Pro athletes get paid too much money

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Professional athletes are finely toned human beings who work extremely hard to make a living to support their families. They are the cream of the crop when in terms of fitness and health and are the most highly skilled people in the world in regards to each of their sports respectably. Most "work" throughout the year whether staying in shape in the off-season or playing through their rigorous seasons that vary in length depending upon the sport. Football players pound each other for about five months each year while playing one game per week. Basketball and baseball players play a much longer season then do football. Baseball players play one hundred and sixty-two games that lasts more than five months long throughout the country. Nevertheless, the professional basketball season lasts about the same amount of time as does baseball except they play eighty-two games throughout the country. As for tennis players, golfers, and racecar drivers, they are in season throughout the year performing in different places around the world. The life of professional athletes is indeed tough and treacherous. They travel throughout the country and world always improving to be the best as they play their high-speed vigorous sport. Despite all these facts, professional athletes are overpaid people who believe they are above the law and better than anyone else. They are simply millionaires who have an "I am God" attitude, which they get away with.

Professional athletes began getting paid too much money as early as the end of the 1th century. John L. Sullivan, who was a moderately known boxer, earned four times as much as the President of the United States of America. This was during a period in American history when America was trying to build an imperial power in which they had to pick and choose their battles. The average American during this time was an industrial worker making extremely low wages, living on bare essentials to survive. The first real superstar was also created at the turn of the century. Mike "King" Kelly was baseball's first transcendent star getting paid five thousand dollars. This salary allowed Kelly to live a flashy lifestyle while many bleacher bums filled ballparks even though they were in disagreement with his oversized paycheck. Salaries of baseball players slowly but steadily continued to rise during this time. This being somewhat incredible and ridiculous as America was struggling horribly during this time. America was going through the first World War and a suffering economy. Yet, professional athletes were getting paid more then the President of the United States who had the most important job trying to guide America through hard times. In 10, the Great Depression had just hit the United States. This was arguably the hardest time in American history. However, not everyone believed that life was that bad. Babe Ruth was paid a salary of eighty thousand dollars in 10 just to hit home runs. Indeed, Babe Ruth was a great baseball player; however, he was a typical overpaid athlete with an attitude that foreshadowed many to come in the future. When Ruth was asked to justify himself making thousand dollars more than the President of the United States that year, he replied, "I had a better year than he did." Such examples of overpaid athletes in early America opened the doors for those in the future (Sullivan 144).

Athletes' salaries continued to rise in other sports with baseball as their model. In 170, Curt Flood challenged baseball's reserve clause. The reserve clause is what bounded each player to his team. Curt Flood argued that a player should be able to holdout and test free agency. Despite the case going all the way to the Supreme Court, Flood lost the case but pretty much spelled out free agency to everyone. Within a few years, the reserve clause was modified allowing free agency. This completely opened the floodgates to even more money and consequently extreme overpaying. However, not until the late 170's did the grand old game really die. In 176, America became quite alarmed and shocked when Reggie Jackson was given . million dollars a year to play baseball. Many Americans became quite frightened by such a high salary. That is more money than most doctors, lawyers, and teacher make. People who save other people's lives and those who teach our children play a much more important role in society than greedy athletes. This problem would only grow worse (Sullivan 144).

By the 10's the inflation of professional athletes' salaries was unthinkable. Jose Canseco was the salary king in 10 when he made $4.7 million in just one year to only hit the baseball. He could not even play the field that just added to how disgustingly overpaid he was. In fact, in one game, Canseco had to play right field and a fly ball bounced off his head for a home run when he made an attempt to catch it. Then, in 18, the word overpaid received a whole new definition. Kevin Brown signed a seven-year, $105 million contract (Sullivan 144). He has not even been able to play half of that deal due to injuries. This makes him, to say the least, just somewhat overpaid while he sits in his mansion and fire fighters save lives getting paid not even a twentieth of that kind of salary. Also, in 18, Kevin Garnet signed a six-year deal worth $16 million. The twenty-one year old phenom who did not even go to college signed that contract after he turned down a $10 million offer over six years (Infotrac). In golf, Tiger Woods made $6 million in 00. However, people are starving throughout the world. To say the least, Tiger Woods is just somewhat overpaid. Lennox Lewis, who is the Heavyweight Champion boxer, made $6 million in 00 for boxing in only one boxing match that was not even an hour long. That is more than five hundred thousand dollars per minute (Daly and Pereira ). However, some people try to justify that; while the majority sees the reality of the insanity.

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Despite the rich athletes becoming richer due to their overpayment, the fans suffer as the prices involved in these events also inflate to absorb the salaries. Ticket prices have almost doubled for professional football games in the last ten years. However, they are not the only things that can break the pocket. Beverages at Miami Dolphin games are ridiculous. A beer costs five dollars and fifty cents at the game. A six-pack of beer at the gas station is less than one beer at a football game proving the players do get overpaid. Also, a bottled water at the Dolphin games costs a whopping three dollars which is also highly inflated. At New York's Madison Square Garden, many of the water fountains have been removed (Barret 6). This is an attempt to force people to pay their charge of three dollars and fifty cents for a small bottle of water. Apparently, the owners need to bring in more money to help pay for their overpaid athletes. In new National Hockey League arenas, seamless glass without any support bars has been used (Barret 6). This provides a better view for the one hundred dollar seats so the team can pay its overpaid players. However, these new boards have no give leaving many players with head injuries when they collide into them. It does not matter though as long as they get their money. Parking at all these sporting events is also a joke. Depending in what part of the country you are in, parking will cost any where from ten to twenty-five dollars for each event. Multiply that by each car and there is all that extra money given to the overpaid athletes. Needless to say, when in attendance at a sporting event, you are watching your money perform instead of the greedy athlete.

Athletes and their attitudes go hand in hand together for one simple reason. They are overpaid. "Since athletes get paid so much money, a lot of them think that they should be able to do whatever they want"(Johnson 8). In most cases, this is true. For example, in the most popular incident of them all, in 14, the outstanding football player O.J. Simpson was charged with murder and found innocent. O.J. was accused of murdering his wife and her companion at her home. In the most highly publicized trial ever, many clues and facts pointed in O.J.'s direction. For example, his alibi was fishy, a glove and clothes were found near his house and a motive was also put in place. However, thanks to a detective who "so-called" planted this evidence, O.J. was found innocent and has been free even though another killer has never been found or even suspected ("O.J. Simpson"). Another similar example would be the incident with Ray Lewis in 000. In this case, Ray Lewis, Reginald Oakley, and Joseph Sweeting were accused of fatally stabbing two men outside a nightclub after a Super Bowl party in Atlanta. Despite many factors that put Ray Lewis right there at the scene of the crime, he and his attorneys managed to persuade officials and the jury that he was not and had no part in it. Lewis got off with some community service time ("Ray Lewis"). Lastly, Michael Irvin is another prime example for being overpaid, having an "I am God" attitude and getting away with everything. In 16, Irvin was caught with cocaine and marijuana at an apartment with some prostitutes. However, since he was an overpaid athlete, he pleaded no contest and just got probation, a $10,000 fine and dismissal of the marijuana possession charges. Also, in 000, Irvin was found in another apartment with a twenty-two year old woman and marijuana and ecstasy pills. Cocaine was later found. However, the cocaine charges were dropped since it was not in plain sight during the raid. Needless to say, Michael Irvin got off once again with nothing but a slap on the wrist (Associated Press). Overpaid athletes truly are above the law.

If athletes continue to get overpaid then more strikes will occur. In 14, baseball went on strike, which ended up canceling the World Series that year. Labor disputes about money caused the World Series not to be played for the first time in almost a hundred years. Despite two World Wars and the Great Depression, the World Series had always been played. However, as the problem of overpaid athletes grew from the early twentieth century, it reached a climax in which there was no baseball. Strikes are most definitely the worst possible thing to happen. It hurts the fans, the players, the owners and the economy. Nevertheless, in 00 baseball almost went on strike again, once again nearly causing the cancellation of the World Series. However, on the last day possible, the players and the owners reached an agreement in which play continued leading to a great World Series. Contraction had been the main topic to solve some problems. This would eliminate two financially weak franchises, which would hardly eliminate the main problem. Also, contraction would end some of baseball's past time and tradition. Overpaid athletes are the main problem, and if something is not done, it will only get worse.

