"Every Day Use"

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Alice Walkers "Everyday Use" shows how each member of the Johnson's family chooses a different path according to the circumstances in each of their lives. The Johnson's live in the rural south where they are forced to depend on their land and livestock to survive. Although Mrs. Johnson is uneducated, she does everything possible to provide for her two daughters. Ironically, each girl looks at their heritage differently. One has a realistic view that accepts both the positive and the negative aspects. The other chooses only to embrace the positive. Walker uses the mother's point of view to illustrate the disparity between two sisters' views of their heritage.

Mrs. Johnson describes herself as a "big-boned women with rough, man-working hands" (115). One night she killed a bull calf between the eyes with a sledge hammer and "had the meat hung up to chill before the nightfall" (115). She is a mother of two daughters, Maggie and Dee. The story begins with Maggie and Mama Johnson waiting in their yard made of hard clay they had cleaned for Dee. Mama is not only waiting for Dee's arrival but she is waiting for Dee's approval. Mama tells us she dreams of redemption from her oldest daughter. The dream takes place on Johnny Carson's show where Dee and Mama reunite embracing each other with tears. From this dream we learn about how Mama's views Dee's attitude toward her. She says she was "the way my daughter would want me to be a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barely pancake. My hair glistening" (115). Mama is not only saying she desires to be respected by her daughter, but the dream shows us she is not moving out of the way she has always lived since she hasn't changed her physical appearance or culture behavior. Mama believes she has a certain place in society compared to the white people. When approaching whites she says "my head turned in whichever way is farthest from them" (115). Her oldest daughter however, "would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature" (115).

Dee has style, wits, and a determination to get out. According to Nathan Baker, Dee lives in a polaroid world. She only wants to frame her home, get its borders, but not be involved in her family's life. She skips out on what really matters. Dee hates the home she grew up in and Mama thought she hated the family until they raised enough money to send her to school in Augusta. She shoved her knowledge in Mama and Maggie's face by reading books and telling old folk's habits to them. Mama said "she wanted nice things and had a style of her own" (115). When the girls were younger a house fire burned their house down leaving scares on sweet little Maggie. Mama knew then how much Dee hated her life and home by her excitement of the house falling to pieces. Dee wrote to Mama a few times to tell her that "no matter where we "chose" to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends" (115). Maggie asked Mama, "Mama, when did Dee ever have friends" (115).

The reader is not told the age of Maggie, but we do know she is living with her Mama and about to get married. Maggie is nervous of her sister's arrival and eyes her "with a mixture of envy and awe" (115). She believes her sister held life in her own hands and "no" was a word her sister hated. Maggie's shyness and unintelligence might be due to her physical appearance. Mama describes her "perhaps a dog run over by some careless person" and "her skin still burnt from the fire" (115). We see from the beginning of the story Maggie dislikes her sister. When Dee and her guy friend steps out of the car, Maggie makes a dash to the house avoiding her sister's presence.

The first action Dee does when she sees her family is run to get her Polaroid camera. She begins snapping pictures of Mama and Maggie. Again we see Dee doesn't want to be in picture she just wants her heritage and culture seen in the photo, skip the experience and get out of the picture, but still have the photo.

Mama is shocked when Dee tells Mama her old name, Dee, is dead. Dee says "I couldn't bear it any longer being named after the people who oppress me" (1155). Mama assures her that "Dee" was named after her Aunt Dee. Wagner, Dee's new name, wanted to know who Aunt Dee was named after and who got than name. This is where we first see Dee's confusion about her heritage. She wanted to change her name to an African name since she believes that was part of her culture and skip what really matters. She doesn't realize her name is from her ancestors.

Walker has written the story to show us Mama's anger toward Dee by allowing a change in tenses. After Dee says her name is dead, Nancy Tauten says "when Dee goes so far as to disown her family's identify, Mama reaches a watershed and before could not express her anger but has now been pushed to far" (17). Mama's shift from present to past tense strengthens Mom's voice, giving her more control which will help with her decision over the quilt by the end of the story.

Dee begins to express her feelings to objects in the kitchen handed down by ancestors in an exaggerated manner. She is impressed they still have the benches her "daddy" made, her Grandmas Dee's butter dish, her Uncle Buddy's churn top, and most importantly the quilts from her Grandma Dee.

The difference between Maggie and Dee's view on heritage is first seen in Maggie's statement about the churn top. Dee was telling her guy friend that Uncle Buddy whittles the churn top but Maggie said in a low, innocent murmur "Aunt Dee's first husband whittles the dash" (1156). Maggie understands and knows about there past. Dee found the quilts "in both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn flirty and more years ago. Bits pieces of Grandpa Arles Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, that was from Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War" (1156). The quilt is indwelled with rich ancestral history which Dee felt she needs to be a part of. Mama told Dee she had promised Maggie the quilts and Dee was not happy.

Dee's attitude is trapped in the foreshadowing of the Polaroid frame. Dee says Maggie will put them "to everyday use" and Dee said they are priceless and need to be hanging on the wall. Dee said Maggie knows how to sew and can make some more. Sweet Maggie looks at her hands and remembers her Grandmother teaching her to sew and tells Mama, Dee can take the quilts. Mama remembers when Dee left for college she tried to give Dee the quilts but Dee claimed they were out of styled. Mama now realizes Dee's is confused on her idea of heritage. She only wants the positive things, quilts and memories of her past ancestors, and skips out on everything in between. Maggie appreciates the quilt she reacts and knows the importance of her ancestor's works, and realizes you can not skip out on details. She says she "can remember Grandma Dee without the quilts" (1157). Ironically, Dee is saying she wants part of her heritage by changing her name and wanting antiques, but won't take pictures with her family. Mama puts her foot down and Dee leaves without the quilts.

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Anthology

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According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language fourth edition, published by Houghton Mifflin Company 000, the definition of ¡°Consumerism¡± is;

1. The movement seeking to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising product guarantees and improved safety standards.

. The theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial.

. Attachment to materialistic values or possessions deplored the rampant consumerism of contemporary society. The first two meaning is the ideal meaning of consumerism which expresses the positive aspects, however the third meaning of consumerism parallels to the poems of Bruce Dawe in this anthology.

