Veronese Last Supper

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Nel 1547 Veronese viene chiamato a dipingere un grande quadro rappresentante lUltima cena per il refettorio dei domenicani di San Zanipolo. Il risultato è un dipinto altamente spettacolare in unarchitettura composta da tre grandi arcate inserisce numerosissimi personaggi. Il dipinto però fu giudicato sconveniente dal tribunale dellinquisizione perchè si riteneva che la presenza di molte figure potesse sminuire il significato mistico dellepisodio sacro. La disputa si concluse con

lobbigo da parte del pittore di cambiare il titolo allopera che diventa così Cena a casa di Levi.

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Del 157 la Cena in Casa di Levi, uno dei massimi capolavori delta poetica veronesiana. Sul verde pallido e chiarissimo del cielo, venato da grige nubi rosate dana luce negli orli, e sullargenteo candore delle fantastiche architetture classicheggianti, stacca la folla degli invitati bilanciata negli ampi riposi delle altissime arcate dello scenografico porticato e sciolta ai lati di Gristo, perno centrale delta vastissima composizione, in una distesa e lenta legatura ritmica di pose e di gesti. Per attingere a questa riposata e felice concordia for male sembra che ogni figura umana ed ogni oggetto si rivesta delle tinte piú allusive in un continuo e prezioso contrappunto cromatico. E si veda come al bilanciato contrapporsi degli inservienti del fastoso convito corrisponda una analoga contrapposizione di superfici colorate che giunge quasi nelle due teste dei piiz giovani serei alle sublimi idee di inversione formale e cromatica di Piero delta Francesca. Qnesta gioiosa felicitá cromatica del tutto indifferente al soggetto religioso, che anzi traspone in una visione miticamente pagana, condusse 1artista dinanzi al tribunale dellinquisizione. E come le pronte risposte date agli inquisítori veneziani costituiscono incomparabile segno di quale coscienza nutrisse Paolo delta sua arte, cosi il non aver voluto modificare alcun elemento figurativo ne indica tutta la coerente moralitá artistica.

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he was asked if he guessed why he had been summoned, to which he replied that he believed it was because he ought to have painted the Magdalene instead of a dog, and would have done so but that he did not think the figure fitting or would look well, and pleading that the irrelevant figures had been introduced for decorative effect, as was usually done by artists, as it seemed fit that the master of such a house as that of the host of our Lord, who he had been told was both rich and great, should have such attendants. Does it, then, appear fit to you, sternly asked his judge, that at our Lords Supper you should paint buffoons, drunkards, Germans, dwarfs, and the like fooleries ? Germans as fooleries was unconscious humour which Paolo was too frightened to smile upon ; but scenting danger in a flash, he answered, fearfully, that he knew what he had done was bad, but he had the example of great painters before him, and stupidly cited the nudes in Michelangelos Last Judgement as an excuse. It brought the wrath of his judge in a storm about him-indeed, the Inquisitor seems to have been a good critic, a sane man from his narrow point of view, and certainly a logical one-for, be it remembered, this canvas was called The Last Supper. Hotfoot came the crushing question Do you not know that, in such a painting as that in the Popes chapel at Rome, drapery is not expected, disembodied spirits only being seen ; and do you dare to compare them with your buffoons, dogs ... and other absurdities? ... Do you hold that it is right or even decent to have painted your picture in such manner ? Paolo bowed to the storm, meekly replied that he could not defend his conduct-that he had not considered all these things that were now so clearly put before him and calmly evaded all promise to change his ways. To his profound surprise, he was told that he was free, but that he must paint out the dog, paint the Magdalene in its place, and blot out the German soldiers, within three months time. Paolo Veronese, once outside the dread Inquisition, shrugged his shoulders, breathed a sigh of relief, and never touched the picture again. He got him back airily to his painting ; and the only consequence of his dangerous adventure was a vast popularity and the increase of demand for his work. One astute thing, however, he did do-he straightway changed the name of the picture from The Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi, craftily removing the need for the repentant Magdalene who had had no part in it, and removing any sense of irreverence from the more tragic and dramatic supper-at the same time proving how little he was concerned with the religious motive of his pictures, which were merely a peg upon which to hang a paean to the glory and splendour of Venice.

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Il mondo di Veronese ignora, quasi sempre, lespressione del dolore o della tristezza; non vi si può cercare, in generale, n raccoglimento, n intimità. È un mondo sereno e fastoso che traduce laspirazione alla felicità della società veneziana in composizioni le più caratteristiche delle quali sono ampie, ritmate da architetture teatrali e popolate da numerose figure. È un mondo immaginario, nonostante accolga il ritratto - talora facente parte della messa in scena, talora isolato - e alcuni elementi realistici come buffoni, nani, paggi, soldati, cani e scimmie, la cui presenza nellambito di episodi sacri e mitologici è giustificata dal gusto del dipingere. Si è spettatori di una festa del colore. Veronese gioca magnificamente con i rapporti di toni, i loro accordi o, a volte, con le loro dissonanze e i loro scambi reciproci attraverso i riflessi. Le sue tonalità sono più luminose di quelle dei suoi rivali. Nellaffresco come nella pittura a olio, in cui gli impasti contrastano con le velature, il tocco lieve o evidente sfuma i contorni, ma fa scintillare luci dorate nei panneggi di stoffe sontuose. Sarebbe tuttavia limitante attenersi a uninterpretazione basata esclusivamente sulla sensualità di questarte. Nelle sue composizioni, Veronese annoda le figure in morbide ghirlande oppure crea delle possenti diagonali. Questo artista possiede il senso dello spazio; la sua prospettiva originale e ardita moltiplica i punti di fuga (come nelle Nozze di Cana al fine di valorizzare, in seguito, i vari elementi) e gli scorci; abbassa frequentemente la linea dellorizzonte per ingrandire le figure in primo piano, mentre quelle del fondo o della parte superiore (come nel Martirio di san Giorgio) obbediscono piuttosto a una prospettiva frontale. Nella decorazione dei soffitti e delle volte, lo spazio viene concepito per una visione obliqua a partire dal suolo. Tutto questo fa di Veronese un precursore del barocco. Sarà proprio seguendo il suo esempio che S. Ricci, agli inizi del Settecento, risveglierà la scuola veneziana dal suo torpore, seguito da G.B. Tiepolo che saprà trarne unispirazione più libera. In generale, i grandi coloristi devono molto a Veronese per esempio Delacroix, il suo più fedele discepolo postumo.

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Paolo Caliari (Verona 158 - Venezia 1588). Fu avviato alla pittura presso A. Badile e ancora giovanissimo (155) entrò nellambiente artistico veneziano. La cultura del Veronese, decoratore di altissimo livello, nei primi cicli veneziani (per la sala del Consiglio dei Dieci in palazzo ducale, 155; per la chiesa di S. Sebastiano; per la Libreria di Sansovino, 1556) appare ispirata ai modelli del manierismo romano ed emiliano. La serenità olimpica e profana della pittura del Veronese si espresse, dopo il viaggio a Roma del 1560, nellassoluto capolavoro degli affreschi della villa Barbaro a Maser. I valori scenografici del linguaggio veronesiano trovarono la loro massima espressione nella serie delle celebri Cene, dalla Cena in Emmaus (ca 1560) e dalle Nozze di Cana (156), ambedue ora al Louvre di Parigi, allUltima Cena per il convento dei SS. Giovanni e Paolo (1571-7, ora alle Gallerie dellAccademia di Venezia). Trattò anche la ritrattistica, sia autonoma (La famiglia Cuccina, 1571, Dresda, Gemäldegalerie), sia inserita nelle sue grandi composizioni.