Professional athletes are severely overpaid people who inherit a "God-Almighty" attitude as they receive more money then they know what to do with. This issue causes great disgust to many fans and pretty much society as a whole. For the fans' sake, overpaid athletes cost them to pay extravagant prices to watch different sporting events that include a fifty-dollar ticket and twenty dollars of food and beverages. They also hurt fans because in the long run strikes will occur sending everyone home. As for the public, overpaid athletes disgust them by the way they live and do whatever they want with no regard to the law. Therefore, overpaid athletes are simply a menace to society in more ways than one.

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Ethics in Accounting

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Accounting Ethics

When examining the effect of open marketing on the profession of

accounting it is important to view it from three perspectives the

clients, the professions, and societys. Additionally, two key areas

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that are affected by marketing must be addressed,

these are concerning competition, and ethical implications. Marketing in

public accounting is here to stay therefore making an argument against its

existence would be fruitless; however, in order to achieve maximum benefit

to the firm, the client, and s ociety more stringent guidelines must be

implemented at the firm level.

The first, and most obvious, of the effected areas is competition.

Within competition several points are discussed. First, the implications

advertising has on public accounting-- the model of perfect competition

versus the model of monopolistic compet ition. Secondly, the relationship

between firm size and advertising expenditures. Thirdly, the effect of

advertising on firm specialization, the implications of client turnover on

public accounting practice.

Before making the comparison, a brief explanation why the two

models are chosen is in order. Monopolistic competition has been chosen

for the pre-advertising era because it most closely resembles the market

structure in an extreme sense. The elements o f monopolistic competition

are as follows product differentiation, the presence of large numbers of

sellers, and nonprice competition. Although accounting services between

firms offer very little service differentiation, the absence of

advertising serve s as a replacement because clients are not necessarily

aware that other options are easily attainable. The post-advertising era

is explained through the model of perfect competition for which the

qualifications are as follows very little or no service d ifferentiation,

many sellers, and price as the only means of distinguishing one firms

service from anothers.

In a perfectly competitive market the price of a particular

service is established solely by the interaction of market demand and

supply. (Thompson p.77) When market demand for accounting services

increases the resulting demand shifts right causing pri ces to increase

returning the market back to equilibrium. However when supply increases,

such is the theoretical effect of adding advertisement to public

accounting practice, the supply curve shifts right causing prices to fall.

The model of monopolistic competition is also price sensitive,

however only at the firm level. For example, the CPA firm of XYZ has an

established clientele base and uses referrals as its sole means of growth.

They increase prices only as their cost o f providing the service

increases and therefore are able to maintain their client base. In this

example a gently downsloping demand curve exists (Thompson p.04) causing

only drastic changes in pricing to send their client base shopping for a

new firm. The result is XYZ can continue to grow by practicing fair

pricing and providing a reputable service. Cut rate pricing only

marginally effects their client base because there is little means to make

their pricing publicly known, and only drastic, unwarran ted increases

sends clients packing.

Conversely, in the post-advertising era, XYZ must always be aware

of market pricing because the demand curve is steeper and more volatile.

Therefore the client base of XYZ is not stable as in the previous example

and measures must be taken to keep price s competitive with other firms

regardless of cost inferences. The result is the necessity of a more

aggressive policy regarding new client recruiting and a higher turnover of

existing clients.

Now that the differences are established, the resulting issues in

public accounting can be discussed. The first area deserving discussion

is the relationship between firm size and advertising. expenditures. A

study made of CPA firms in Britain in 185 asserted the most dramatic

contrast between advertisers and non-advertisers was their size.

(ODonohoe p.1) The obvious reason for this anomaly is availability of

resources. Larger firms ha ve, at their disposal, a much larger profit

level; therefore advertising expense is easily included only marginally

affecting bottom line. This implies larger firms to have gained a great

deal more from inclusion of advertising than small firms. Consequ ently,

small firms could be pushed out of the picture entirely in the area of

audit services.

Why? In the area of audit services, small firms have little to

offer to differentiate themselves from their larger counterparts who can

now freely move in and perform the service at a lower price. This,

unfortunately, will be a byproduct of the adverti sing era. Smaller firms

only hope is to emphasize personalized service in tax and full service

areas in hope that audit services can result. The major drawback is small

firms are offered little room for growth because of the expense involved.

Adverti sing in public accounting causes perspective clients to become

bottom line oriented meaning the firms with the most available revenue to

dump into advertising, coupled with the resources to offer lowest fees are

the ones which grow. These resources are h eld by Big Six firms and large

regional firms. As a result these firms will grow while small firms

struggle.

The second inference drawn from the model of perfect competition

is some smaller firms being forced to specialize. In order to

differentiate themselves some smaller regionally operated firms have

chosen to specialize. In the March 10 issue of the CPA

Journal Arvid Mostad, CPA published an article in which he set up Seven

Marketing Guidelines. His first guideline was Create your own special

niche. (Mostad p.54) He goes on to encourage small firms to establish an

area of expertise. (Mostad p.54)

This develops significant implications regarding firm longevity in a

capitalistic market of industry upswings and downturns. An example of

this is the construction industry in the Baltimore-Washington corridor.

The industry experienced phenomenal growt h in the Eighties followed by a

near halt. The result? many small to medium size firms following the

advice of specialization went belly up along with their clients. This

uncertainty exists with any firms who specialize. !

Firm specialization clearly is n

The final implication of the new competitive market is client

turnover. Gone are the days when firms could guarantee retaining a client

by providing a quality service at a fair price. New market pressures

require firms to constantly evaluate pricing st rategies, and, in some

cases bid on jobs yearly. This creates high levels of client turnover.

The result is firms must always actively seek new clients. Several

drawbacks of this are increased overhead costs to firms, less stability,

and greater servic e cost. Firms overhead costs increase because the

expenses of replacing clients must be absorbed. This expense comes from

both marketing tools used to attract clients, and costs of preparing a bid

to perform a service. Firms which previously served a client base from

year to year must face the uncertainty of retention of their client base

now. The cost of providing a service to a new client greatly exceeds that

of providing the same service to an existing client. When !

providing a service to a new clie

Now that the difference in the competition aspect of public

accounting is established emphasis is changed to examine the ethical

implications derived as a result. In the area of ethics one must examine

differences in independence, and integrity, and eva luate the changes in

quality of service resulting from these areas.

When examining independence one must maintain an emphasis on the

competitive structure of the market and new pressures in the area of

client retention. Independence, one may argue, never existed before;

however an assumption is made that independence, t o some extent,

historically exists. With the competitive structure now present the

process of gaining a new, and retaining an existing, client has become

increasingly costly and time consuming. One may then infer that once a

client is obtained, a firm would wish to do business with that client for

an extended number of years, in order to realize the benefit of expenses

incurred. Put simply, a firm would not look kindly toward a partner who

lost a new client. This, inherently, decreases auditor indep endence

during the first several years of the engagement. The partner overseeing

the audit must always concern himself with the consequences of losing the

engagement. Previously, firms worked mostly with longstanding clien!

ts and the relationship developed

The second major area of ethical effect is that of integrity.

Competition has resulted in some firms damaging the integrity of the

profession. This damage has occurred mainly through pricing practices.

Two deviant practices have become commonplace in todays market. These

are below cost pricing, and discount pricing. Many firms have adopted

policies of below cost pricing as a tool of market penetration,

(Formichella p.1) implications regarding the motives and integrity of

these firms must be explo red. Is it reasonable to assume that a firm

would be willing to absorb a loss from an engagement, or would a more

practical assumption state that firms which lowball would seek means to

cut service costs at the expense of quality? It is not possible to answer

this question; however its mere existence creates a damaging effect on the

integrity, or at least perceived integrity, of the profession.