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Consumerism allows the society to gather new information. The television is the most dominant force of medium that enables the information exchange to happen. It also incorporates advertisements that allow consumerism to thrive. The radio is another medium that provides information to consumers. It appeals to the hearing senses of the consumers to send the message across. The internet is another powerful medium that gives latest and fastest information to people. Thus the above factors help contribute the positive aspects of consumerism and it corresponds with the first two definitions of consumerism.

Consumerism helps our society to become more convenient through advertisements. Advertisements convey information to people that could help the society to become more convenient and also help the economy. The advertisements such as showing a suffering people in the world which evokes sympathy and lead them to donating certain amount of funds is an example. Another advertisement could be a car advertisement. It shows the functions and features of cars very well, so that it resolves people's hesitations. Therefore it can be seen, that by helping the suffering people and resolving the hesitation, consumerism can be a positive to the society.

Contrastingly, consumerism also has negative aspects as outlined by Dawe's poetry compiled in this anthology. His common theme of consumerism, emphasizes the negative effects it has on people. Factors such as loss of innocence, loss of personal values, materialism and conformity contribute to this feeling.

Consumerism leads, to loss of innocence of people. As a reference the poem ¡°Breakthrough¡± shows a little girl ¡°died happily in hospital singing an advertising commercial.¡± This shows that even at death, consumerism plays a big part in a person's life. ¡°Enter without so much as knocking¡± shows the loss of innocence of individuals. As people grow up they become ¡°realistic like every other godless, money-hungry, back-stabbing miserable so-and-so¡± this means that as time progresses people's innocence's becomes obsolete. Moreover in the poem ¡°The not-so-good earth¡± shows the loss of innocence in Western people lives through the TV advertisements ¡°he saw that better than anything, using the contrast knob to bring them up dark-all those screaming faces and bodies going under the horses-he did a terrific job on that bit.¡± This shows that Western people have become desensitizes to seeing other people's tragedy on TV. Instead of having sympathy they become more sarcastic about the advertisements. Thus showing the loss of innocence in people lives.

People lose their personal value due to consumerism. In ¡°Breakthrough¡± it reveals the loss of personal value by starting ¡°Full volume up on the celestial choir! Stand by for action,¡± which evokes the feeling of sarcasm on little girl's death. Thus emphasizing the loss of personal value. It shows the sarcasm of the poem because people normally sympathize one's death, however this poem makes the little girl's death and her ascension into heaven as if it was a scene from a Hollywood production. This devalues one's worth and the commercialism and in turn the influence of consumerism is revealed. Also in ¡°Enter without so much as knocking,¡± shows the devalued family life ¡°A year or two to settle in and get acquainted with the set-up¡± shows that the family life is like a ¡°set-up¡± which seems superficial. Moreover, ¡°this included one economy size mum, one Anthony Squires Coolstream summerweight dad,¡± shows that mum is a good value for money and dad is like a model for a men's wear Anthony Squires. Therefore this signifies loss of personal values within families because of the ¡°set-up¡± like nature and being influenced prominently by consumerism.

Materialism is another component that arises within the consumerism. The poem ¡°Abandonment of Autos¡± shows the materialism of a car owner who disposes of his old car in order to get a new one because ¡°the idea¡± of possibly buying a new car ¡°appeals¡± to him. People just throw away their material belongings even though they can still be used, because they feel as through they must have a new one due to the influence of consumerism. Also in ¡°Televistas¡± it shows the materialism life between young man and woman. They fall in love while watching a TV show and have an incident because of choosing a TV channel. ¡°Their first falling-out took place over candid camera¡± and also they ¡°reconciliate¡± by the ¡°cheezels¡± which shows that peoples live revolve around commercials and its products. Moreover, the superficiality of their lives are emphasized by their materialistic nature.

People lose their individuality due to consumerism. In ¡°Enter without so much as knocking¡± it shows the conformity of a society is restricted by orders such as ¡°WALK. DON'T WALK. TURN LEFT. NO PARKING¡± thus showing a hectic life style of people in today's society. People intend to follow their own individuality, however the commercialized society made people conform with others. This is inevitable because whole world is surrounded by a consumerism. Also in ¡°Americanized¡± it shows the conformity that she is not influenced by the Americanization and she wants to protect her son from it by ¡°not allow him out¡± as ¡°the streets are full of nasty cars and men.¡± Although the boy is exposed to consumerism what one does not know cannot harm them and the ¡°pepsi-cola figurines¡± is the proof. However, the mother when she returns from the outside is overcome by consumerism from the outside world and has conformed with the rest of the society. This ¡°frightening fact¡± is a reality and individualism seems to have no room to coexist with consumerism.

Therefore it can be seen that consumerism has good aspects such as achieving new information, helping society through advertisement and because of this economic can be increased in society. Through TV, radio and internet people achieve latest and fastest information. Also for Bruce Dawe's consumerism there are negative aspects such as loss of innocence, loss of personal values, materialism and conformity. These are driven by hectic life styles that consumerism creates and people's lives revolve around it. Therefore it can be seen that negatives outweigh the positives with consumerism that is further supported by the Anthology of Dawe's poetry.

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An Analysis of The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

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The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius and the Equestrian Monument to Bernado Visconti are two works of art that at a cursory glimpse, look so parallel, both have powerful men on horses, thus equestrian. But each sculpture embodies a polar opposite man at unrelated times in history. A statesman of conflict verses a statesman of peace, a loved head of state as opposed to a detested head of state. One monument sponsored by affectionate supporters after death while the other by money levied by unhappy citizens during the lord's lifetime.