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Per il Veronese esso acquista il sapore di un evento mondano, ricco di sfarzo, colori e rumori, ma da cui è assente ogni accenno di dramma

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On July 18, 157, he was called before the Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition because certain details in the work were considered irreverent in its treatment of a religious theme; Veronese included dogs, a cat, midgets, Huns, and drunken revelers in the mammoth canvas. The Inquisitors pointed out that in Michelangelos Last Judgment there were no such drunkards nor dogs nor similar buffooneries as Veronese had painted. He answered Mine is no art of thought; my art is joyous and praises God in light and colour.

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Outback Steakhouse

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Employees are the organization's brain cells, and communication is the nervous system that carries this information and shared meaning to vital parts of the organizational body. In companies such as ABC Limited, it is essential that the hierarchy is surrounded by effective communication channels so that everyone involved in the process is well aware of the common mental models established. In spite of the best intentions of sender and receiver to communicate, several barriers can come into play and inhibit the effective exchange of information. Noise can really disrupt or alter intended meanings at times and thus create a misunderstanding of the encoded information.

The most prominent barrier that seems to exist in ABC is there are pre-existing perceptions among the floor employees about upper management. Everyone mentioned in the case seems to have a negative perception about the higher levels of authority. They complain that all management are concerned about are the schedules, not the about the people down on the floor. This heavy distinction between the floor employees and management comes mainly from the work space design of the work environment. Management had separate washrooms and lunchrooms as well as other perqs, which employees did not have. This may create an image in the employees mind that management are not people-oriented and feel that they are superior. Therefore they may resent or have bitter attitudes towards anyone from higher level jobs. Whether the person from management may be in fact good, floor employees already have it in their minds that they have nothing in common.

In attempting to alter the way the author has dealt with the situation, I would try to weave in management with floor employees more intensively. Management by walking around has proven to be an effective strategy when communicating with all levels of employees. Barriers of communication will definitely be minimized when there is constant interplay among upper and lower staff.

.) Identify and discuss why John was upset at the end of the case. What do you recommend the writer should do then?

Although the intentions of George (the vice president of the company) were anything but malicious, John perceived his message as upsetting. This can also be earlier seen when George sent a letter to John praising him for his great performance at work. Again John interpreted his letter as an insult and missed the whole meaning of what George intended. Obviously there is a communication barrier here. It is mentioned that George usually sent written memos to the floor in order to avoid confrontation with John because of past experiences. The directions of the memos were complex, so there were often more than two pages long. Given the nature of the amount of information to be disseminated by George, it would be recommended that he use face-to-face dialogue in order to avoid misunderstandings of the situations. John may have gotten upset about the promotion to management because he may have misinterpreted the seminars as a way of teaching him how to do his job. There had to have been a lack of communication or else John would have not reacted that way. John was conditioned in the past to receive any sort of information formally. He was not used to the more intimate way of

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How did edward IV bring peace to england

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By 148 Edward IV had dramatically improved the situation in England. He brought about widespread peace and stability, although it was not total as the events after his death in 148 demonstrated. He achieved these successes in a number of ways. This essay will examine his removal of Lancastrian opposition, his control of the nobility, the image and prestige of the crown, his stronger government and also his financial situation and foreign policy, in order to assess the level of peace established.

Edward ensured that by removing the Lancastrian opposition, in Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward, England would remain peaceful.

Arguably Edward was a very good military commander, he began his conquest of the house of Lancaster by defeating a force at Mortimer's Cross in 1460. He won a decisive victory at Towton, smashing the Lancastrian families and forcing Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward to flee abroad. Once Edward had regained his throne in 1471, he took it upon himself to rid the country of the Lancastrian threat. The battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury saw the Neville brothers, Warwick and Montague, killed; along with Prince Edward. Margaret of Anjou was captured and placed in a nunnery soon after Tewkesbury, which left the Lancastrian line virtually non-existent. Henry VI was also captured and murdered in the same short space of time. By 147 Henry Tudor was the only real threat to the peace of England, but he did not worry the king and did not mount an attack on England until after Edward was dead. Without significant opposition, the rest of Edward's reign was relatively unchallenged, he was therefore successful and able to bring peace to England.

Edward's control of the nobility allowed him to bring peace to England after 1471. However, prior to this, his control over the nobles is questionable.

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Edward's early control of his nobles was problematic. His main problem was of over mighty subjects, in particular Warwick 'The Kingmaker'. Edward was unable to control Warwick and, like Henry before him, this lack of control led to tension and subsequent war between the two. Edward's attempts to raise Hastings and Herbert to a position where they could balance Warwick's power, was an earnest effort to bring about peace to his kingdom. However it failed simply because of his lack of control over his nobles and the creation of factionalism between Richard Duke of Gloucester and Edward's in-laws, the Woodvilles. Edward's failure to control this factionalism mean that there was no way of ensuring that it could not cause future problems. Nevertheless, the military campaigns of 1471 saw Edward destroy Warwick and many of the other nobles who had opposed him. Edward now began to rely on his personality to control his nobles. Without Warwick and Clarence to oppose him, Edward had no further major problems with nobility after 1471. He left them to control law and order in their regions of power and would not intervene unless the stability of the nation was brought into question, particularly in cases of treason. In 1478 Edward tried to further the peace by introducing a law which reduced 'retainers', however it was unenforceable and Edward could do nothing about it. It can be said that he was successful to the extent that after 1471 there were no conflicts with the nobles and he was able to bring a relative peace to England.

Edward's attempted restoration of prestige and image for the English crown, was also an attempt to bring peace to England. With a respected monarch there was less chance of conflict and Edward realised this.

Similar to the financial situation of England, Henry had sunk the prestige of the throne during his reign. Edward sought to restore this image so that he would be given respect by his subjects and nobles. Edward set about this task with a number of military campaigns, aiming to claim back the land that Henry had lost. His maintenance of peace after 1471 restored most of the image he sought, but also his financial success, and to a certain extent, his foreign policy. Edward's charismatic personality as well as his low cost banquets and parades, were of dramatic contrast to that of Henry, and subsequently seen as successful by many of his nobles. Throughout his reign Edward worked on gaining the prestige that the king of England deserved. By the end of his life, his only quandary was that he had left too young a king, in Edward V, to carry on these improvements in image. Subsequently the peace that Edward IV brought to England was greatly to do with the amount of respect and prestige he was able to generate for the crown.

Edward's establishment of a new and stronger system of government was a major catalyst toward the peace that followed.

Although Edward did not radically change his system of government, nor did he add anything new- it was simply reinvigorated, he did maintain and improve it. He gave it much more drive and effectiveness than before, by monitoring it, making sure that laws were enforced and abided by. Edward also abolished the Exchequer, where the king's revenue was dealt with, in favour of the King's Chamber. Money would now travel directly to the king, instead of through an inefficient bureaucracy. Furthermore the king's use of a cygnet ring, instead of a royal stamp and wax, speeded up business and made it more efficient. Edward would promote lesser men to higher positions in order to keep the power balanced, although he still relied on his nobles to run the country from their respective areas. A more efficient kingdom and form of government allowed Edward to rule better and bring about peace. This form of government was effective in that there were no full scale battles in England after 1471; it can therefore be said that this system was beneficial in Edward's attempt to bring peace to the country.