The second pricing strategy which is cut-rate pricing provokes

similar questions. In his commentary Mario Formichella states the

following

It is no longer unusual to find firms willing to

take on work at substantial discounts from standard

fee levels. While there may be justifications for

performing services at reduced rates during off-peak

periods in special situations such as for non-profit

institutions or similar organizations, the extent to

which this practice has grown cannot be justified

on any logical or professional basis. (Formichella p. 81)

The distaste shown by Mr. Formichella in the area of cut-rate pricing

shows it as an issue of concern and one which damages integrity. Mr.

Formichella goes on to call for the implementation of professional

standards to prohibit actions such as this which

are damaging to the image and integrity of the profession. One would

have to agree with his statement; however difficulties arise, in the area

of monopolistic activity when guidelines are established regarding pricing

strategies across an industry. Unf ortunately the profession must rely on

the integrity of individual firms to guard against this strategy. As a

result, this is a practice likely to continue, albeit damaging to the

profession and those which rely on the statements made by the profession.

The existence of advertising in public accounting creates a new

environment to which firms are still adapting. This new environment is

largely the result of increased competition and a clientele which is

increasingly more bottom line oriented. In order

to compete firms must place more emphasis on marketing and accept it as a

cost of doing business. The result of this will be more difficult

penetration and an increasingly limited number of small firms in the

business. Market pressures also are forcing

creating situations where ethical issues such as independence and

integrity are questioned making it imperative that the AICPA create

guidelines from which the evolving profession must base itself. In the

age of deregulation accounting jumped on the boa t, now it is becoming

increasingly fashionable to re-regulate, accounting, as a profession must

not miss that boat, lest they drown in the result-- government

intervention.

Please note that this sample paper on Ethics in Accounting is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ethics in Accounting, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Ethics in Accounting will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Kaizen

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Jeffrey B. Cloutier

Internship - Avery Dennison Office Products Co.

Project Kaizen

Custom writing service can write essays on Kaizen

Spring 00

Kaizen

Many observers consider kaizen-a philosophy of ongoing improvement involving everyone, from top managers to the lowest level worker-to be the single most important element in Japans competitive success in manufacturing. One commentators characterization of kaizen distinguishes Japans process-oriented view of thinking from the Wests innovation-and results-oriented view. In practice, kaizen is a system for communicating ideas up and down the company hierarchy; everyone is encouraged to seek out and exploit new opportunities, and institutional barriers to the information flow are dismantled.

The kaizen attitude helps to explain why Japanese firms are so adept at exploiting new technology, even when they are not its originator. Kaizen-driven firms do not suffer from not invented here syndrome. Ideas are not the exclusive preserve of R&D, corporate planning, or market research; every new idea is welcomed and channels are forsaken.

An example of Kaizen's effectiveness is at Avery Dennison Office products were the simplest of just having areas cleaned and organized has improved the uptime of the machinery. These gains were achieved through a series of kaizen programs that searched out improvements that cut time by as little as two to three physical steps or even to seconds.

The logic of kaizen is that breakthroughs result not from massive reorganizations or large-scale investment projects but from the cumulative effects of successive incremental improvements. Rebuilding a factory, wrote William H. Davidow and Michael S. Malone (The Virtual Corporation [New York Harper Business, 1], 118), requires replacing almost every brick in the old plant. Do that too quickly and the structure will collapse. The only practical way is through kaizen.

To be sure, quality programs and reengineering share a number of common themes. They both recognize the importance of processes, and they both start from the needs of the process customer and work backwards from there. However, the two programs differ fundamentally. Quality programs work within the framework of a companys existing processes and seek to enhance them by means of what the Japanese call kaizen, or continuous incremental improvement. The aim is to do what we already do; only to do it better. Quality improvement seeks steady incremental improvement to process performance. Reengineering, as we have seen, seeks breakthroughs, not by enhancing existing processes, but by discarding them and replacing them with entirely new ones. (Michael Hammer and James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution [New York HarperBusiness, 1], 4.)

The difference between kaizen and business process reengineering is fundamentally a difference in duration and magnitude of change; kaizen posits change as a sustained series of incremental adjustments, reengineering as an all-out commitment to wrenching reconstitution. Kaizen charges management to prioritize, standardize, and improve. Standardization and measurement are the keys to kaizen. Without detailed and specific metrics of quality and performance, there is no basis for moving forward; goals that cannot be measured are just rallying cries.

Characterizing kaizen as simply continuous improvement trivializes the concept and portrays it as cautious and lacking in imagination, a criticism frequently leveled by advocates of business process reengineering. More typically, the implementation of kaizen reflects a radical commitment to an entire way of operating that requires floor-to-ceiling change in management, work, manager-worker relationships, discipline, decision-making, and the organization of knowledge that transforms an organization into a federation of problem solvers. Continuous improvement treats every variance from target as a problem to be solved and everyone as a responsible contributor.

At my current employment, there are many types of Kaizen's in the workplace. At Avery Dennison Office Products Co. located in Chicopee, Ma. I had the privilege of working on an event that took place in the maintenance crib. The first 40 hours of the internship were based on the following

· Kaizen and 5 "S" Training.

· Team building for the event.

· Working in the "crib".

· Presentation to the Plant wide Leadership team.

· Team lunch at Adelphia's in South Hadley.

After the initial kaizen blitz, the reaming hours were spent working on the organization of parts, counting parts, updating the PMC 000 inventory and establishing a bar code system.

During the remaining hours I had the privilege of working with other members of Avery Dennison. These other members consist of group-leaders form various departments. The departments were paper, electrical, o. & p. (sheet protectors), binders, and the printing press department.

The reason for these meeting was so each individual could help me identify parts, properly label them and enter them into the PMC 000 computer. Each member helps with explaining a common nomenclature for the parts. If you enter a part into the computer system that you think is called one thing and members from the floor go and look for it under a different name then you have a part that can not be found, thus you are wasting time.

I also was given the opportunity to work with an outside vender. The vender was Festo Co. Festo Co. is a manufacturing company that deals with pneumatics. Such parts well deals with are air regulators, unions between different size air hoses, and fittings, ect. During my dealings with Edward Sullivan I was given the opportunity to price negotiate. Working with Edward I learned a lot about parts that we need and do not need. Edward was very helpful and understanding when it came time to deal with my inexperience.

Things that learned from this internship were that the maintenance department is not one of my strong suits. I feel that since I am a young adult and some of these machine parts were older then I am, I struggled at times. Plus the scope of this internship was to big for the period of time I had to work with it. Remember that Avery Dennison is my current employer, so working 16 hours a week on this project plus during the week doing my normal group-leaders job was stressful. Thankfully I was able to hand over the project of implementing a bar code system to another individual who works on this project about 16 hours a week also. About 60% of the project was completed during my internship.

So what is kaizan and the 5 "S" lean manufacturing?

The Japanese word KAIZEN is now well known on the floors of factories all over the world. It is written with the two kanji characters at left. KAI means alter, renew, reform, or to be corrected, among other meanings, and ZEN means simply good (source The Kanji Dictionary, Spahn & Hadamitzky). In everyday Japanese, KAIZEN means improvement. For people in factories, though, KAIZEN means a lot more than that. It means the relentless process of finding and eliminating MUDA (or waste). That is why KAIZEN is sometimes translated in English as Continuous Improvement, because experts felt that saying merely improvement gave the wrong impression. MUDA is everywhere. Eliminate it and you will find it in new places. And so KAIZEN is endless.

A common misunderstanding of the word KAIZEN is that it refers to Japanese factory management practices in general. This may be due to the fact that often people learn about these practices in a KAIZEN EVENT, or Continuous Improvement

Remember what Henry Ford once said

"Time waste differs from material in that there can be no salvage. The easiest of all wastes, and the hardest to correct, is the waste of time, because wasted time does not litter the floor like wasted material."

This is one of the reasons why manufacturing plants in the U.S. are serious and commented to Kaizen and the 5 "S" of lean manufacturing.