An enormous mission faced Marcus Aurelius when he became the Roman emperor in 161 AD. Generations of extravagance had made the nobles, weak and selfish. The middle class was vanishing, and the working class was being reduced to a state of slavery. Germanic tribes were at the borders of the empire, while few Romans seemed willing to defend their homeland. Marcus Aurelius had been trained in the Greek philosophy, and he followed it throughout his life. He placed the good of society before his own comfort. He put good government into effect, limited the gladiatorial games, and passed laws that benefited slaves. Although he loved peace, he was a good warrior and succeeded in defending the border provinces against invasion. In his spare moments he jotted down in Greek the rules that guided his own conduct. The resulting volume of Meditations was for many generations one of the worlds most accepted books of practical and political wisdom. Marcus Aurelius spent most of his reign on foreign battlefields, trying to defend the frontiers of the Empire. He eventually died while on campaign in 180 AD in the town that became Vienna. (McKay Antiquity to Enlightenment)

A type of imperil portrait invented by the Romans is the equestrian monument meaning, depicted or represented on horseback. The bronze statue of the emperor Marcus Aurelius on horseback standing on the pedestal in the center of the Campidoglio is an excellent fake erected in 17 in preparation for Jubilee 000. The original, which had stood on the Campidoglio since 158, survived a 17 bomb attack, but was then discovered to be deteriorating rapidly from atmospheric pollution. It was carefully restored between 181 and 18 and is now kept under a glass cover in the Capitoline Museum .Twice life-size and originally gilded to look like solid gold; the statue may have been produced after the emperors death in 180AD, when he was deified. Michelangelo moved the original to the Campidoglio in 158 from a position near St John Lateran where it had stood since at least the eighth century. It was then believed to represent Constantine, and that misidentification probably saved the statue from papal melting pots, which consumed statues of so many non-Christian emperors and generals. In later years it was also misidentified as the Roman knight Marcus Curtis, who had saved Rome from destruction by leaping on horseback into an abyss which had opened in the center of the Forum in the time of the ancient kings. Later still, it was identified as Theodoric the Great, the Ostrogoth king. It was only in the fifteenth century that portraits on old coins pointed to the true identity of the man on horseback (Buckler Rise of Rome)

The equestrian tomb of Bernabo Visconti, Lord of Milan sat behind the high altar of the now demolished S. Giovanni in Conca in Milan. The monument is made of marble, and the rider figure was at one point covered in silver and had a golden shield and spurs, these attachments are indigenous of northern Monuments. As a result of his unexpected death the work was never completed. Given that it was being commissioned by Visconti

Bernabo Visconti was an iron-fisted tyrant from Milan; he married Regina Della Scala of Verona which forged both a political and aesthetic alliance between the two cities. Viscontis intrigues and territorial ambitions kept him at war with Florence, Venice, and even the Pope. Sir Bernabo heavily oppressed that part of Lombardy of which he was head of state, and taxed his citizens two or three times a-year, a half or a third of their income; but none dared to speak out against him. Being at war continuously with several neighboring countries and taxing his citizens heavily to finance these military explorations, Sir Bernabo was detested from all angles. While riding from one town to another, considering himself perfectly safe, the lord entered an ambush, men advanced toward the tyrant, instantly capturing him. Sir Bernabo was made prisoner without any defense made by his attendants, and carried to a castle where his nephew was, who much rejoiced his arrival. That same day, Visconti's wife and children were also arrested, and confined by the lord of Milan's nephew, who took possession of all the lordships, castles, towns, and cities which Sir Bernabo held in Lombardy. Visconti died shortly after his incarceration, rumored to have been bled form the neck. News of this was soon spread abroad some were pleased at it, others irritated; for Sir Bernabo had in his time done so many acts of cruelty without reason, that few pitied him, saying, he had well deserved it. (Hill Life in European Middle Ages)

The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was sculpted in 165 A.D. while the monument to Bernabo Visconti was formed between the years 16 to 185. Two works of sculpture with striking similarities erected in different ages, early Roman and Medieval. Both show men of power and conquest on horseback. The largest factor to consider is the status of these two statesmen, while Visconti was powerful; he was equivalent to a mayor today as opposed to the president or emperor Marcus Aurelius, which is evident by the use of marble covered by bronze and gold in Visconti's tomb, and the use of solid bronze in the emperor's statue. The emperor's statue aimed to embody both a warrior and the philosopher. The beard illustrates the Greek fashion set by Hadrian and signifies that he is a philosopher, whereas the toga is representative of a military combatant, the absence of reins on the horse signify that he will no prematurely enter in to violent conflicts. His right arm outstretched in a gesture of clemency. Under the raised right hoof of the horse there was once a small figure of a kneeling barbarian. The Monument to Visconti is a sarcophagus tomb, the rider atop, is wearing a knight's armor to indicate all of Visconti military triumph, there is no fluidity by either the horse or the knight. A scene of the crucified Jesus is also present to denote the monarch divinity status of Visconti.

o Art History Web-site http//witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html

o Buckler, Kathy. Milflan books Rise of Rome New York ; Bulfinch Press [Little, Brown and Co.], 14.

o Hill, David. Life in Europe During Middle Ages. Boston Little Simon, 18.

o Mckay, Eduard. Antiquity to the Enlightenment vol. New York Reinhart & Company, Inc., 176.

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Information technology

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Information Technology is a fast paced and rapidly growing industry. Consequently, the competition in this industry has increased steadily over the years. In order to survive and maintain their market shares, IT-oriented companies, such as IT vendors and/or consulting firms, highly depend on the professionalism of their employees, quality of deliverables (recommendations and presentations) and services, business timing, and industrial (technical and functional) competencies.

ASSUMPTIONS

„h Each of you is an employee of a growing IT service provider/consulting firm. You are expected to show a high-level of professionalism while working as a team, with your peers and the lecturer, on this assignment.

„h The lecturer will act as a Project Manager and will decide on the human resources to be involved in the preparation of the proposal, Web page (if not already available), report, and presentation to the organization/company of your choice.

„h As IT professional, you will assume certain responsibilities. Choose up to job titles/positions that you would like to be, e.g. Systems Consultant, Applications/Systems Programmer, or System Analyst. Ensure that the positions you have selected are reasonable for you to assume at this point. To do so, you should refer to the classified ads on jobs, discuss or interview IT professionals, or read books on IT professions to get a better understanding of the profession you would like to assume. Your choices have to be discussed with the Project Manager during the project meeting.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

„h Each group should select a team leader. The team leader is responsible to submit progress reports at the specified dates and times. Should the selected team leader unable to carry out his/her responsibilities effectively, the Project Manager has the right to remove him/her and select a new one from the team.

„h Each member should contribute and fully understands his/her responsibilities and the Firm¡¦s expectations that will be defined by the Project Manager.

„h Team leaders are responsible to maintain full electronic communications with the Project Manager at all times. Face-to-face meetings are strictly by appointments only.

„h Each group is responsible to create a backup of all deliverables. The Project Manager will not accept any excuses due to system failure.

„h The report MUST be written in grammatically correct English.

„h Your references MAY include catalogues, books, trade magazines/papers.

„h The document specifications should be as follows

„h Font Times New Roman size 14 (bold) for titles, size 1 (bold) for sub-titles, size 1 (normal) for content or subsequent texts.