Edward brought relative peace to England through a number of financial success in his reign. However he was able to take more effective measures toward solvency after he regained his throne in 1471.

Henry had been incompetent in financial matters, he had reduced the crown to near bankruptcy by granting away royal lands and being careless with money. Henry did not realise that to be a successful monarch you had to have good financial backing in order to avoid war and implement peace; a quality which Edward understood. In 1464 Edward began to take his first steps to reversing the situation that Henry had put him in. Edward introduced re-coinage in that year, by melting down all the old coins and inserting new ones. In the same period of time he reiterated the 'Act of Resumption' from Henry's reign, however he used it more effectively in restoring the crown lands. Still, Edward was unable to become solvent until he regained his throne in 1471. This done he began to promote trade, in order to increase customs duties, he also gained more income from royal estates and feudal dues such as 'rights of wardship'. An increase in foreign trade and a campaign against the pirates saw Edward become more sound financially. Treaties linked to his foreign policy brought money from France in 1475 (Picquigny) of 50,000 gold crowns as a yearly pension. By 1478 Edward had reached solvency and had restored the financial stability of England, the crown was now making a profit from its actions. Edward was very good at cutting costs while also retaining the image that he had worked so hard on. With this skill and money to put towards maintaining the law and order in the country, England became more peaceful while Edward's financial situation was good.

Edward's dealings with foreign policy can be seen as a success or failure. It is true, however, that without a strong foreign policy, Edward would not have been able to bring any peace to England.

It is important to link Edward's foreign campaigns to both gaining finance, as he did in Picquigny 1475, and also to restoring the prestige of the crown that Henry had lost. Those were the main motives behind his foreign policy, as well as eliminating opposition such as the Scottish, in order to keep the peace. In this Edward was successful, he succeeded in restoring respect for the crown by attacking France (1475) and Burgundy (1478), both made treaties which gained extra financial support from Louis and also a truce which would ensure that a peace in England would be held. Similarly an offensive in Scotland at Edinburgh (1477) would see off a threat from the north. Having gained foreign support Edward was excluded from a treaty at Arras (148), which was to threaten the peace he had brought. Subsequently Edward lost his pension from the French king. Arguably Edward's foreign policy was largely unsuccessful; however it achieved the recognition of his dynasty in Europe, was able to keep England peaceful and, in comparison with Henry, was a huge success. Had Edward lived longer than 148, he would have been able to make his foreign policy into a more effective weapon of peace.

In conclusion, it must be said that Edward did not actually bring about total peace to England. However his attempts to do so and avoidance of full scale conflicts after 1471 are to his credit. Edward's reign certainly ended a period of conflict within Henry VI's time and he was able to establish a level of law and order which at least prevented large scale warfare in England after 1471.

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Notre dame cathedral,paris

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Introduction

Gothic Art

The term Gothic was first used by Renaissance critics.They thought that Gothic art was devoid of standards of classical Greece and Roman Art.The style, the critics mistakenly considered,has initiated with Goths who were responsible for the destruction of the good and true classical style.However people of 1th and 14th century referred to Gothic Cathedral as Opus Modernum (modern work) or Opus Francigenum (French work)

The Gothic and Romanesque environments and their philosophy were entirely different from each other .Romanesque society was dominated by the uncertainties inherent in the anarchic tendencies of feudalism.The fear and insecurity that pervaded the Romanesque world were mitigated by new alignment of economic and social forces and the Gothic World emerged Institution of university began to appear in Gothic world and scholastic philosophy emanated.

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Central monarchies was established and aristocracy had begun to loose its power, especially in France and England. There were two significant factors, foundation of cities and development of trade, changed the structure of society.

Gothic cathedrals were the indirect product of Crusades.On their way to holy land crusaders were astounded by magnificence of Aya Sophia.It was no coincidence that they started constructing cathedrals after returning from crusades.

Gothic architecture was first applied by Abbey of St. dennis.Between 110 A.D and10 AD twenty five cathedrals were built with in 100 miles of Paris.The cathedrals can be best characterized by two features height and light. The Gothic architects used height and light to obtain a feeling of aspiration towards God and Heaven.

The key elements of Gothic architecture are generally considered to be the pointed arch ,ribbed vaults and flying butresses.Skilled use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault made it possible to cover more elaborate and complicated ground.The introduction of a system of flying buttresses made it possible to construct higher buildings.Great windows could be set into walls.They brought more light in.Wall surfaces of Gothic churches have appearance of transparent and weightless curtains.

Hundreds of Gothic Cathedrals were built in Europe between the 1th and 15th century.Notre Dame Cathedral of Paris is one of the most famous image in French Gothic Art.

History of Notre Dame Cathedral Of Paris

The present Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame stands on the site of the Romanesque Church Saint Etienne.The construction of Notre Dame de Paris began in 116 during the reign of Louis VII.Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone.The idea to replace the cathedral of St. Etienne was that of Bishop Maurice de Sully. Construction was completed 00 year later in about 145.

Different part of the cathedral completed in different years.The choir was completed in 118;the nave in 108,and the west front and tower circa 15-150.A series of chapels were added to nave during the period 15-150 and 16-10 to apse.The transept crossing were built in 150-67 by Jean de Chelles and Pierre Montreuil.It was essentially completed according to original plans.

Significant changes took place during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV.Tombs stained glasses were destructed.18th -century antipathy to gothic art ,violent attacks of Revolution and wrath of the nature caused ravages.During the French revolution many of the treasures of cathedral were either plundered or destroyed.After failing into the disrepair a restoration program overseen by lassus and Viollet le Duc was carried out in 1845.This program lasted years and included the construction of the spire and sacristy.Many striking features visible in cathedral today-standing figure on the west facades and most of the gargoyles- were created by Viollet le Duc.

In 11 a ten-year program of general maintenance and restoration has begun.

During its history,there have been many official and ceremonial occasions took place in Notre Dame.These are

1 The Crown of Thorns placed in the Cathedral by St Louis during the construction of Saint Chapelle.

10 Philip de Fair opens first States General here

Henty VI of England Crowned here

Mary Stuart crowned here after her marriage to Françoise II

nd December 1804 Napolon seizes the crown from pontiff and crowns him first himself then Josephine

Architectural And Artistic Features Of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

Notre Dame de Paris is the first Gothic Cathedral which built on truly monumental scale.With its compact,cruciform plan,its sexpartite vaulting,flying butresses and vastly enlarged windows, it became a prototype for future French cathedrals. Notre Dame de Paris embodies fascinating mixture of conservative and progressive ideas.The plan shows five aisled structure in which a Romanesque bay system is combined with early gothic sexpartite nave vaulting.The high sexpartite vaults(over 0m)is covering the double bay and wall which support it very thin and articulated by slender shafts.Double flying buttresses( They are one of the earliest example) support the nave

Discipline and balance in the plan is significant.Longitudinal movement of the nave and aisles is interrupted by the transept and interior of the cathedral falls into parts;nave with aisles,transepts and choir ambulatory.These distinct entities are formally continuos and harmoniously balanced.The choir is much deeper than earlier examples of Gothic cathedrals

The original transept was short and did not project beyond the outer aisles.Transepts of most Gothic churches have stronger projection than that of Notre Dame.Transept of the cathedral was almost exactly half way between the two west towers and the end

Compared to any other early Gothic Cathedral,The interior of Notre Dame is overpowering in the effect of immensity and energy.(fig7) .The building is infact significantly longer than its contemporaries.It is 110 ft height

The nave elevation rise in four stages,following the lead of the Cathedrals of Noyon and Laon but row of the rose windows below the celestory take the place of triforium.Altough Notre Dame has a tribune gallery,The wall bays have distinct upward movement due to tall sharply pointed arches.The shafts are identical and enchances the effect of verticality and quickens the rhythm of the bays.The wall is extremely thin relative to its height.