Essential in the Lean Manufacturing Structure is

The 5S Philosophy

Seiri Seiton Seiso Seiketsu Shitsuke

The use of the 5Ss in our Kaizen Workshops is a basic part of the process. This is the finest piece of easy information about this subject that I have ever seen. The 5Ss are explained here as a very simplified but thorough and feasible process.

How can I improve efficiency, work organization, quality, safety and housekeeping and protect my investment at the same time? Avery Dennison Office Products Co. decided that the 5S process could effectively impact the way his company does business.

Based on Japanese words that begin with 'S', the 5S Philosophy focuses on effective work place organization and standardized work procedures. 5S simplifies your work environment, reduces waste and non-value activity while improving quality efficiency and safety.

Sort (Seiri) the first S focuses on eliminating unnecessary items from the workplace. An effective visual method to identify these unneeded items is called red tagging. A red tag is placed on all items not required to complete your job. These items are then moved to a central holding area. This process is for evaluation of the red tag items. Occasionally used items are moved to a more organized storage location outside of the work area while unneeded items are discarded. Sorting is an excellent way to free up valuable floor space and eliminate such things as broken tools, obsolete jigs and fixtures, scrap and excess raw material. The Sort process also helps prevent the JIC job mentality (Just In Case.)

Set In Order (Seiton) is the second of the 5Ss and focuses on efficient and effective storage methods.

You must ask yourself these questions

1. What do I need to do my job?

. Where should I locate this item?

. How many of this item do I really need?

Strategies for effective Set In Order are painting floors, outlining work areas and locations, shadow boards, and modular shelving and cabinets for needed items such as trash cans, brooms, mop and buckets. Imagine how much time is wasted every day looking for a broom? The broom should have a specific location where all employees can find it. A place for everything and everything in its place.

Shine (Seiso) Once you have eliminated the clutter and junk that has been clogging your work areas and identified and located the necessary items, the next step are to thoroughly clean the work area. Daily follow-up cleaning is necessary in order to sustain this improvement. Workers take pride in a clean and clutter-free work area and the Shine step will help create ownership in the equipment and facility. Workers will also begin to notice changes in equipment and facility location such as air, oil and coolant leaks, repeat contamination and vibration, broken, fatigue, breakage, and misalignment. These changes, if left unattended, could lead to equipment failure and loss of production. Both add up to impact your company's bottom line.

Standardize (Seiketsu) once the first three 5S's have been implemented, you should concentrate on standardizing best practice in your work area. Allow your employees to participate in the development of such standards. They are a valuable but often overlooked source of information regarding their work.

Sustain (Shitsuke) this is by far the most difficult S to implement and achieve. Human nature is to resist change and more than a few organizations have found themselves with a dirty cluttered shop a few months following their attempt to implement 5S. The tendency is to return to the status quo and the comfort zone of the old way of doing things. Sustain focuses on defining a new status quo and standard of work place organization.

Once fully implemented, the 5S process can increase morale, create positive impressions on customers, and increase efficiency and organization. Not only will employees feel better about where they work, the effect on continuous improvement can lead to less waste, better quality and faster lead times. Any of which will make your organization more profitable and competitive in the market place.

The following PowerPoint document is the presentation that was put together for the plant leadership team at Avery Dennison Office Products Company. This presentation concluded the first 40 hours of the internship.

Work Cited

Kaizen Training Material-Avery Dennison

www.fredharriman.com

The Virtual Corporation

Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution

The Kanji Dictionary

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How important are perceptions to the study of politics? Can we speak of 'pure' Eastern & Western, Northern and Southern political forms?

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In recent times, many Eastern countries have begun to acclaim "Asian Values" as principles for the West to perceive and respect. There may be numerous reasons for this phenomena, however the strongest one would have to be that they feel endangered by the sudden influence of Western culture and demands for democratisation and liberalisation as a result of their past economic expansion. This essay will endeavour to analyse the perceptions and values of the East and West, and also establish why there are different political forms around the world. Also, it is important to realise that there have been many anti-western and anti-eastern attitudes and sentiments since the end of the colonialism which will be examined in this paper. "It is not simply a matter of pitting the virtues of Asia against the vices of the West."

Encouraged by modernisation, global politics is being reconfigured along cultural lines. Political boundaries increasingly are redrawn to agree with cultural ones ethnic, religious, and civilisational. Cultural communities are replacing Cold War blocs, and the fault lines between civilizations are becoming the central lines of conflict in global politics. Further, Samuel P. Huntington believes that these cultural differences do not facilitate cooperation and cohesion but promote conflicts for a number of reasons. Firstly, everyone has multiple identities, which may compete with or reinforce each other. Secondly, the alienation of cultural identity creates the need for more meaningful identities as the power of non-Western societies stimulate the revitalisation of indigenous identities and culture. Thirdly, identity at any level-personal, tribal, racial, or civilization can only be defined in relation to an other as opposed to the like us. Fourthly, the sources of conflict between states and groups from different civilisations are mostly those which have always generated conflict between groups. Fifthly there is the general prevalence of conflict between States. Just as most nations are aligned with a particular civilization or grouping there are others which have difficulties aligning and finding commonalties amongst societies.

The background behind the formation of these ideologies began during the first fifty years of this century which were devoted mostly to ending colonial occupation. This was symbolised by such people as Mahatma Gandhi of India and Aung San of Burma who were rebelling against Western colonialism. Later, the Cold War was marked by protest movements with mixed ideologies lacking a clear commitment to democracy. It was during this phase that the political doctrine known as Asian values came to being. Finally, since the end of the Cold War, there has been a search for democracy in Asian societies.

When defining the Asian culture and values, it must be recognised that Asia is famous of its diversity. However to define and compartmentalise the values implies that there is an homogeneous society, when the reality is that the region has a huge diversity of languages, religions, cultures, history, political systems and intra-Asian rivalries, prejudices, hatreds, etc. The value systems that are based on Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam or even various forms of Shamanism, differ a lot from each other. Anwar Ibrahim supports this observation in the book Asian Renaissance, and agrees that Faith and religious practices of the East are very important in developing a strong Asian society;

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"It is religion rather than any other social force which makes Asia a continent of infinite diversity. Thus, the renewal of faith and the assertion of multiculturalism is a vital component of the Asian Renaissance.

S. P. Lim in his article Understanding and Distinguishing Asian Values has named main differences between "Asian" and "Western" values based on a survey conducted by David Hichock. In 14, the former Director of East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the United States Information Agency, David Hitchcock conducted a survey comparing East Asian and American values. The results found that six societal values most prominent amongst the East Asians were first, having an orderly society; second, societal harmony; third, ensuring the accountability of public officials; fourth, being open to new ideas; fifth, freedom of expression; and sixth, respect for authority. Alternatively, the six most important societal values for the Americans, a dominant Western country, sampled were first, freedom of expression; second, the rights of the individual; third, personal freedom; fourth, open debate; fifth, thinking for oneself; and sixth, the accountability of public officials. The five most important personal values stressed by Americans were co-ordinate by self-reliance, personal achievement, hard work, achieving success in life and helping others. However, the most important personal values emphasise by East Asians is respect for learning, achieving success in life, self-discipline, fulfilling obligations to others, and personal achievement.

This report indicates that the Asians polled think in terms of collective principles and not individual values. Societies are not built on the individual but on the family and community. The developing nations of East Asia believe that without development, freedom is irrelevant, and without strong state guidance, development will never come. Asian societies position social and economic rights and the right to economic development over individuals political and civil rights. It is argued that economic development will be achieved more efficiently if the leaders are authorised to restrict individuals political and civil rights for the sake of political stability.

In the international political arena however, the concept of Asian values became a defence against criticism of human rights abuses by UN human rights agencies and the international community. It was said that Asia had its own ways and was not bound by norms and standards formulated in UN conventions. The West argues that the Asian values are being used to justify the undemocratic and hypocrisy of the authority to confine the human rights.