„h Page number in the bottom-right corner of the page.

„h Page margins top (1 inch), bottom (1 inch), left (1.5 inches), right (1 inch).

„h The report MUST have a title page that is clearly visible without the need to open the cover. Although the group is encouraged to use its own layout design, the title page SHOULD have the following 7 items

„h PUNJAB UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Plus PUCIT Logo)

„h UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

„h Introduction to Information Technology

„h Title of the report

„h Prepared for

The name of the intended audience

The name of the company

Address of the company

„h Prepared by

Team members¡¦ names & student ID

Address of PUCIT

„h Submission Date

CIS Project Report Template

„h First Phase of the Report covers first 14 points

„h In second phase ALL points must be resubmitted by accommodating improvements in phase I

„h The report should have the major items in the following order

1. Title Page

. Table Of Contents

. Acknowledgements

4. Executive Summary (at least 600 words)

5. Introduction

5.1. Project Scope

5.. Project Objectives

5.. Project Deliverables

5.4. Task Allocation

6. Details Of First Client Meeting

6.1. Company Introduction And History

6.. Products

6.. Services

6.4. Customers

7. Organizational Chart

8. Functional Departments

. Details Of Second Client Meeting

10. Problems With The Current System

11. Benefits Of Computerized System

1. Ethics & Security Issues

1. Recommendations for Automation

14.

15. Proposed MIS Solution

15.1. Information Flow Diagram

15.. Detailed Description Of The Proposed System

15.. Hardware Requirements

15.4. Software Requirements

15.5. Network Requirements

15.6. Proposed Budget

15.7. Cost Benefit Analysis

15.8. Screen Shots (User Manual)

16. Conclusion (at least 600 words)

17. References

18. Appendixes

PARTNERSHIP

While you are encouraged to discuss the assignment with your colleagues from other groups, all deliverables presented for assessment should NOT be a joint effort with groups other than your own. External assistance in preparing the report, for example typing, formatting, programming, or graphic designing services, is NOT ALLOWED. Failure to satisfy this requirement means your group will receive an F (FAIL) or ZERO (0) mark for the assignment.

OWNERSHIP

All proposals & reports submitted remain the property of PUCIT. Therefore, ensure you make at least two copies of your group proposal & report.

PRESENTATION REQUIREMENTS

„h The maximum length of presentation is 1 minutes for groups with members and 15 minutes for groups with 4 members. The group should allocate enough time for each member to present and answer questions posted by the client. It is VERY important that every member is fluent in the solution.

„h Ensure that the presentation is properly and professionally prepared, placing emphasis on the relationship of each point presented, convincing alternatives, preparation, language clarity and audibility, flow of presentation, timing, manner/professionalism, effectiveness of visual aids and relevancy of the material used for presentation.

„h Your presentation MUST be run from the computer in the lecture room. No other equipment can be brought in for the presentation.

MORAL OF THE ASSIGNMENT

Information Technology is a fast paced and rapidly growing industry. Consequently, the competition in this industry has increased steadily over the years. In order to survive and maintain their market shares, IT-oriented companies, such as IT vendors and/or consulting firms, highly depend on the professionalism of their employees, quality of deliverables (recommendations and presentations) and services, business timing, and industrial (technical and functional) competencies.

Through this project, you will have the chance to prepare and be exposed to potential challenges and eventualities upon embarking into the industry looking for opportunities. You will also have the chance to be exposed to activities of analytical & critical thinking, team working, providing solutions and services to clients, and demonstrating your communication skills. This project may also be a medium for you to be exposed to the practice of professionalism in a real-world organizational setting.

Good Luck!

Please note that this sample paper on Information technology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Information technology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Information technology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Eclipse Report

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Eclipse Report. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Eclipse Report paper right on time.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Segment Marketing Isolating broad segments that make up a market and adapting the marketing to match the needs of one or more of the segments.

. Target Market a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve.

. Product Position the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes - the place the product occupies in consumers' minds relative to competing products.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

How to develop RJR company's marketing strategy in terms of segmentation, targeting and positioning in order to gain market share for Eclipse?

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

· Timeline considered is before Japan Tobacco acquired RJR's international operations

PREMIER vs ECLIPSE

COMPARISON

PREMIER ECLIPSE

Developments smokers felt like outcasts; nd hand smoke became a bigger issue; more places banned smoking

Target market Sophisticated, upscale, urban, educated, older; over 5 years old; hooked on smoking, but looking for alternatives to quit Adult smokers over 5; slight skew toward women; people who enjoy smoking but don't want to smell like a smoker; don't want to expose relatives and friends to nd hand smoke

Price 5-0 cents more for pack (5%) than other name-brand cigarettes 1st 10 cents per pack above premium brandsnd Priced comparable to premium brands

Ad campaign "The Cleaner Smoke" Steaming teakettle "Imagine a cigarette that smells like this""The smoke that disappears. Your girlfriend doesn't.""Enjoy smoking without smelling like smoke.""Smoke on your couch. Not on your porch.""Smell like your cologne, not your cigarette."

Others Promos - Offered or more packs for the price of 1 Research Favorable response from smokers and non smokers' families and friendsTesting (1) free carton gave video, asked to attend discovery group() Dropped videos; more written instruction to packs

What Consumers Said Smelled like burning lettuce and smoldering tennis shoes Some liked the flavor, some did notDifficult to light the cigaretteLiked that it didn't leave tobacco smell in house and carsWas a novelty for a while; but the new has worn off

RJR's FINAL STEP

· RJR tested the cigarette internationally

· Japan Tobacco (JT) acquired RJR's international operations

· Culturally, Japan stresses being polite and considerate of other people

SMOKER SEGMENTATION

Defined in terms of USAGE

1. ALL THE TIME

· Chain/Heavy smokers

· Very loyal to a brand

· Can seldom be expected to be considerate of non-smokers

. SOCIAL SMOKERS

· Smoke during social occasions

· Smoke because they like it or because of peer pressure

· May prefer a brand or go with brands of friends

. STRESSFUL SITUATIONS

· Stressed smokers

· Smoke more frequently at work especially when they are tense

· Cigarette consumption is proportional to level of stress being experienced

· May prefer a brand

4. "WHEN THEY CAN" SITUATIONS

· Enjoy smoking but can practice delay gratification (i.e. non-smoking areas, being around non-smokers)

· More considerate don't smoke when there are non-smokers

· Smoking is not necessarily tied to specific occasions, but rather to the urge to smoke

5. NON-USERS/TRIAL SMOKERS

· People who smoked before but have stopped smoking because of own reasons.