Like the interior,the facade of Notre Dame seems to waver between old and the new..The facade of the cathedral is composed several levels,crowning the three portals(fig ) The portal of Last Judgement (fig 6),The portal toVirgin and the portal to Saint Anne.Gallery of Kings is consisting of statues of 8 kings of Judah and Israel(fig 5).The rose window is 10 m diameter,is separated into three circles and each circle is subdivided into 1 and 4 part.In front of it stands the statue of Virgin Mary carrying the Baby Jesus.Mary is patron saint of cathedral.(figure 4)

The great gallery links the Notre Dame's two towers.The towers are 6 meters long.In the south tower house,the large bell Emmanuel weights 1 tones.It is the oldest bell of Notre Dame Cathedral

The cathedral was scarcely finished when it was decided to undertake alternations and enlargements of fundamental importance.First series of chapels was placed between buttresses flanking and the outer aisles.This had caused darkness in interior.More light was brought in by enlarging the celestory of nave.To support the fragile walls new flying buttresses were erected.

After the middle of the 1 th century,The cathedral authorities undertook the building of new transept facades at north and south extremities. The master builder Jean de Chelles was finished the North facade.The tremendous north rose window is the work of Jean de Chelles.(fig ) .South Facade was completed by his successor ,Pierre de Montreuil.(fig 1).Both facades which are risen above by rose window show an extremely subtle architectural design that recalls the elegance of goldsmith's work.Two rose windows in north and south transept facades of Notre Dame are preeminent examples of rayonant style.

These facades display fine sculptural decoration.The north one has carving related to the life of the virgin and south one is focused on the life of St Stephen.The Trumeau figure of the Virgin Mary on the north facades only full-size standing figure.It is saved from the fury of the iconoclast during the French Revolution.At the end of the building campaign reliefs devoted to glorification of Virgin Mary were carved on northern choir wall;these small scenes enclosed in quatrefoils suggest painting attached to the wall.They predict new concept of decoration in ecclesiastical art.

From 154 to 10 chapels were placed around ambulatory.With these chapels the cathedral substantially complete.

Another interesting features in Notre Dame are Gargoyles.Some of the world's most famous gargoyles can be found at Notre Dame de Paris.Many of its gargoyles were designed by Emmanuel Viollet-le Duc .The strange and horrible appearance of gargoyles were created by master sculptors for purely decorative reasons. But for the ancients bishops they were more than decorating objects.They were the creation of medieval genius expressing the tales of long forgotten myths of their forefathers.The most famous of Notre Dame gargoyles is the Spitting Gargoyle.With head in hands, this thoughtful beast spits directly toward the Eiffel.

Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic wonder of perfectly balanced proportions.Building is beautiful both religiously and architecturally ,it is one of supreme masterpieces of French Art and Culture.

Please note that this sample paper on notre dame cathedral,paris is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on notre dame cathedral,paris, we are here to assist you. Your essay on notre dame cathedral,paris will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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WAL-MART STORE HISTORY

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WAL-MART History, Philosophy, Business Strategy, Community Partnership and Present Structure and Future Outlook.

History

Wal-Mart is the brainchild of Sam Walton, born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma in the year 118. He was educated at the University of Missouri where he obtained a bachelor degree in economics in 140. Apart from being a good student through share dedication and hard work, Sam Walton was actively involved in extra curricular and community based activities. At different times he was the student president, president of Sunday school class, member of Rotary club, president of the local Chamber of Commerce, etc.

Sam Walton's first stint at retail business was at JC Penney Stores where he landed a job as manager trainee immediately after his graduation. He held the job until 14, when he enlisted in the USA Army for World War II. He put his entrepreneurial skills to test in 145, after his discharge from the military. He obtained the franchise of Butler Brothers to run a retail store at Newport. His store was a huge success with outstanding performance. His next store still under the franchise of the Butler Brothers was set up in Bentonville in Arkansas. This was the beginning of a bigger dream that would eventually see the birth of the world's largest retail chain in 16. By that year Sam and his brother Bud already had sixteen retail stores called Walton center, in Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas. These became Wal-Mart stores, as we know them today. The first Wal-Mart store was set up in Rogers, Arkansas. The chain experienced rapid growth and high profitability. By 180 it had over 00 stores. Today, both local and international, it has about 4,600 stores with annual sales in the region of $7 billion.

Philosophy

Sam Walton emphasized the pre-eminent position of customers in his business. His teaching is that every customer must receive courteous treatment in Wal-Mart stores. They are to be given "high value, low price and warm welcome". This is embodied among other things in the "10 foot attitude" which simply means that employees of the organization must endeavor to greet customers first, before the customer has the opportunity to greet them. Ancillary to this is Wal-Mart's practice of putting staff at the entrance doors of their stores to pleasantly welcome customers into the stores with friendly smiles. There is no doubt that this has positive psychological impact on the customers who naturally would want to do business in a friendly environment and interact with staff that demonstrate positive attitude.

Another limb of Wal-Mart's demonstrated customer commitment is seen in the emphasis on quality merchandise as well as brand name products at low prices. This no doubt has positive impact on customer loyalty. Sam Walton placed high premium in the ability of his staff, by their ethical treatment, to make customers come back over and over again. He therefore enjoined them to exceed the expectation of their customers at all times with the way they render quality services. Customer satisfaction and retention is the bedrock of Wal-Mart's business.

The pricing philosophy of Wal-Mart of passing on to customers the low price benefits from good deals with the manufacturer evidences a genuine commitment to customer's satisfaction. Sam Walton was once quoted as saying; "no matter what we pay for it, if we get a great deal, pass it along to the customers". Sam Walton succinctly put this philosophy is a concise statement he made while receiving the Medal of Freedom from President Bush in 1; "we will lower the cost of living for everyone, not just in America, but we'll give the world an opportunity to see what it's like to save and have a better lifestyle, a better life for all. We 're proud of what we have accomplished; we've just begun".

Business Strategy

Sam Walton underpinned his strategy for growth and profitability in Economies of scale and efficient use of available technology. Employing both he hoped to out-perform his competitors.

The aggressive growth strategy has seen Wal-Mart expand from twenty stores in 16 to over three hundred by 180. Today, the stores number over 4,600 both at home and globally. The staff strength currently stands at 1. million. Annual sales is a staggering $7 billion, with annual income of $7.7 billion.