"Western nations are fearful of a coming culture war with the booming nations of East Asia, and Asian leaders are exacerbating those fears by emphasising Asian values as an alternative to those of the West. In fact, there is no such thing as Asian values and the best dynamic for ensuring greater representation in Asia isnt a human rights campaign but Asias own appetite for capitalist entrepreneurship."

Western leaders, scholars and the media always claim that Asian authorities are ignoring human rights abuses, particularly in China. As a result of these accusations Asian countries have been keen to remind the USA and European countries of their human rights records, which include abuses in the United States recently where the 00th execution was carried out since the reinstatement of the death penalty in the 170s. Asians officials have also argued that human rights ideology is based on "Western values" and has to be recreated again in such a manner that it suits Asian belief systems as well. In fact, it had been stated that

"to say that freedom is Western or unAsian is to offend our own traditions as well as our forefathers who gave their lives in the struggle against tyranny and injustice."

Samuel P. Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations suggests that world politics is entering a new phase. Huntington believes that the great divisions amongst humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be in the cultural form. Nation states will still remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. Huntington states

The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.

It is largely argued that Asian values were the doctrine formulated by a new Southeast Asian elite, well known among whom were General Suharto of Indonesia, Lee Kuan-yew of Singapore and Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia. These people claimed that strong government was essential for the modernisation of Asian economies. By implication, democracy was derogated as a path that led to inefficiency, insolvency and poverty.

After the Asian financial crisis in 17-8 some leaders in Asia haven't been that enthusiastic to defend Asian values. For Southeast Asia the 'golden age' of exponential growth, rising real incomes, and social consensus is over, at least for a while. It showed that this famous Asian way of doing business is not necessarily any superior than western market economy or their value system based on individualism.

Two perceptions exist of the power of the West in relation to other civilizations. The first is of overwhelming, triumphant, almost total Western dominance. The disintegration of the Soviet Union removed the only serious challenger to the West and as a result the world is and will be shaped by the goals, priorities, and interests of the principal Western nations, with an occasional assistance from Japan. The second depiction of the West is very different. It is of a civilization in decline, its share of world political, economic, and military power going down relative to that of other civilizations. Further, this view proposes that the West is now confronted with slow economic growth, stagnating populations, unemployment, huge government deficits, a declining work ethic, low savings rates, social disintegration, drugs, and crime.

The twenty-first century is witnessing the end of the progressive era dominated by Western ideologies and are moving into an era in which multiple and diverse civilizations will interact, compete, coexist, and accommodate each other. The perceptions of these distinct political forms influences many national and international decisions. Currently, the revival of religion occurring in many parts of the world including a cultural resurgence in Asian and Islamic countries, has been generated in greatly by the East's economic and demographic enthusiasm.

Anwar Ibrahim, Asian Renaissance (Times Books International, Singapore, 16)

Editorial Research Reports, America's Changing Role (Congressional Quarterly, Washington, 174)

John Baylis, Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford, Oxford 001)

Mahathir Mohamad, A New Deal for Asia (Pelanduk, Kuala Lumpur, 1)

Mehran Kamrava, Politics and Society in the Third World (Routledge, New York, 1)

Phillipe Aghion, Jeffery G Williamson, Growth, Inequity and Globalization (Cambridge, Cambridge, 18)

Richard J Stoll, Michael D Ward, Power in World Politics (Lynne Reinner, London, 1)

Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations Or, the West against the Rest (http//www.lander.edu/atannenbaum/Tannenbaum%0courses%0folder/POLS%010%0World%0Politics/10_huntington_clash_of_civilizations_full_text.htm)

S. P Lim, Asian Values (http//uk.geocities.com/tafk/sneeze/asian_values.htm)

Steven L Lamy, Contemporary International Issues (Lynne Reinner, London, 10)

T. B. Miller, The East-West Strategic Balance (George Allen & Unwin, Boston, 181)

Thi Lam Speech, (http//www.pacificnews.org/content/pns/16/mar/01asianvalues.html)

Trilateral Commision, East Asia and the international System (Trilateral Commision, New York, 001)

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In discussing the nature of morality there exists two major positions that an individual can take. One can argue for the existence of a universal, autonomous body of moral codes that pertains to all possible situations, one that is independent, unchangeable and timeless. One could also argue for a subjective morality, that is, a case where morality is owed to an immediate rational deliberation in the name of the collective good. Following is a discussion of both of these notions as they pertain to the work of two very influential philosophers', Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Thomas Hobbes, known for his book The Leviathan, argues for a subjective morality. Hobbes saw morality only as an incidental condition rising as the individual attempts to remove themselves from the ravenous state of nature. Locke, on the other hand, believed morality to be a universal body handed down from god and applied by an exercise of reason.

To best understand the position of Hobbes and his moral philosophy it is important that he is introduced as a political philosopher. Hobbes was interested in the development of a commonwealth, with a dominant sovereign, and its capacity to offer the individual increased power and security. Only by entering this commonwealth and subjecting oneself to the decree of the sovereign, Hobbes felt, did the need for a moral concept arise. The route to Hobbes's morality, therefore, begins with his understanding of the individual and the associated state of nature.

For Hobbes, the state of nature is the condition in which humans exist without institutions or collectively agreed upon authorities, it is selfish, violent and chaotic. The state of nature is this way, according to Hobbes, due to the innate nature of human beings. Hobbes held that humans are essentially physical machines cared only to satiate their needs; they desperately seek what they require and consider others merely as obstacles to their goals. In the state of nature Hobbes believed this innate human way ruled, and because no preconceived notions about human worth exist, morality immerges as backward and irrelevant while hostility reigns. This can be further understood in a quote from Hobbes himself, which reads "to this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust."

Hobbes also sought to explain the kinds of actions humans are capable of. He felt that each person was capable of two kinds of action, vital actions and animal actions. Vital actions referred to the involuntary actions of the physical body; they include elements such as the beating of the heart, the lungs facilitating oxygen exchange, and the elimination of waste. Animal actions, more importantly, describe human voluntary motion, they are believed to originate in the mind and give rise to voluntary actions. Hobbes termed this voluntary action human endeavor, of which he claimed there were two kinds, appetite and aversions. When human behavior is directed toward that which causes it, the behavior is said to be a reflection of an appetite. When human behavior involves striving to avoid that which causes it, the behavior is said to reflect an aversion. The significance of Hobbes' notion of endeavors is that appetites and aversions that are unbound represent the state of nature. That is to say, the defining feature of Hobbes' state of nature is the fact that in such a state humans live only to quench appetites and remove aversions, and furthermore, they are free to do anything in their capacity to achieve this goal. Humans are free in the sense that, as mentioned, no assumptions pre-exist. One can note the particular intensity of this notion from Hobbes' own words, which state "The passions that incline men to peace, are fear of death; desire of such things as are necessary to commobious living; and a hope by their industry to attain them."

After describing Hobbes' notions thus far, one may now turn to his concepts of the commonwealth. Hobbes felt that the highest achievement of civility came a humans agreed to enter into a collective society, or commonwealth. In a commonwealth Hobbes stated that each member agreed to give up a portion of the freedom of will they maintained in they state of nature. The condition of one individual surrendering part of his freedom is met in the commonwealth by the condition of another surrendering an equal portion of their freedom, this is met to reduce the chaos and remove one from the state of nature. For example, one agrees to the boundaries of his neighbors land, and in return his neighbor agrees to the boundaries of his land. In defining their property both men no longer have to fight constantly for the basics of survival, they now have the opportunity to produce excess, survive longer, and live happier as they are now more secure.

From this notion of the commonwealth one can now discuss Hobbes' ideas of morality. Morality for Hobbes arises in the rational decision of the human creature to escape the state of nature and enter the commonwealth. That is to say, in the commonwealth the individual assumes a series of laws or agreements, which increases their security. Breaking these laws then becomes the greatest sin as in such a case those involved are returned to the brutish state of nature. In the commonwealth the individual must adhere to two central principles, the right of nature and the law of nature. The right of nature stipulates that even in the commonwealth your unlimited in actions when your life depends on it. The law of nature has three parts. The first stipulates that you must not take your own life, and furthermore you must choose the best means to preserve it. The second stipulates that one must practice compromise and allot as much freedoms to them as they would allot to others. The third law stipulates that the individual maintain the agreements made of the commonwealth. These laws provide the boundaries of Hobbes' commonwealth; they are the lines separating society and the state of nature.