· For the trial smokers, brand preference is still weak or non-existent.

· For those smokers who stopped, brand preference could still be existent

.

ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION

1. Do mass marketing

· Target all smokers

· Position Eclipse as a substitute cigarette

Advantages

· Biggest customer base since all smokers will be targeted.

· Easier promotion since it is geared towards all prospective smokers eliminating/lessening the need for target advertising or promotions.

Disadvantages

· A few large companies dominate the market.

· Competition is fierce.

· Mass marketing is already a thing of the past and the chances of it working in today's environment are low.

· Failure of Premiere brand when this strategy was used.

· Comparison of Eclipse with other brands might highlight Eclipse's inferiority compared to these brands in terms of flavor and convenience of use.

. Do segment marketing

· Target a smaller segment of the market.

· Position Eclipse as a "different smoking experience"

· Could still be further divided into niches of smokers who stopped, non-users who plan to try, and non-users who have no intention of even trying.

Advantages

· Promotions will be geared towards a smaller group of people giving the company the ability to focus its resources on this segment.

Disadvantages

· Brand preference may still be strong with this segment.

· Brand comparison between their preferred brands and Eclipse may highlight the inferiority of Eclipse in terms of flavor and convenience.

. Do niche marketing

· Position as a "different smoking experience"

· Segment will be further divided into smaller niche.

Advantages

· Resources in manufacturing and promotions will be more focused as compared with mass marketing and segmentation marketing.

· Inferiority of Eclipse with preferred brands in terms of flavor and convenience can be non-existent.

Disadvantages

· Smaller market in terms of prospective customer number.

RECOMMENDATION

Our group chooses Alternative as the best option because of the following considerations

· The company will be able to gear its promotions in a certain direction that will be able to deliver the message the company wants to emphasize to targeted smokers with an impact at a lesser cost.

· The company will have an easier time in convincing their targeted customers in trying their product.

The targeted customers for Eclipse will be those people who belong to the non-user segment who have the intention to try different brands because brand preference is still non-existing. The targeted customer is still looking for the type of cigarette that will best fit his/her taste.

With the initial use of these potential smokers, the chances of other smokers and non-smokers of noticing the advantages of Eclipse in terms of the superiority of the product will be increased. When this people start to appreciate these advantages, the company could then start thinking of expanding the targeted customers to long-time smokers.

4 P's OF MARKETING

· Product (ECLIPSE) lesser second hand smoke as compared to conventional and existing brands. Although Eclipse has advantages with other brands, it will be positioned as the cigarette that gives a "different experience". We will not be positioning it as a better alternative to established brands.

· Place Eclipse will be made available in stores that also sell other brands of cigarettes.

· Price Eclipse will be priced at par with premium brands.

· Promotions although Eclipse will only go for a niche of the market, the company would still need to employ massive promotion with the use of tri-media. The difference that it will have is that these promotions will be all directed to non-users 5 years and below who are planning to smoke or try to smoke.

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Great Mutual Fund Scandal

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The Great Mutual Fund Scandal of 00 is both a surprise and an inevitability. An inevitability because a debacle like the aftermath of the telecom/media/tech boom almost demands a big scandal in the financial markets -- thereby opening a window for some ambitious, heretofore relatively obscure public servant to burnish his resume scourging the malefactors.

It is a surprise as aggregate damage to investors circumstances, and the individual consequences of abuses, were far worse from the excesses of the late, great boom. Whereas the subdivisions of America are full of tech-loaded 01(k)s and depleted online brokerage accounts, the net damage to the worst affected mutual-fund shareholder was a few percent per year. Even the highest numbers from academics indicate an effective transfer from mullets to millionaires in single-digit billions per year, compared with scores of billions of compensation to a mutual admiration society of traders, investment bankers, high-rolling brokers, venture capitalists, preferred IPO customers and corporate promoters in the tech Internet bacchanals of the late 0s. Mutual fund abuses should be only a second-tier excess in a crowded roster.

Nevertheless, the public, while angry about tech and post-bubble losses, seems to make important distinctions. Investors, even small ones, who threw themselves into the speculative maelstrom of the late 0s are generally seen as responsible for their own follies and -- absent extenuating circumstances like egregious broker abuse of discretion -- their losses. The mutual fund scandals resonate differently. A group of fiduciary institutions represented themselves as protecting a class of clients. They failed, accepting and even soliciting business harmful to the supposedly protected classs interests.

The mutual fund scandals are relatively easy to explain. They have unambiguous wrongdoing. Whether Frank Quattrone knew he was covering up culpability by underlining CSFBs document destruction policy can be, recently was, and apparently will be, argued in court. No one is defending allowing a limited number of preferred mutual fund customers to trade after the markets closed, when other shareholders could not avail themselves of the same privilege. The damaged investors tend to be smaller and less sophisticated. The beneficiaries tend to be relatively well-paid industry professionals and private pools of speculative capital. Worse, supposedly abusive behavior was practiced by employees, officers and directors of some mutual funds.

The prosecutors are edging into a compelling theory that mutual funds that represented that they rejected timers while soliciting them defrauded their investors who did not time, by lulling them into leaving their money in an underperforming fund while assets, and the management fees paid on them, were boosted by timers money attracted by the enhanced pile of patsies. In fact, press coverage implies New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzers office is out to try to ban all market-timing, which would present difficulties. Mutual funds, with their emphasis on ready liquidity and unavoidable mandatory cut-off times are designed to be timed. They are intended to allow ready portfolio switching at low cost by retail investors. The line between good active management and bad professional timing is not clear-cut or easy to police. Nor would some solutions -- redemption fees, advance notice on redemptions, delayed evaluation for redemption purposes -- necessarily be popular or beneficial with mutual fund investors as a whole.