Wal-Mart is a pioneer in discount merchandising. It established and maintained good business relationship with manufacturers of product, and given its size over time it has become increasingly able to negotiate good trade deals. This has enabled Wal-Mart eliminate costs and bottlenecks associated with middlemen and third party transactions. The cost cutting advantage of direct relation with manufacturers has also enabled Wal-Mart to meet its commitment of high value/low price to its customers. This relationship with manufacturers was and is fostered with professionalism and ethical treatment.

Sam Walton was quite mindful of the fact that productivity bears directly on profitability. He therefore fashioned policy that elicited and encouraged total commitment and high productivity from the employees whom he referred to as associates. Sam's 10 rules for success are intended to achieve this end. He set up equity participation scheme for willing store managers and encouraged that associates be included in profit sharing. This enabled employees to give their best and believe that they are also partners in the prosperity of the company.

Staff motivation and morale boosting in strongly emphasized in the "10 rules for success" Setting high targets, accompanied by handsome reward for achievement is part of the efficiency and growth plan of Wal-Mart. The company is also committed to treating its employees with significance. They are to be listened to and their intelligible contribution, especially as it affects cost saving and customer response is welcome.

Staff empowerment is also part of the success strategy. Management is encouraged to treat all staff as partners and communicate all relevant business information to them. This, it is viewed will enable them work smarter and raise productivity to new heights.

On the side of merchandise availability, Wal-Mart has employed up-to-date computer technology to ensure speedy replenishment of merchandise in its entire stores. As early as 166, Wal-Mart employed bright brain from IBM and created a centrally linked data based merchandise monitoring system that quickly highlights dwindling stock of any merchandise. This, in conjunction with the company's owned transportation system enabled quick restocking of products. Infact Wal-Mart restocks four times quicker than its competitors. Currently Wal-Mart has the second largest database software program after Pentagon. Wal-Mart has created automated reordering system that links computers between Procter & Gamble [P&G] and its stores and distribution stock. This link enables P&G to receive resupply orders identifying the products that are needed. P&G is then able to quickly send the needed stock to the respective Wal-Mart stores. This technology will obviously lower costs and restocking time for Wal-Mart.

Community Partnership

Wal-Mart has a policy goal of identifying with the communities within which its stores are located. It is an active partner in community upliftment. It participates in fund raising efforts by non-profit organization for Community Matching Grant Programs. Associates are given latitude in steering charity donations to the needs of their respective local communities. By this process Wal-Mart actively supports and identifies with vision and aspirations of the communities where it does business. Inspite of its scale it aims at becoming the "neighborhood store".

Further still, Wal-Mart contributes to the educational needs of the communities by its college scholarship awards to high school seniors. It also raises funds for local children's hospitals through the "Children's Miracle Network Telethon".

Wal-Mart's commitment to buying home made goods of comparable quality and usability to foreign made ones, translates into community empowerment, as it has the tendency to encourage local entrepreneurial skills in the manufacturing field. This will also boost domestic job creation.

Wal-Mart it also an environmentally conscious organization. Through its "Green Coordinator" each store makes effort to transact its business in environmentally friendly manner. Besides, it also encourages the use of recyclable materials, as well as educates local communities in environmental management techniques.

Present Structure and Future Outlook

While future prospects are not necessarily bleak, inherent weakness in Wal-Mart's business structure poses some risk factors.

Firstly, the single business strategy [retail trading] is akin to one putting all its eggs in one basket. It is true that such strategy accounted in part for the tremendous success of the organization, it is doubtful if it will endure for all times. If consumer demand falters, due to downturn in the economy, Wal-Mart will find it increasingly difficult to make profit at the level it had done in the past. That would raise the economic question of efficient deployment of capital. Diversification at this stage may be a strategic business response to cure the risk inherent single-business approach.

Secondly, Wal-Mart's business territory is no longer as secure as it once was. Specialty retailers such as Home depot, Circuit City and Spiegel are now able to match Wal-Mart's prices in products common to them. This means that the strategic advantage of low prices that Wal-Mart depends on is being gradually significantly diluted.

Thirdly, part of Wal-Mart's success strategy hinged on rapid expansion. But, due to economic factors, growth can not be pursued ad infinitum. At some point diminishing returns set in. Thus businesses expansion quest is governed by the need for optimal mix and utilization of both human and non-human resources. If Wal-Mart has not reached that point yet, it is not certain how far away it is from it.

Furthermore, it does appear that the geographical expansion of Wal-Mart at least in the USA is becoming increasingly limited. Rural communities are becoming increasingly resentful of Wal-Mart, as its entrance into any community tended to destroy the local retail businesses. Local communities are actively organizing against Wal-Mart opening stores in their neighborhoods.

In his address to Wal-Mart's shareholders, the CEO reported a revenue increase of 1.8 % for the year 00 with total annual sale of $18 billion. This is said to represent the company as the #1 in the world in terms of annual sales. The compound annual returns on shareholders investment for the last five years is stated at 17.%. However, the goal of the company is said to; "be the best, measured in terms of its customers, suppliers, employees, communities and of course the shareholders.

In terms of work place pleasantness, Wal-Mart was named # in a list of ten best companies to work in according to survey by Fortune Magazine. However, notwithstanding the enviable successes of Wal-Mart over the last forty years, the business terrain of the future calls for a different approach. A deeper understanding of customers changing needs, values and expectations, as well as smart application of technological advances will determine success or failure in the future.

Please note that this sample paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Jazz

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The Jazz Age left a mark on this world that influenced writers, music, and clothing, to say the least. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a writer of The Jazz Age. He wrote stories based on the events of the time and used personal examples from his life throughout his short stories and novellas. The rise of the female role during the Gilded Age is portrayed throughout these short stories. The marriage of Francis Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda greatly influenced almost everything that he wrote. His memorable male/female relationships are seen throughout his short stories, reflecting on his life and his own marriage.

In the 10s, female roles began to change. In short stories such as "Jemina, the Mountain Girl," "Bernice Bobs Her Hair," "Winter Dreams", and "The Ice Palace," not to mention the "Great Gatsby," we see female roles influence the male characters tremendously as they use their feminine capabilities to seduce and persuade the men they wish to lure. The men are often sad and misguided and these women confuse them and very often change their lives. Most of the men in these stories have little to complain about in the reality of their lives. However, they seem to fear that their lives will take a turn for the worst. Fitzgerald's female characters often influence the men and add a dimension to their already existing problems. Their real fears are that of "love, sex, and marriage; the self versus society; free will versus fate" (Petry 105).

Francis Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda had a marriage that will be remembered for all time. Fitzgerald writes about many female characters, with autobiographical topics that reflect true happenings with him and his wife. Zelda was in an increasingly troubled state throughout her life, but Fitzgerald loved her dearly, putting up with her "unusual level of energy" (Petry100). Many of his works discuss "real couples having real problems," (Petry 105) whether it be an affair, money, or simple lack of interest in one another, these are all real problems.