Morality, therefore, according to Hobbes involves living by these laws and thus enabling the individual to avoid the state of nature. In addition to these fundamental laws the collective group also agrees to a number governing sub laws, they give full power to a sovereign to enforce these laws, with the ultimate objective of maintaining the compromise of freedoms. With this, one sees' as the essence of Hobbes' theories subjectivity in the fact that laws are developed by the collective, for the collective.

Problems, however, exist with Hobbes' theories. Hobbes fails to account for all the capacities of humanity and as such his ideas fail to depict an accurate picture of human civilization. Hobbes' most fundamental error is his exclusion of human reason. From his exclusion of objective human reason, as something driving the search for pure knowledge, one can attack his model of the state of nature and by extension the concepts that follow from it.

By purposing that humans are driven simply by the desire to fill the void created by needs, Hobbes fails in attempting to account fully for human voluntary motion. One cannot claim that humanity in its best exercise of reason aims to merely reduce obstacles, and at the same time say they may produce excess in this negative space. Moreover, the fact that excesses do exist adds further controversy to Hobbes' theory of the productivity of the commonwealth. These excesses can be seen in the expression and development of pure, as apposed to applied knowledge. To account for these excesses one must add a concept to human nature that dissolves Hobbes notion of the state of nature, the concept that humans are active beyond the realm of practical gain. This new definition of endeavor or voluntary motion implies that the active pursuit of pure elements supercedes need satisfaction. If need satisfaction was utmost, one becomes caught in a circle, perpetually satisfying needs from which stagnation develops and no excesses grow.

From these new definitions, in the revised state of nature individuals seek to constantly improve and are never satisfied with just enough. This by extension suggests an innate value for all things, as the world and its inhabitants draw enough worth for one to desire to improve upon them. The ravenous state of nature as described by Hobbes therefore is incomplete and as such not telling of humanity.

The fact that humans are capable of diverging values further alters Hobbes notions, particularly its subjectivity. The existence of human value diversity suggests that in our active efforts to constantly improve, one is uncovering new territory and not creating it. This is implied because the error that exists between individual values, if our efforts are progressive, suggest an attempt to merge to the same answers. What one is attempting to uncover in a constant quest, therefore, is something timeless and universal, an objective not subjective law that exists beyond the individual. These kinds of efforts can be understood with a brief look at the teachings of Aristotle. Aristotle held that morality existed as a mean between excess and deficiency. That is, to live morally one should search for the middle ground, for example continence as apposed to incontinence or insensibility. Some individuals fall into incontinence, some into insensibility, yet they will always push to reach the timeless, objective mean of continence as it offers the best, most consistent life. One can then extend Hobbes' morality beyond upholding subjective creations, and claim it as part of the objective truth that individuals seek. One now values humans in as much as they value themselves. The equality in value across humans arises because equality is the mean between inequality and honor. Furthermore, equality alone allows for constant improvement as humans work with and not against one another. This co-operation is different then the agreements of Hobbes' commonwealth because humans are now attempting to improve one another not simply to stay out of each others way. Acting moral becomes an end in and of itself. Finally, according to the revisions on Hobbes' theories, the commonwealth is not a different kind of human existence but an improvement in degree only.

The second philosopher to be discussed is John Locke. Like Hobbes, Locke had developed his own political and moral theories, however, they were very much the contrary to Hobbes'. The most fundamental principle of Locke's morality is its autonomous and objective nature. Locke's morality in this sense exists as an equal with the natural development of other institutions including religion and politics. Locke's notion of the natural condition of man holds that, although there are no agreed upon institutions, humans are free to do as the chose only within the bounds of reason. This can be best understood within Locke's own words, they are "To understand political power, right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions…within the bounds of the law of nature…" From god, Locke argued, we have inscribed within us all that is moral and just and we uncover this through an exercise of reason. In this light one can see that, because we come from an omnipotent maker, and that we exist under their providence and creation, some morality always persists even in the natural condition. We uncover this persisting morality in our exercise of reason, given to us by god. Locke states this in the quote "…and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will consult it…" Some of these moral precepts of Locke's natural condition of man include the notion that you cannot kill yourself, or other's unless your life depends on it as were our maker's property and about his actions. This notion also rests on the precept that were all the same and equal as individuals as our creator has made us all equally, therefore we inherently must maintain a certain degree of concern for another's well being.

Locke did maintain that laws are to be enforced, even in a state of nature, yet this chore is up to each individual in an exercise of reason. In Locke's society therefore, all power is not given to an all-powerful sovereign. Instead, an impartial judge is appointed who must answer to the people as a whole; this is to facilitate a balance between reparation and restraint. That is, in Locke's society two rights exist, that of reparation and that of restraint. Reparation allows one to punish a transgressor of others and society, while restraint ensures the punishment fits the crime. Fundamentally, what this means is that the appointed judge can forgive the offender if it is best for society. Locke also imposed several conditions on man in a society. First, he stated that no man can judge his own case of transgression for his own self love will bias him. Second, he developed an argument for capital punishment. This argument stated that any individual committing a relatively serious crime, murder for example, removes himself from gods prescribed humanity and can thus be punished as such.

From his theorizing, Locke maintained one very fundamental problem to explain. Because Locke felt that, as revealed through scripture, god gave the earth to all mankind in common he had to explain the element of private ownership. Locke explains this by suggesting that we take for ourselves for the duration of our life that which we have worked for. That is to say, Locke felt that we all have an inborn property in our own person, and therefore, by the labor of this body we work to earn possessions such as hunting and fishing. Locke did describe an exception to this rule, which is, in circumstances where resources are particularly low, the right of restraint swells. That is to say, in a case of impending starvation one may freely steal bread to feed their family. Furthermore, Locke put a restriction on how much an individual can amass or own. He held that it was wrong for any individual to take from the world more than they need, including land and food resources. If one takes more than they can use, others must go without, moreover, wasting that which god has provided and given us reason to use properly is a transgression against this providence and society.

This objective tune of morality is both prescriptively and descriptively convincing. The reason that Locke speaks of is an undeniable element of humanity, and the term reason by definition suggests the pursuit of something objective, not emotional or subjective. Furthermore, the strength of reason that Locke explains, the kind that separates humans from animals, accounts for the possibility that humans act upon the world, they don't just react. This notion of the active human is compelling as it accounts for all the successes of history, including artistic achievement and medical discoveries, while discrediting the notion of negative ambition as no excess could come from this.

Prescriptively Locke's theories are also very seductive. In purposing that we live in the name of our own preservation as well as the preservation of other's one is inspired. Living with this kind of respect for the world and the people in it, while adhering to the objective search to better respect this world suggests the opportunity maintained in a society can increase exponentially. Each individual is working toward the same goal along the same principles.

Locke's notions have also been to a certain extent shared by many influential thinkers. Some of the thinkers that share a view akin to Locke's include St Thomas Aquinas and Plato. In his doctrine of natural law Aquinas describes a similar concept of moral law, he saw it as something given to us from god that reason allows us to discover. It is not, however, the reliance of god that gives the ideas of both men the power in objectivity. More important than the belief in its roots is the adherence to reason itself, this practiced by all people must by definition must guide all view a particular circumstance equally, squashing biases and thus inequality. Of course, no human can always judge completely free of their own emotional biases. This emotional bias does not, however, have to rule humanity. If humans pursue reason objectivity will persist because in that pursuit a certain level of consistency is maintained.