The growth of exchange traded funds and other traded financial derivatives might allow a new differentiation between mutual funds, which would be re-categorized as public investment vehicles with significantly diminished liquidity; and public derivatives, which would better reflect immediate market prices. Since, however, much of the public likes actively managed mutual funds as opposed to index funds, which already have much lower fees, look for little clamor for that reform. Similarly, closed end funds have attracted minuscule amounts of money relative to open end funds, notwithstanding all sorts of liquidity provisions. Retail investors are likely to be quite sensitive to decreased liquidity for mutual funds. Moreover, some mutual funds welcomed active flows, made no effort to dissuade them, and openly solicited timers. Similarly, all inconspicuous comers could time other funds. The spectacular pension performance by a group of blue-collar workers recently reported in the Journal implied the practice was hardly a preserve of Wall Streets sharpest.

Press reports say the investigation is moving on to brokerage houses that facilitated timing, often in omnibus accounts, which made even those funds actively policing timing less likely to discover it. To the layman this looks like a mares nest. Shouldnt a broker in such a firm encourage a client to time if possible? The brokers fiduciary duty is to the client, not the fund. How is timing advice, which does not require violating stated purchase or redemption procedures, different from other trading advice, which also presupposes a positive sum game with relative winners and losers? Does the brokerage firm have a duty to police timing in an unaffiliated fund when its timing clients will benefit and its non-timing clients will be hurt? Did the brokerage firm have a fiduciary duty to time when it could in a discretionary account? And affiliated funds? Would the obligations be different, and do they extend to the brokerage arm when the mutual fund is in a separate management subsidiary?

The likely remedies, including hamstrung mutual fund liquidity, less flexible annuity investments and mammoth corporate penalties will play well across the headlines. They may make Mr. Spitzer the Democratic Dewey of our age. They wont, however, address the continuing agency problems that facilitate scandals; many of the remedies for which are already in place.

Corporate penalties come out of the hides of fund management company shareholders. The directors of those companies do not seem to be doing a good job of directing managements to build compensation systems that would actually penalize employees who benefit from abusive policies, especially supervisory managers who were not direct parties to timing arrangements.

Moreover, where are the boards of the funds? Where were they when massive fund flows from timers diluted their reported returns? Did they ever look at dilution from timing in light of what were presumably board policies to restrict timers? Which of them has terminated the management contract of a management company or even announced their intention to consider the question? This is hardly surprising. Fund management fees as a percentage of assets on large institutional accounts have regularly trended lower for years while mutual fund boards, often of funds managed by the same investment management teams as large institutional accounts, rarely, if ever, negotiate fee reductions. The apparent passivity of fund boards is consistent with their customary aggressive defense of shareholder interests.

The question is not one of new remedies. It is one of making old remedies work and requiring investors, in both funds and management companies, to be represented in substance as well as form so that we minimize occasions for repeating the old Street joke that the salesman made money and the fund manager made money and two out of three aint bad.

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Life

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Downloading music

Dangerous?

&

Illegal?

Number of people participating in filesharing 00,000,000

Number of people that went to jail because of the RIAA 0

Number of people that had to pay a small fine to the RIAA 10

Number of filesharers hit by a car and died 10

Number of filesharers hit by lightning 4

Number of filesharers killed for no reason 10

Number of filesharers died of cancer 8100

Number of people that have died because of Sars 106

what is stealing?

legally its often that you have to actually pick it up and carry it away with you

#1

Compare copyrwite violation to stealing something from a shop, or another person.

If i were to steal a cd from a shop, that shop would loose that particular cd - they would not be able to sell it, AND they would have actually lost one of those copies.

when you commit a copywrite violation, (at least from the point of you acquiring a copy for yourself ) they still have their cd in the shop, which can be sold, they don't loose anything, they may not gain a sale of it to you. but there is a difference between that and actually making them loose something.

my point is there is a difference between loosing something and not gaining something.

#

I also think there is a significant moral difference between selling burnt cds and either downloading or uploading them, as selling the burnt cds your doing it for profit.

Consider this; unless you have a lot of money, you probably cant afford to buy all the stuff youve downloaded. So if you were not going to buy it anyway, they have not lost a sale to you.. in effect they have not lost anything in this example.

Im sure if you took a look at what you have downloaded, and that if you had to pay for it all, MUCH of it (not all, but at least a fair bit) you would not have. sure, some of the stuff you would have bought, but probably not most of it. and of course you may do a combination of buying things and downloading them.

of course this point doesnt excuse you for downloading something that you WOULD have bought.

#

who looses out? the creator - yes, (if and only if you would have bought it anyway).

but also the label (in the case of music) is the one that looses the most , since most of the profits go to the label.

Ill consider myself a Pirate before a theif

Are we theives? Did we steal anything? Should we go to jail?

No.

The music industry has prevailed... Im afraid its hard to deny, but they have indeed trapped the common consumer.

We have stolen nothing. Yes, people break the law when downloading copyrighted files, but the law itself is a trap. We dont steal from anyone. Its logically impossible to steal something that the artists never had. What are we doing? Stealing products? Nope... the producers still have a copy, and are making money, so I dont think we stole that... Are we stealing their money? Nope... last time I checked it was technically possible to steal something, unless someone actually had it at some point.

Where Im going with this is that the artists need to face it, theyre not losing money (or should I say, not gaining what they feel is enough) because of piracy. Its because of the fact that the content that theyre releasing simply wont sell. They rely far too much on their albums/movies/games to sell and make money, but when they dont, theyre quick to blame piracy, and its effects... Do the industries really gain satisfaction by suing people individually one by one? Of course not.

As a pp (person to person file sharing) advocate, I still do go to movie theaters to see films Im eager to see. I do buy DVDs that I want to watch. And I even occasionally buy albums that I want to listen to. Everything Ive downloaded, I didnt want to buy, because I felt that the money involved in paying for it wasnt worth it.

If I buy a DVD, I might show my family or friends, and movie organizations might claim due to my actions they lost potential sales because my family members or friends didnt pay to see the movie.

The bottom line is, at no time do I make any money that could have reached the movie organizations.

Kazaa is the same. So what if you want to lend a DVD file to your friend from Portugal who you have never met, or talked to. The bottom line is, there was no money made.

I know that there was duplication of the product but is it illegal to make copies of CDs you brought for the purpose of back up? Is it then illegal to lend these to unreliable friends who never return them?

Creating a backup of something you have already bought is morally okay.

(surely there's no argument there). this doesnt stop some of the content creators from making this difficult however.