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Many of the stories that Fitzgerald creates, come from true happenings in his own marriage. The trouble he had with Zelda, his wife, influenced a great deal of his writing. His collections of stories called All the Sad Young Men are stories that represent these "sad" young men, like him, and their relationships with women. In the story "Gretchen's Forty Winks," two men fight for the love of one woman. This fight soon becomes a "sexual tug-of-war" (Petry 110), thus illustrating much of the problem that Fitzgerald had when he began to over-work himself, having no time to be intimate with his wife. His characters represent the typical workaholic, very similar to himself. His biggest problem was that his wife required a great deal of money to please her everyday need, and if he stopped working his income would stop, and he simply could not afford for that to happen. In stories such as "The Offshore Pirate," "Bernice Bobs her Hair," and "Winter Dreams," Fitzgerald discusses woman who demand and the men that chase after them and try to please them. "Bernice Bobs her Hair", like "The Offshore Pirate", discusses courting and behavior of men and women as they mingle with each other and fend for themselves. Bernice even felt the need to change her look just to please the people, specifically men. These "flapper" women are illustrated throughout these collected short stories.

In the story "Benediction," the boy is experiencing trouble with the guilt of having impure thoughts. These thoughts consume him to the point were he cannot function without feeling guilty. This male character is like much of the other characters dealing with transitions in life or trying to change something in their lives. Fitzgerald seems to be a lover of passion, and by writing this, he seems to be condemning the unnatural behavior of suppressing feelings. This story is one of the few that does not actually have a female character, but the influence of a female on a man is still very much present.

Judy Jones, the main female character in "Winter Dreams", represents a Fitzgeraldian "femme fatale." However, she is very much the opposite of anything "fatale;" in fact, she is a fundamentally common woman. Most of these women were reduced to "ineffectual flirts" (Petry) with very limited appeal. These women are lessened yet through marriage, when their lives have even less meaning, leaving them with nothing but their "sad" husbands. His obsession with women of this nature, women who are young, attractive, and touch minded, lead him to his own marriage to Zelda that would create a whole new set of problems for him, somebody that would be the influence of all further relationships in his stories. His illustrations of the men who deal with these "selfish, flighty wives," seem to be stubborn yet kind, and deal with them the only way they know how; giving them what they want. He created a new image of the male self, when having to deal with the demanding nature of a wife similar to his own. The male characters are often sympathized with, as he over dramatizes his female characters to make them seem completely self-indulged, and for the most part unreasonable. However, these female characters seem to bring out the best in the males, while it seldom works the other way around. The institution of marriage often diminishes the importance of the woman, and creates a "self" imposed by society (Petry 15).

Fitzgerald's idea of the perfect home and the perfect marriage was almost completely shattered after his marriage to Zelda. He continued to try to create the perfect atmosphere in his stories, but the characters would have their emotional flaws and drawbacks. In his next collection of stories, Taps at Reveille, Fitzgerald began to understand that these difficult elements can co-exist in his previous idea of the "normal" home and family life. He distanced himself tremendously from his wife so as not to make him crazy, and tried to keep as much normalcy as could be maintained. His stories focus mainly on single people in relationships or newly wed. Parents and entire families rarely exist in his stories.

All of Fitzgerald's characters maintain this sort of ambivalence toward his female characters. In the story the "Offshore Pirate," the idea of courtship is portrayed. Their whole relationship is based on a lie. Ardita, the main character in the story "Offshore Pirate," embodies the single, independent female character that strives to live fully before she can't anymore. Fitzgerald tells a story of this independent female. Curtis Carlyle tells her lies as long as she seems interested in hearing them. He does what many men do; he feeds off of what he thinks will win a woman's heart. Ardita argued with Carlyle constantly, as would any independent, hard headed woman of the time. They represent the typical Fitzgeraldian couple, as they bicker back and forth, or could be better explained as flirting. This is a key example of how male and female characters interact in many of his short stories.

Most of Fitzgerald's stories consist of women of the elite society. They seem as if they were molded from the same ideal female character. The character of Judy Jones in "Winter Dreams" is a woman who "simply made men conscious to the highest degree of her physical loveliness" (Fitzgerald 540). Fitzgerald states that "her casual whim gave a new direction to his life" (Fitzgerald 57). Her young, fresh attitude gave Dexter a new outlook on life. She was beautiful and mesmerizing to all of the men, and it is said that the "color and mobility of her mouth gave a continual impression of flux, of intense life, of passionate vitality-- balanced only partially by the sad luxury of her eyes" (Fitzgerald 54). Dexter's love for her is such that even when she lies to him, "he was glad that she had taken the trouble to lie to him." She has him so infatuated that he feels lucky just to know her.

In the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald writes about men and women, their marriages and their affairs. The people of West Egg, represent the lying, deceit and shady business of the 10s. Tom has no guilt for his immoral behavior and does not hesitate to act out violently to maintain his authority and social power over George Wilson as he has an affair with his wife. George Wilson does not win because he lacks the social necessities that Tom has. The idea that money and popularity win the girl, is played out throughout the story. Daisy, Tom's wife, tried hard to be the shallow wife that he wants her to be. She goes as far as to say that she wants her daughter to be a fool because women live best as beautiful fools (The Great Gatsby). Gatsby's obsession with Daisy is that of a typical Fitgeraldian man. He, like Carlyle in the "Offshore Pirate" is willing to tell lies to win Daisy's heart. Most of what she knows about him is a lie. He had to lie about his background to make her believe that he is worthy of her. She had promised to wait for him after the war, but then she married Tom, whose social position was solid and who had the approval of her parents. Gatsby is not as secure as Tom because his past is virtually unknown. Gatsby loves Daisy because of her "youth and vitality, and idolized her social position, wealth and popularity" (The Great Gatsby). His obsession with her is very similar to the other male characters in Fitzgerald's other stories. Her qualities are similar to that of Ardita in the "Offshore Pirate", and various other characters.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote many short stories that described the male/female relationships of the time. Because of the female role and how women were treated they were treated, it affected the idea of marriage and how it was portrayed by Fitzgerald. Not only did the time period change their role, but his perception was changed by experiences with his own wife. He wrote from his own experiences and created characters that represented his own marriage. Fitzgerald wrote for an age of romance, lust and secrecy. His characters represent all of this and more. His stories represented The Jazz Age, but his writing is for all time.

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Freedom of Expression

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Freedom of Expression

Every Canadian citizen has the right to thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication provided under s. (b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the statement that the s. Charter right to free expression does not protect individuals when expressing an opinion or opinions, however sincerely held, which are (a) clearly untrue according to an overwhelming preponderance of an expert opinion; (b) likely to cause grave and unprovoked offense to other citizens; (c) of no significant benefit to the public interest, is too broad. I intend to provide reasons as to why I would not support such a thesis, as this thesis is too broad and gives rise to a lot of arguments against its validity.

Using the balancing provision under s.1 of the Charter the courts have limited s. rights in the past for instances of harmful speech or speech that is patently untrue. "The courts have to find a balance between protecting minorities, on the one hand, and safe-

guarding freedom of expression, on the other" (Sumner, p.15). Under section 1() of the Criminal Code a person or persons may be convicted of an offence carrying a maximum penalty of imprisonment for years if he/she communicates statements, other than in private conversation, willfully promoting hatred against any identifiable group.

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The challenge for the hate propaganda statute using the Charter has been raised in the case of a teacher who taught anti-Semitism in his class. James Keegstra was convicted under s. 1() for providing speech that was misleading, untrue and of no social benefit. Keegstra's anti-Semitic speech was in itself harmful and it could easily potentially provoke harm to another. Keegstra left an impression on his students that may stay with them for some time. Even if the message of hate propaganda is outwardly rejected, its premise of racial or religious inferiority may persist in a recipient's mind as an idea that holds some validity (Dickson C.J R.v Keegstra in Bickenbach, p.7). Securing freedom of expression in Canadian society lies the need to ensure that truth and the common good are attained. In the Keegstra case the Court said that (b) is not just there to protect egalitarian interests, it is not just a means to an end in protecting democracy instead it protects the value inherent in expression. Expression wasn't excluded from protection on its face; it was the harm that made it worthy of limits.