Plato offers a much less theological approach to objective morality. Plato theorized about an ideological world of forms. This world maintained no direct connection to the physical world and it held in it the perfect concept of all human pursuits. Plato held that it was the human responsibility to seek to reduce ignorance of this world in order to best imitate it, which included universal concepts of morality. For both Plato and Locke, the individual must, through the exercise of reason, seek to uncover a persisting moral world. This moral world then units all people in the objective pursuit of it, and regardless of its origins humans begin to work with, and for one another.

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American dream or Nightmare

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Life, liberty and happiness are the famous words every American hears throughout their

lifetime. These words are part of America's history written in the Declaration of Independence.

America is the only country where the pursuit of happiness is actually guaranteed in writing. But

the American Dream has become the American nightmare. People today are so busy

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dreaming about what they could be or have a right to be, they lose sight of what is really

important. Seeking the dream has become a game. Achieving the dream is not a goal, but a

distant hope. Today it is the pursuit of happiness that overshadows everything. Life and liberty

are taken for granted. Americans today are constantly reminded and told how to pursue the

dream. And more often than not, it is someone else's dream. The old-fashioned idea of a simple

life with a decent house in a quiet neighborhood, with a steady job and a couple of healthy

children is no longer enough. Today, both spouses must work so they can afford bigger houses,

drive fancier cars, take better vacations and accumulate more things. Children come along later

only if financial security is more certain. Today's generation finds itself unable to duplicate or

surpass their own parents'standard of living.

In this analysis we will be discussing diffrent views on what the pursuit of happiness and the

American dream are. The American Dream can be defined with many different aspects. It is

unique to each individual, family, group, race and class. The Constitution of the United States

and The Declaration of Independence say it all. Americans have the right to live in perfect union,

domestically tranquil and without fear of war. In addition to the right to "Life, Liberty and the

Pursuit of Happiness." Since the discovery of the Americas, people from all over the world have

come to the United States in search of a better way of life. America has the third largest

population in the world ( ). Today, any person who enters or lives in the

United States is free. Free to speak their mind, practice any religion, become educated, to be

secure in homes that they own. In America you can work hard at any occupation you choose and

hopefully you will become rich. For some it can mean a well paying job, while for others it can

be the difference between life and death, and for all freedom. Freedom that we as American

citizens take for granted.

Americans define success as how much money you have. Everyone in America wants to

achieve financial success in their life in one form or another. Sometimes living in a capitalistic

society entices many to become too materialistic. For most Americans, this high status is very

difficult to achieve. Most Americans see the American dream as becoming rich young

and having the opportunity and will to do what you please with your wealth. To many

foreigners it is just to escape poverty and retain a better life. The reason behind chosing this

topic is because even though the American dream is different to all people it also always

involves one common factor, the almighty dollar.

Success is not how much money you have, or what you have, or even if you are happy with

what you have. Success is being happy with who you are. For many people social status

and fame can be their dream. Many attempt to be something they are not. Struggling to be part of

a higher class of people can lead to failure. A persons self confidence can be shattered in the

process. There are people who were born in the United States who do not realize that our

freedom and rights are wonderful privileges. Privileges that has cost a lot of blood, sweat and

tears from our immigrant ancestors who came to the United States from all areas of the world,

chasing their American dream.

The ideals of freedom and happiness that started this country are something that everyone

wants. Our history has been a roadmap for that. From the time of the Revolution until recently,

Americans found themselves better off in each generation. Achieving the American dream dates

back to the time when Christopher Columbus discovered America. Since then, there have been

deals, agreements, treaties and even laws passed to reach the dream. During most of the 18th

century, Great Britain ruled the area that was to become the United States. The colonial men

wanted to be free and independent from British rule. They were tired of the injustices imposed

upon them. On July 4th, 1776, representatives of the American Colonies wrote and ratified the

Declaration of Independence. This document ranks as one of the greatest documents in human

history, as well as the first step taken by Americans to achieve the American dream ( ).

Independence Day is celebrated every July 4th to honor its great and meaningful background. The

dream of religious freedom and economic independence was started when the fifty-six members

of the Continental Congress signed their names for all the American people. From that point on

men have strived to become rich (gold rush, bootlegging, stock market) and educated.

Although the American Dream is considered to be the link that binds society, there are

some individuals that do not posses the link. The African Americans have been struggling for

many years to obtain the piece of the American Dream, their place in America. By the middle of

the 1th century, one issue stood out in opposition to the dream that all men were created equal,

slavery. This issue was so hotly contested that the nation was divided into two. Only eighty-five

years after achieving independence, the nation fought against itself to either abolish or uphold

slavery ( ). The dream for Negroes was to be free from slavery. To own land, marry and

have a family living within the same home, to eat in public areas and use a public restroom. To

have the same rights as any White man. In 1865, they won the fight to be free but were still not

considered equal. In 1870, Black Americans won the right to vote, but their fight to be equal was

far from over( ). From then to the 150's they then fought for desegregation, the right

for proper schooling. They won equal rights in 164. Today, there are still African-Americans

that feel they are being oppressed and treated unequal.

Losing sight of the dream and what it meant, the four-year Civil War caused more casualties

than all wars combined. When the war was finally over, America started on a period of great

economic growth. As great wealth was accumulated by the cattle barons, the railroad companies

and the industrial giants, most Americans did not succeed to anywhere near the same degree.

American society was split into those with money and those without. The richest few achieved

the dream of freedom, wealth and happiness, but left the vast majority in an almost hopeless

state. For most, the hopes of reaching the American dream would remain just that, a dream.

During the 10's, the American dream was based purely upon materialistic things. For

women in the late 1800's to the early 100's the dream was to have the right to vote and to be

treated equal to men. In order to vote you had to be a landowner, which few women were. In

addition, women were not considered to have the ability to reason as well as men, therefore they

could not vote. Eventually, women proved they could reason as well as men and won the right to

vote in 10. The 1th Amendment to the Constitution was a long, hard and treacherous fight for

the key members of the movement, but they worked hard and never gave up.

As the 0th century rolled along, so did the economy for a chosen few. But that all came

toppling down in October of 1 with the stock market crash. Many of the richest people,

banks, factories and stores lost millions of dollars and left Americans jobless. The crash started

the Great Depression. This was a worldwide business slump of the 10s. The Depression

ranked as the worst and longest period of high unemployment and business activity in modern

times ( ). The dream needed help as most Americans depended on the government and

charity to provide them with food and jobs. Many of the relief programs not only helped in the

short term, but also laid the groundwork for the economic revival to come. The last half of the

0th century saw economic development, a fall in unemployment and accumulation of wealth by

many, rather than the few. But with this prosperity came a desire to gather even more wealth and

riches and leads us to the problem with the American dream today.

The American Dream of having a comfortable debt free life has somehow deteriorated over

the years. It used to be about working hard, having a good honest job, and being loyal to the

occupation. Now those things are not as important to individuals in America today. What has

happened to the "American Dream"? Why doesn't it continue being the same? There are many

reasons for these downfalls. One of the major problems is the economic inequality. The

corporations have set their own standards. This began in the 70's when the power started shifting

to the big corporations. They began to donate money, making their voice become politically

heard. This earned them the title "Big Campaign Contributors", decreasing the average persons

national voice (Domhoff, G. William, Who Rules America?). But, that didn't suffice their greed.

The Corporations then continued taking power by having political figures support them control

over labor unions. As a result, rule changes began to be made and accepted. That means that for

the labor unions, their voice was beginning to be less heard. A good example is the health

insurance companies blocking the reform for a non-profit universal health care system. The

organization of taxes also contributed to the rule changes. There were big tax cuts for the

corporations and wealthy, while tax raises for the hard working middle-class families.

The model of two kids, a dog and a house in the suburbs may not be reachable for many

Americans, but it can also be looked down upon by many that are pushed and driven to surpass

it. What makes it sad is that while they are attempting to acquire even more wealth, status and

power, they can lose sight of their marriage and their children. You often read of highly

successful businessmen who state that they deserve their success because they work fifteen to

twenty hours a day, six or seven days a week. What time does that leave for anything else?