By buying something you are essentially buying the rights to that information - this applies to the above, and also to the idea that if say you purchased something on VHS why should you have to pay again to have it on DVD - since your only getting a higher quality copy of something youve already bought the rights to (and were told its just as wrong to commit a copywrite even if the mp or whatever is low quality rather than high quality). so this is morally okay as well

Taping stuff off the radio, recording stuff off tv,etc.. i believe these are technically illegal too, if the content you are recording is copywrited. morally wrong? well i doubt too many people look down upon this sort of behaviors.

The same people fighting against mps ,pp networks, creating the DCMA law, etc are essentially the same groups (or modern day versions of) similar organizations who were against things like

VCRs

Cassette recorders (we were told this would be the death of music!)

Even radio (eg allowing songs to be played on radio)

-All of these things have unquestionably ended up benefiting (overall) the content creators - by a lot. This doesnt prove that mps will boost their profits, and they may well do the opposite. but I don't think it will be as bad as the horror story they say it will be.

now consider the above copywrite violations, and compare that to the 1 year old girl living in public housing who was targeted by RIAA. Clearly she would not have been able to afford that music (or not much of it) so she has not even caused them to not gain money from her. but her family would be doing it tough with trying to pay that $,000 settlement, surely that's hurt her family more, than RIAA loosing the sale of the two cds she might have been able to buy.

Hurt to riaa x cost of cd (minor for wealthy artists and wealthy recording industry) hurt to her family $,000. probably theyll have trouble paying their bills and just getting by.

and why is it that you can get a 50,000 USD fine, and/or like 5 years imprisonment (these are the max penalties), for one, non commercial copywrite violation????

the max penalties for actually stealing the cd from the shop (surely something far worse!) is far less than that.

Putting someone's life in danger for a rd time drink driving offense would be less too.

so there we have it, a legal system where (in theory) the safety of peoples lives are rated less than the cost of one track from a cd.. now that is immoral!!

(one would hope any sane judge would never impose anything even close to the max penalties for one extremely minor copywrite law of course)

In my view, non commercial copywrite violations, the max penalty should be more like the cost of the work multiplied by two (and that is the max penalty). obviously if youre out selling burnt cds the max penalty should be a lot more than that however (this would be a commercial copywrite violation)

The punishment should fit the crime! (this doesnt imply an eye for an eye type justice - only that a minor crime deserves a minor punishment, and a major crime deserves a major punishment)

creating a copy of an mp (one track from a cd is about a dollar or in value in loss to the copywrite owner - if you would have bought it had you not been able to copy it), and that is very Fucking minor indeed (certainly not deserving of a quater of a million dollar fine per violation!)

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HOw Sports Influences America

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How many people in here own something that has a sports related symbol on it? Come on, raise your hands… we're talking shirts w volleyballs, basketballs, baseballs on them, any type of material that you see athletes wear for sports related purposes.hats, headband wristbands, jerseys, high top sneakers…. Now take a look around…. What you do you notice? At least everyone in this room has something that's related to a sport or an physical activity. Sports influence on America is so great that most of us don't even recognize it. We don't recognize the basketball or the baseball on our shirts. We don't notice the fitted cap we put on our head everyday as something that was originally for baseball. We don't even recognize that when we buy gym shoes they're arranged in sports categories such as tennis, running, cross training, football gym shoes and basketball. We walk around here all the time not noticing how much our lives and the choices we make in fashion are based on sports.

Take the headband for example. This was used to soak up the sweat from athletes head. Prominent figures such as Bill Walton, Bill Russell, Dr. J and others used to wear these head bands. Now you have players wearing them in the NBA just to look good. For example… Tim Thomas of the Milwaukee Bucks used to wear two head bands per game… to look good. People also took advantage of the wrist bands. People like Pete Maravich, Larry Bird and Reggie Miller wore those. Now people take the wrist bands and head bands and sport them with outfits.

You know how everyone wears their shorts and pants baggy? Well that all took place when five freshmen from the University of Michigan walked on the court. The Fab Five… Jalen Rose, Chris Webber, Juwan Howard, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson. They publicized baggy shorts, bald heads black ankle socks and high top black gym shoes. Though they never won a championship, they changed the "cool athletes" style forever.

I've never seen any person with as many jerseys and rap icon "Fabolous". It just shows how much influence sports has on the music industry. You know who I thought would've never owned a jersey? Ronald Isley aka, Mr. Biggs in his new "Busted video. But wait…. Because not only do they have jerseys for men … throwbacks and all (throwbacks are old uniforms with retired players names on them or with just old jerseys that whose number still represents the current players) now they have the old type of jerseys they used to wear during the 50's 60's and 70's for women. The tight body hugging jersey and shorts set. They also have Jersey dresses both gown style and mini dress style. If you all saw the 00 NBA all star game Mariah Carey displayed both of these types of dresses. These dresses are very hot on the market right now. SO hot that college campuses are trying to launch college jersey dresses for football.

Sales of NBA merchandise are up 5% from last year with retail sales expected to reach .15 billion dollars. .15 billion dollars!!! We should all be able to conclude that this country is pretty influenced by the sports atmosphere. We watch the games, pick our favorite player, or favorite type of uniform, buy the jerseys wear it, then pick more jerseys that we desire. The same can be said for gym shoes, baseball caps, t shirts, etc. etc. Did you know that Nike is one of the top ten brand names in the world? Now you do.

We can also say that sports is like a comforter. I can give you an example off the top of my head The Great Depression. Because people were out of work, they needed something to keep them occupied; something that took time off of their hands. Sports helped pass time. A lot of communities built a lot of recreation center because people were interested in sports and wanted something to keep them busy. People during the Great Depression also wanted sports to be faster; they wanted it to be more entertaining. So instead of a tip off after every point scored in basketball, they just took it out and kept the game going. And instead of having to heave a big heavy ball in the air for football, they made the ball skinnier so the ball could go further in the air.

We can take a look at the 166 NCAA championship game between Texas-Western and the University of Kentucky. How five black players beat five white players in the championship game. When they beat Kentucky, it changed America. Basketball wasn't just a game for sharpshooters from basketball heavens such as Indiana and Kentucky, it started becoming known in the city. The number of black athletes at major colleges greatly increased after the historical game. Three years after Adolf Rupp said no black player would ever represent Kentucky in a uniform, Rupp recruited a black player.

We could go further back and take a look at Jackie Robinson and how he broke baseballs color barrier. Years after these events happened, America started to integrate. Sports shows that if players can get along on a team together, then people in America should be able to get along with each other.