While point (a) and (c) in the original thesis may not be as pressing to require limitation of s. , any speech that may cause harm to another individual (as in (b)) is such an egregious possibility, that such speech must be limited. Point (a) and (c) should not be limited simply because it is not true or carries no social benefit; rather we should ensure that limiting speech that does no public good or has no truth should only apply when that speech is likely to cause imminent harm. The Charter has a built in balance system in s.1, which allows a Court to measure the degree, to which speech is should or not be reasonable protected. There is nothing wrong with the thesis given if as we believe that the justice system and the courts can make the correct balance in determining when to limit s. rights.

There is an inherent concern if we determine that the government may limit any speech on its face in all cases where (a), (b), or (c) are possibilities, because s. is a fundamental freedom in a democratic society. The thesis doesn't seem to provide any requirement for the government to prove (a), (b) or (c), but rather it may limit speech when it deems speech to be misleading, harmful, or of no benefit. The state should not be the sole arbiter of truth, but neither should we overplay the view that rationality will overcome all falsehoods in the unregulated marketplace of ideas (Dickson C.J., R .v. Keegstra in Bickenbach, p.7). The government must be required to prove the value and reasonableness of its limit on speech rights-for example in the case of (a) misleading/untrue speech-untrue according to whom? Whose experts? What level of expert consensus is required to call speech untrue - 51% or %? In part (b) is it enough that speech might be harmful or should we hold the government to some burden of proof before limiting speech, and in (c) what is the social benefit sought to be protected? Who does it benefit? Does the speech simply provide no benefit or does it actually harm or set back a particular social benefit? Speech that provides no benefit or a neutral benefit is different than speech that actually harms or impedes a social benefit that the government has deemed worthwhile.

To limit s. on its face for the possibility of speech that (a), (b) or (c) is heavy-handed and does not take into account a case-by-case analysis of the facts at hand. To give an extreme example, stifling the speech of someone who says "two plus two equals five" is not the same as limiting the rights of the person who says the Holocaust or slavery are illusions. There are degrees to be measured in the analysis of when to limit free speech rights. Part (b) of the thesis is a valuable goal, since its intent is to avoid harm on another citizen, but the government should be required to prove imminent or likely harm. Limiting speech that might be harmful is too much, there must be a burden on the government to prove likelihood of the harm- in most cases of truly deviant speech (hate speech, racism, speech inciting violence) this isn't a particularly difficult burden to meet. "Limitations upon hate propaganda are directed at a special category of expression… restrictions on expression of this kind might be easier to justify than other infringements of s. (b)…(Dickenson C.J., R .v Keegstra, in Bickenbach, p.75). Since the burden is easily met, there is no need to limit all potentially harmful speech that is very deviant. The commitment to eradicate hate propaganda and the stress for equality and multiculturalism is what forms the basis of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Canadian society already has limits on speech that is misleading/untrue (libel and slander) or potentially harmful (Criminal Code re uttering threats or acting as accomplice in a crime, etc.) - these checks and balances are sufficient in the instance of speech that is very deviant. " In Canada defamatory libel against individuals is a criminal offense, Section 1() seeks to extend the same protection to certain specified groups" (Sumner, p.17). Similarly, s.1 of the Charter builds in a system of balancing for judges to undertake when considering whether to limit any Charter right, including s. rights (the three elements of s.1 are that rights may only be limited when the limitation is (1) reasonable, () prescribed by law and () demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society the Court has developed a series of tests to satisfy all three elements of s.1). This analysis acts, as a sufficient gatekeeper to filter out protection for any speech that is truly harmful. But to immediately state that all speech that is misleading, potentially harmful or of no social benefit is not protected, does not allow a Court to undertake this kind of analysis of real potential for harm it simply creates a blatant limitation in rights to free expression without any kind of determination in an objective sense as to whether such limits are either warranted or desirable in a democratic society.

Part (c) of the thesis is particularly troubling who decides social benefit? The Court? Determining a social good should be left as a task for elected officials. It is a slippery slope when we allow the Court to decide social order and social benefit it is not their role in a Parliamentary democracy. In the Bulter case Twaddle J.A of the Court of Appeal disputed the belief that hindered freedom of sexual expression, in which the Chief Justice agreed " to impose a certain standard of public and sexual morality, solely because it reflects the conventions of a given community, is inimical to…enjoyment of individual freedoms which form the basis of our social contract" ( Lamer C.J., et. al, R.v. Butler p. 88).

In the Butler case the courts determined that the physical activity could have "meaning" as an expressive act. Under s.1 analysis affirms that avoiding harm is a more important objective than moral standards. But who merits what society deems harmful in the case of sexual expression? An argument that could have been raised to the Courts decision in the Butler case is that it hinders freedom of expression. The decision made by the Courts in the Butler case considers those females who engage in uncommon sexual acts abnormal. And because of this view, the judgment to be able to hinder on the right for those individuals to be able to find an outlet to purchase such pornographic materials in a free democratic society, prevailed.

Similar to the above, in the case of government deciding speech should be limited, because it is of no social benefit. The thesis strips the Court of its ability to determine the reasonableness of that limit, whether that limit is actually pursuant to a law (as opposed to just being imposed indiscriminately by the state), or if that limit is justified.

Legal rights are implemented to protect individual social values. The constitutionality of statutes is about finding a correct balance between prohibiting hate propaganda, and ensuring the freedom to express one's self.

The Charter was not intended to protect potentially harmful speech, and the underlying principles of the Charter are to protect and promote the public good, so speech that can cause a potential risk of harm should not be protected, under the Charter s.1. The protection of expression that is potentially harmful runs the risk of violating another of the Charter's foundational sections - section 15 re equality rights or s. 7 re life, liberty, and security of the person. If the government protects (or tolerates) the speech of an individual that is potentially harmful, this protection may put the government in the position of denying another person his/her rights under another section of the Charter.

Please note that this sample paper on Freedom of Expression is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Freedom of Expression, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Freedom of Expression will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Catcher in the Rye

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Catcher and the Rye

In 151 at a time when social conformity was the norm, J.D. Salinger decided to publish The Catcher and the Rye. In it he put profanity, an immoral protagonist, and the adolescent sexuality. Salinger (and his book) brought about issues of vulgarity, sexuality and the hardships of teens. Many teens identified with and felt sorry for Holden Caulfield the main character that felt depressed and sad about almost anything life threw at him.

From the start J.D Salinger would incorporate symbolism as necessary tool for showing the full detailing of his novel. The novel begins with Holden isolated from the rest of his friends. He detaches himself from Pency's social norm by sitting atop Thomsen Hill while the rest of the school attended a much celebrated football game. This would set the mood for the rest of the novel. Holden perceives himself as one of the few truly good and sincere people in his world and so he exemplifies this by sitting upon this hill, setting himself up above the rest, above and away from the school's phonies and superficial characters. He despises these people and is ironic when nearby is a cannon. He might have noticed this and tells us so as to convey its potential.