The basis of this report, which is the pursuit of happiness, and mainly the American Dream,

has always been present in the lives of all living things. America is the land of opportunity, the

country that beckons to so many people, calling to them with the promise of freedom to live

their lives as they see fit. As our National Anthem states, the United States is "the land of the

free and the home of the brave." The motto of the United States, E Pluribus Unum, means "from

many, one." The United States has many different cultures coming together to form a unified

whole. But the most important aspect of America is freedom. In a very general sense, America

gives people the opportunity to live their lives the way they want to. In America, you can literally

be anything you want to be. It won't be handed to you, but with a little bit of hard work and effort,

your dreams can come true. America is a place where you can voice your opinions without

having to live in constant fear of being punished for your beliefs. You may not be completely

accepted, but at least you have the chance to stand up for your beliefs. In America, you can truly

be the person you want to be.

In conclusion, The downfall of the American Dream has occurred for many reasons.

Economic inequality, corporate deceive, and class difference are just a few. We as people and

part of American society must look in ourselves and not contribute to what these big

corporations and political figures are taking part of in order to pick up the American dream and

form a more perfect union. While not entirely perfect, America has a lot going for it. There is no

other place in this world where you can find the same opportunities offered in America. America

is truly "the land of the free and the home of the brave." America is the country where dreams

can come true. Will it still be good for Americans to dream, or will the nightmare overcome us?

(Declaration of Independence)

(National Anthem)

(Constitution of The United States)

(Domhoff, G. William, Who Rules America? )

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Table of Contents:

Presenting Winamp3

Some features to try out

About Winamp3

How to start Winamp3

Notes

Some known issues

Presenting Winamp3

More than 3 years in the making, Winamp3 is the culmination of Nullsoft's

attempt to create a whole new type of software: the ultimately skinnable

program, also known as the highly metamorphic application. We rewrote everything

from scratch while doing our very best to preserve and enhance those

subtle qualities of Winamp that make you (and us) love it so much. While doing

that we even managed to create a software platform known as Wasabi.

Welcome to the next generation: Winamp3.

Some features to try out:

- The main system menu is available to you, in any skin, with a right click

on almost any part of the player. It is also available if you click on the

little waveform icon to the left of the + menu.

- Grab the little resizer control in the lower right and stretch your Winamp3!

Use the + button to make it transparent (on win2k and xp)

- Control-P is a convenient shortcut to get to the Preferences window.

- Click the eject button to pick some music files on your hard drive and

play them.

- Turn on the crossfader. (The button just to the right of the eject

button).

- Click on the little Winamp logo (the flashing lightning bolt icon in the

lower right of the main player piece) to bring up the Thinger, if it isn't

already displaying. The Thinger allows you to open and close component

windows (like the playlist editor, or the skin switcher, or other components

you might install) and otherwise interact with the components you have

installed. If you right click on this logo you get a shortcut menu to

toggle each window.

- The playlist editor supports multiple playlists and multiple editors now.

Try hitting Control-N to get a new playlist editor.

- If you miss the J key from winamp 2.x, try hitting F3 in the playlist editor.

- The media library, availble both through the Thinger and through the "ML"

button, can sort and display your music collection if it has been tagged

with ID3 information. At first, your database of music is empty. It grows

as you add new files to your playlist or when you add more files to it via

the "Add to Library" button in the lower left. It takes a little while

to read all the info from the files after you add them, but once it's done

you can try clicking on the available queries to see what it's found.

Once you find some music, you can drag and drop it into the playlist editor.

You can also drag-and-drop files from Windows Explorer windows directly

onto the playlist editor or the main player piece.

- All windows naturally "dock" to each other when they get near. You can undock

any docked window (including the main player) by holding down either SHIFT

key while dragging it.

- If you hold down the CONTROL and ALT keys while moving a window, every

window will move along with it.

- There's lots more, so explore!

About Winamp3

What is Winamp3? Why Winamp3? Winamp3 is more than an excuse to have "mp3"

built right into our product name. Winamp3 is our attempt to create a

brand new methodology of complete customizability of the media playback

experience via a system of component programming (which adds new functionality

to the program) and a brand-new skinning system (to present the features of

the program to you.) Collectively, this new technology platform is called

Wasabi.

Our component system gives developers unprecedented access to the program by

encouraging them to build directly upon our coding platform (named Wasabi) and

add brand-new functionality to the entire system. We provide an SDK (downloaded

separately) packed with working C++ code taken directly from our own components

and Winamp3 itself so developers can immediately start creating great new

components on top of our code.

New functionality is packaged in the form of "components". They are similar

in idea to general-purpose plugins, except Wasabi components can actually

leverage each others' features instead of only using the main Winamp services.

Components can add a new window into the system, or just provide a new type

of service to the system (like decoding a different type of media file, or

displaying a brand-new type of visualization). Winamp3 comes packaged with

some standard components, such as the playlist editor and skin switcher.

Also, we have completely revamped the skinning system. In fact, we have

revamped the entire idea of a skinning system. Winamp3 goes way beyond the

idea of skins that are merely free-form. Our skins are both free-form

and fully scriptable. Skinners (and now, scripters) can invoke nearly any

UI behavior they desire in their skin, from changing a bitmap or vis mode

to dynamically blending and rendering brand new interfaces on the fly.

Another important reason for Winamp3 is portability. Wasabi currently runs on

the win32 platform (Win95/98/NT/ME/2k/XP/etc). We are progressing nicely on a

Linux version as well, and we have plans for more operating

systems/environments to receive support in the future. This means that

components built on Wasabi will be easily recompilable for other OSes and

architectures, and skins won't need to be modified at all to be

totally portable.

How to start Winamp3:

(as originally written for the internal alphas)

(on a French keyboard)

(by a drunken Brennan)

(with my left pinky)

(blindfolded)

Start Winamp3 via whatever method you prefer. That would mean either clicking

the quickstart icon, the desktop icon, or by projecting your awesome mutant

powers onto a nearby human and exploding their brain in such a way as to cause

variations in the sunspot cycle which causes in turn a freakish burst of

neutrinos to blast forth from the sun's molten innards (the advanced student can

use a nearby star and a buttload of patience) flipping a bit in your computers

Instruction Pointer (usually referred to as IP except on the SPARC platform

which uses the notation PC, for Program Counter) causing it to jump to the

part of Windows that is secretly programmed in at the last second that causes

it to feel remorse for sucking so damned bad and always crashing and deleting

all your work right when you were JUST ABOUT to hit Save, no really you were,

and while wallowing in this black pit of despair and self-loathing it hits it,

hey, I know what would make the world a better place, if I was running

Winamp 3.0, and it does.

Notes

- About the HTTP reader:

The proxy string can be either: "user:password@host:port", "user@host:port" or "host:port"

If "port" is not specified, 80 is assumed.

- About the video support:

When in fullscreen, you can use any Winamp3 key to control the playback and

also use the mouse wheel to control volume.

Doubleclick on the fullscreen window or press "ESC" to go back to normal mode.

- About CD playback:

The CD reader will first try to digitally extract the tracks, so it can

provide you with gapless and crossfadable output along with visualisation.

The digital extraction relies on an ASPI manager being installed on your

computer. It'll also try to use the internal ASPI NT manager, but it might

not work on all CD drives. If digital extraction doesn't work properly, try

installing an ASPI manager. Check out the following page for detailed

instructions:

http://www.windac.de/eng/sup02.shtml

If ASPI is not found, the WA3 CD playback component will then fallback

into a MCI type CD playback (like Winamp 2 does).

Some known issues

- if no file is valid in a playlist, hitting play enters an endless loop

Found one we missed? Go to http://bugzilla.nullsoft.com:3430/ and help us

out by reporting it. Or email to aus@winamp.com. Or let us know your thoughts

in our forums at http://forums.winamp.com/

Sincerely,

Brennan Underwood

Francis Gastellu

Christophe Thibault

Justin Frankel

Steve Gedikian

Mig Gerard

and the whole Nullsoft team^H^H^H^Hsemi-digested hunks of meat

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