is about. The important issue, however, is not which version of the myth is correct, but whether or not you want your children singing this morbid nursery rhyme; or is the depth of the nursery rhyme simply a myth?

"Plague was a term that was used in the Middle Ages to describe fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans" (Rice). In humans, plague occurs in three forms bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best-known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes. The Bubonic Plague is a fatal bacterial infection. The plague causes swollen lymph nodes, high fever, and chills (Kugler). The infected person could acquire pneumonia, blood poisoning, and meningitis (Rice). The Nursery Rhyme "Ring Around The Rosies" is said to be about children who suffered from the Bubonic Plague (Archibald). These children sang a song about their state and many other children passed the song on. There are many versions of the rhyme, all having something to do with death.

The cause of the Black Death, Bubonic Plague, is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The fleabites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the fleas stomach. The fleas stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood. When it bites a human, rat or another animal, the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Bubonic Plague. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans (Kugler).

During the 100s, the Bubonic Plague spread quickly mainly due to the infestation of rats on which the disease-transmitting flea liked to feed. The infestation of rats was because of the lack of sanitary conditions. The human waste was dumped into open sewers, as was the non-eaten food. Bathes were not taken often for various reasons one being that it was believed that by washing their skin that it would open pores, which was one belief of how the disease entered into the person. After being bit by the infectious rodent, the victim will show symptoms within four to six days. After the human is infected the bacterium moves through the bloodstream to the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes become enlarged and painful. During this time a fever starts to develop and headache, chills and unbearable exhaustion follow. As the untreated bacterium continues to develop in the bloodstream a severe blood infection develops known as septicemic plague. This blood infection causes bleeding under the skin, which will look dark purple or black, the dried blood under the skin causes this. This bleeding and drying of the blood under the skin is how the Bubonic Plague became known as the Black Death (Kugler).

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"There are still one thousand to two thousand cases of the Bubonic Plague each year in the world. Australia and Europe do not have any documented cases of the plague. There are known cases in Russia, the Mid-east, China Southwest and Southeastern Asia, Madagascar, Southern and Eastern Africa, Southwest United States, the Andes Mountains and Brazil" (Kugler).

In the past, the treatment for the Bubonic Plague was more damaging to the patient than help. Bleeding was a common practice during these days, a patient was bled near the heart to remove the hot blood before it could recirculate through the body and cause more infection. Now, as soon as the victim is diagnosed with the Bubonic Plague, treatment should begin. "Symptoms are treated with antibiotics, such as streptomycin or tetracycline" (Kugler). There is also a vaccination available for people working in or traveling to plague-affected areas of the world (Kugler). The bubonic plague can be prevented. Reducing the risk of plague outbreaks would require Controlling the rat population, watching for plague cases in both rats and humans in the area, using insecticide to reduce the number of fleas, and treating pets for fleas (Kugler).

Bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. There have been three major outbreaks of bubonic plague in history. The first outbreak is known as the Plague of Justinian (54-54). It killed 70,000 in the city of Constantinople in just two years. Towards the end of the period, 10,000 people a week died from the disease. The plague followed trade routes to France and Italy. Smaller outbreaks took place for an additional 5 years. Before this time, bubonic plague had been unknown in the Mediterranean. The Byzantine emperor Justinian, who ruled from 57 to 565, was attempting to reestablish the Roman Empire and was close to completing his dream. The outbreak of plague destroyed his dream. The consequences of the Plague of Justinian are extensive. Justinian's efforts to reunite imperial Rome failed in a large part to the decrease in imperial resources caused by plague. The failure of Roman and Persian forces to resist Moslem armies in 64 happened because of the decrease in the population in the Mediterranean coastlines from 54 onward. Also, the shift of the center of European culture from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe occurred because of the long series of outbreaks that destroyed the territories within easy reach of Mediterranean ports. Smaller outbreaks occurred up until 140 (Rice).

The second major outbreak of bubonic plague, and the most devastating, occurred in Europe in 146 to 150. Known as the "Black Death", bubonic plague spread across Asia and Europe. It began with the siege of Kaffa, a cathedral town on the Crimean coast. The Tartars, lead by Janiberg Khan carried the disease from Asia to Kaffa when they laid siege to it. The residents of Kaffa who fled on ships carried the plague with them to Europe. By the end of 148, plague covered all of Italy and most of France. It crossed over the Alps, and it spread to Switzerland. England was reached in August, and it spread to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, and most of Germany. By 151, the Black Death reached Russia. The Black Death killed about 1/ of the population of Europe, or 5 million people. In four years it resulted in more deaths than the Plague of Justinian did in fifty. Government, trade, and commerce in Europe almost came to an end. The Black Death caused the depopulation of about 1,000 villages in England. There was a drastic reduction of the amount of land under development due to the death of many laborers. This ruined many landowners. The Black Death created an obsession with death and the afterlife. The Roman Catholic Church lost some of its influence as people moved to mysticism and other spiritual expressions. Jews were blamed for the plague and were massacred. Also, public health institutions came into being because of efforts to stop the spread of the plague (Rice).

There were recurrences of the plague in 161 to 16, 16 to 171, 10, and 1400. Another big outbreak was the Great Plague of London in 1665, which killed 17,440 out of the total population of ,000. A fire that burned most of the city ended the outbreak. The third major outbreak of bubonic plague in history began in Manchuria in 180, reaching San Francisco in 100. By the time the plague had begun to die out, it killed 1,57,78 people, primarily in India and Asia (Rice).

Each of the lines of the nursery rhyme has a particular meaning that refers to the Bubonic Plague. Ring Around the Rosies is the red ring of blood clots around the fleabite when the victim, in this case a child, becomes infected with the Bubonic Plague. Pocket Full of Posies is tied to how people would carry around posies, flowers, to hide the smell of the infected and the dead. Ashes, Ashes refers to how the people would burn the infected bodies to try get rid of the smell from the air and to keep from being infected. We All Fall Down is how everyone who became infected with Bubonic Plague died. Another meaning to the Ashes, Ashes line of the rhyme is a more detailed, scientific reasoning of the line. In the final stages of the plague, just prior to death, the aviolae sacs in the lungs rupture and the lungs begin to be coated with blood, which then clots and dries. Right before the poor victim's time runs out, they will often have a prolonged coughing fit during which they cough up flecks and particles of the dried "black"-appearing blood from their lungs. This was given the name "ashes" by the doctors of the time, who had no idea of how the lungs worked and no way to analyze the "ashes" that seemed to spew from the dying patients mouths and define them as a blood product (Opie). Does that sound like something you would want your child to sing about?

The Bubonic Plague affected many to all areas of the world and affected not only people, but also economies, beliefs and lifestyles altogether. Whole countries suffered for decades and went through reconstruction for years after. The plague is not nearly as serious or as deadly as it was before, but it still occurs and there is still a chance that people will die from it. The Bubonic Plague was not something happy to sing about. It was serious and tragic and took innocent people, including children's lives. I, personally, will never sing "Ring Around The Rosies" again without thinking of the millions of people who were killed by the plague. If a mother, I would prefer that my child not sing of such a morbid case. However, the decision lies in the hands of the mother and the subject is still a controversy to this day.

Please note that this sample paper on Nursery Rhyme Nonsense? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nursery Rhyme Nonsense?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Nursery Rhyme Nonsense? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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