The audience goes on to see that Holden has much difficulty getting along, socially inadequate. Holden is extremely judgmental and overly analytical. Through his whining he often finds humor in his 'obviously' inferior peers. That "sexy bastard Stradlater and the ever rude, hovering Ackley. The most notorious word in Holden's vocabulary is "phony". He applies this term loosely to anyone too typical or conventional; people who mask what they are really feeling and thinking. It is enticing for the reader to follow his train of thought because he too wishes to persecute the ignorant and the fake but to take time to study why this is is to see that it is not so much that his phonies are superficial but are his views. Such as judging Stradlater by his good looks and Ackley with his acne ridden face. Holden often avoids more profound interpretations for simple generalizations and usages of labels such as being a 'phony'.

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For J.D. Salinger's generation, sex had become a taboo matter only spoken of during very fleeting and private moments. In The Catcher and the Rye, Holden openly explorers his sexuality with girls and the possibility of himself secretly being a 'flit'. Homosexuality was not tolerated when first published but Holden's character would revel in all that was unmentionable. Holden indeed had an odd outlook on the subject of sex for he often tells of his arousal towards girls he hates, does not like, and does not respect. All the meanwhile being Catcher's protagonist he is strangely entranced by forms of kinky foreplays that include degrading his partner; such as spitting in their face. At one time he hires a prostitute through and elevator-working pimp. A young girl shortly arrives at his hotel room door. He is fascinated that she is so young and so casual about the act of sex. Very fleetingly does she show any of the child innocence that Holden holds to such high esteem. When this young girl 'fell' she was without her 'catcher' to save her. His passing affections usually began with great desire but always ended with his own great disgust. When Holden first re-unites with Sally Hayes

"She looked really terrific. She really did." "The funny part is, I felt like marrying her the minute I saw her. I'm crazy. I didn't even like her much, and yet all of a sudden I felt like I was in love…." He depicts the end of his ambivalent relationship with Sally as such " I sort of hated old Sally by the time we got in the cab…." She gives him, " a royal pain in the ass". "I was pretty goddamn fed up by that time." He desires human affection yet rejects it at the same time. His inability to achieve a happy median leaves Holden often fed up with humanity.

Through out the narrative Holden contradicts himself over and over again at times such as his ambivalent relationship with Sally Hayes, telling that he refuses to tell the reader about his past and anything having to do with his childhood. Stradlater begins as a pretty good guy but after finding about his promiscuous acts with his Jane, Stradlater is portrayed as nothing more than a "sexy bastard". These run-on sentences proved an outlet for Holden's erratic thoughts. These leave room to reveal the disparity between what he sees and what he perceives. His thoughts reinforce what he sees as his own noble child innocence. All of this unfortunately adds to his inner battles and emotional turmoil.

Holden never throughout the novel forgets his few if only sources of happiness. He reminisces Allie's death and the poetry he left behind. As well Phoebe's insightfulness, unwavering affection and lastly Jane and her kings all in the back row. Times when he describes them or is in their presence the negative, erratic thoughts give way as he gives them his uninterrupted focus. These are the few times when he is happy.

Phoebe in the end becomes a very vital character. Up to that point the reader had only Holden's views to rely upon to come to a conclusion about the society that he encounters. One evening while still pondering the disappearances of the Central Park ducks, though temporarily cheered up by a young boys singing, Holden feels he needs a break from his own ever-depressing thoughts decides he needs to 'shoot the bull' with Phoebe by discreetly stealing back into the old apartment. Phoebe is young yet understands much, such as knowing that maturing and moving on is all part of growing up. At one point she challenges her brother's views on life. She asks him what wants to be? What is something he really likes? Holden remembers Robert Burns' poem and states if he could do anything in the world he'd "…catch a body coming through the rye." Phoebe is quick to correct the verse goes, "If a body meet a body coming through the rye…". Holden goes on to describe his fantasy of being the savior for all misguided kids. To protect them should they go astray in the rye that is life and to catch them before they fall off the cliff. Fall from their innocene into a jaded, cruel and phony adult world. Phoebe changes the subject. He loves Phoebe dearly but to further the view that he cannot interact with others at a deeper level, he accuses her of sometimes being too affectionate when once she throws her arms around him. Phoebe is introduced as Holden's foil for who deeply contrasts with his own emotionally stunted views. On the way out while trying to avoid getting caught he secretly wishes that he would be. This is a helpful metaphor for Holden's capacity for human interaction. While wanting to avoid it, simultaneously secretly yearning for all that can offer. By introducing Phoebe, Salinger provides the audience a new, more objective view of Holden. One that finally analyzes his faults, faults where Holden rarely admitted having any.

After a near miss with being found in her room by his unknowing parents, he resolves to escapes to a former teacher who he holds with high esteem (well at least never labeling him a phony) for Holden admires Mr. Antolini for once being the only who would help a deceased suicide victim. Mr. Antolini shows that he obviously is not like the rest of the people Holden knows. Antolini welcomes Holden even with short notice, invites him to stay and introduces him to his older wife. He does not seem to hide his thoughts or mask them with facades. His smoking and heavy drinking relates him to the pupil. Mr. Antolini immediately sits him and futilely attempts to describe a 'great fall' headed for Holden if he doesn't realize the significance of education, maturing and moving on. "This fall I think you're riding for- it's a special kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isn't permitted to feel or hear himself hit bottom. He just keeps falling and falling." He clumsily attempts to articulate his prophecy with vague descriptions that end up muddying the water. Instead he diverts to writing a fortune cookie type message that suggests something about Holden "The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one." After much elaboration is the subject finally dropped and Holden sleeps on the couch. Something happens during the night and once again Holden strongly contradicts himself. He refuses to talk about saying he doesn't even like thinking about it but then continues to tell the tale. Holden awakes during the night to find the much-respected teacher's hand petting him in the face. Holden's homophobia and already uncertain sexuality has him making and excuse and leaves immediately from the apartment. He heads for Grand Central, sits on a bench and ponders his situation. For the first time Holden second-guesses his own snap judgment. Before you were either a flit or a phony. Holden contemplates whether his judgment was wrong and this is where he begins to see the truth behind all that he is.

On the last walk through the city that Holden would have before the end of the novel, he has a premonition that at the end of each city block, he wouldn't make it to the other side. At the end of each block is Holden's 'rye' and the street, his cliff. At each curb he can't see pass the 'rye' to see the dangers at the bottom of the cliff. He becomes so consumed with his fear that he can't see to the other side. His future and potential. Even with Mr. Antolini's best cautions of the foreseeable 'great fall', no one will be there to catch a Holden Caulfield running blindly through the rye.

In the much interpreted ending, Holden takes Phoebe to a carousel in the park. He asks her to ride but declines to join her. A secound time she rides. Holden merely watches his joy take joy in her childhood. He does not take part because he is no longer part of his child hood and this offers a glimmer of hope for the hero many related with.

Many over the years since The Catcher and the Rye was first published have disceted the ending, discussing wether Holden would go on reveling in is immaturity or to press on into maturing in a member of the masses. A very arguable point is this. Mr. Antolini shared with us this "The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one." Holden never offered to sacrifice his life to save the children but instead choosing to "…come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be."

Please note that this sample paper on Catcher in the Rye is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Catcher in the Rye, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Catcher in the Rye will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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