We indulge ourselves in sports stars lives and their business because the media provides information on them. But we have a choice, to listen and conversate about it. and when Sammy Sosa's bat broke and cork was found in it, it just so happened to be the headline of a lot of newspapers. Or look at Kobe Bryant and him being charged with sexual assault. They broke into regular TV for his press conference. The media brings players lives into our homes and it's very hard not to listen to it. Remember the Baylor case with Patrick Dennehy? We couldn't help but listen to it and talk about how sports causes jealousy amongst people. Allen Iverson, Vince Carter and his bum knee and the media blowing it up saying he's soft. The media gives us a perception of people. Sometimes only the negative. Much Like Allen Iverson who is depicted in the media as a thug basketball player with tatoos who cares about nothing. Allen cares about winning. He cares about his family and his team mates for the most part. Or even Edgerin James who has a gold tooth and braids, who was asked by the Colts to cut his hair and gain a professional look. The media indulges into stars lives to give us the inside scoop so that we'll go to work the next day talking about it. It works. We'll go out, get into arguments over it and sometimes get so mad that it'll change your day. But that's the job of the media. TO get the people involved and increase our awareness on sports.

The media has always been involved in the sports world. When America was in the midst of the Great Depression and attendance was down, sports promoters were trying to think of ways to increase attendance and interest. In 14 Commisioner Judge Landis sold the rights to the World Series to Ford Motor Company. That was only the beginning for powerhouse businesses putting their names on sport related events. For this reason, sports became more commercialized. Maybe this is why sports is so influential. Because it's commercialized. Yeah, you have Mike Jordan with Gatorade, Hanes, Ballpark Franks, and many other endorsements. LeBron with Sprite, I mean almost every superstar athlete has a shoe out; not to mention the lifetime deals Allen Iverson signed with Reebok and T-Mac signed with adidas. What am I telling you? I'm telling you that the reason sports is so influential on America because even those that don't watch it know about it because of endorsements. Sports is a business first and a sport second. I say this because if teams didn't pay their players money there would be no sport which means there would be no jerseys, no headbands, no nothing. Well, okay, there would be that stuff but… it would never sell like it does today.

So when you're looking at the news gathering info about the Kobe Bryant case, just remember that it's most likely going to be the topic of discussion with your friends. And when you look for something to wear for tomorrow, just remember that there might be a chance that you pick out an outfit influenced by the sports world!

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Alcohol

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Alcohol is one drug that by society is taken too lightly. It is not illegal and it is not taken seriously enough by anyone. It is seen as the substance you need to have a good time; substance that should be used only in moderation. Unfortunately this isn't explained in the commercial with the models and celebrities who are usually celebrating in the beach. Many people begin drinking after seeing commercials like these. Unfortunately this isn't the only reason why people begin to drink heavily.

There are many reasons that people begin to drink. First of all they do it to experiment. Some people want to see what it is like; this is why so many people enjoy it as much. The commercials on t.v. invite people to live nice and luxurious, and happy lifestyles that the people in their commercial are living, and this appeals to many. Another thing that many people begin this habit is because they are trying to escape emotional pain. Many people in this generation are stressed or upset and they see alcohol as their outlet and this often leads to excess. This never leads to a solution, and even causes bigger problems in the end. Peer pressure can often lead to drinking too, it is seen as the number one cause. It is very common to see others saying" You should try this drink, everyone's doing it! Don't be a coward!" Many want to fit in and eventually succumb to the others plea to drink. This is especially true in teen years when teens are trying to make an identity for themselves. Another less viewed reason is boredom. Many people are bored, simply because they have too much free time in their hands, and they turn to alcohol to bring some fun into their lives, which this is the last thing you should resort to. Lastly the reason that is mostly linked with teenagers is rebellion. Many teens are making an effort to being independent and "mature" and to some this means doing something you aren't supposed to be doing so that you separate from your parents, this is a method that very seldom works. It isn't easy to find the exact age that people start to drink; it is thought to be from twelve to sixteen, by this time nearly 4% of young people have tried alcohol. Another factor that usually isn't discussed is the parents drinking which also affects when the child will begin to drink as well. If the parent drinks heavily it is more likely that the child will eventually become a heavy drinker too. This is a serious problem that many parents fail to see, or rather would like not to acknowledge.

The effects and problems that come along with alcohol are often hidden from the general public. We associate the aftermath of drinking with throwing up and headaches when really the effects are much, much worse. I'll start off with the short term effects of drinking or the things that happen in a short period of time after drinking. Some of these effects are slower reaction tines and reflexes, heavy sweating, blurry or double vision, nausea and vomiting, lower reasoning ability, lower inhibitions, poor motor coordination, inability to drive a car, slowed heart rate, slowed breathing rate, reduced blood pressure, Anxiety, restlessness, mental confusion, memory loss, coma, and death from respiratory arrest. These effects happen in a short period of time, not even years, but hours and days. At first you are excited, even more sociable. You become more talkative, and more confident. These are the things that the people on t.v. and billboards seem to be feeling. What isn't portrayed is the shorter attention span, the lack of judgment and control, and the emotional instability. Many people don't comprehend as well as when they are sober, they also become drowsy. The next level is confusion, when the person is disoriented, where their vision begins to distort, they can't coordinate their muscles as well as they used to, they stumble and stagger and their speech is slurred. The stage after this is when they don't respond to stimuli , they are less conscious and begin to vomit. The stage after this is when you enter a state of coma due to the intoxication, and this is when you are completely unconscious. The stage after this is sadly enough death, which can occur from respiratory arrest. These things aren't shown in the commercials now are they?

If you thought that these were the only effects that occur, you couldn't be more wrong. Years of heavy drinking can lead to many other body problems, as well as to the mind and emotions, which are equally at stake. The extent of the damage to the body depends on many things such as the duration and severity of the abuse, the gender of the person, and the age. Men are usually more likely to develop an alcohol abuse problem, two thirds of alcohol abusing and dependent individuals are men. Besides these statistics women usually experience more alcohol related diseases than men. Women experience greater physical damage after fewer tears of drinking. The diseases also progress more rapidly in women than in men. Women have death rates 50-100% greater than men in alcohol related deaths. Heavy alcohol abuse is also dangerous for young people. Studies have shown that heavy drinkers at a young age have shown shrinkage in the part of the brain dealing with memory and learning. Alcohol can also prevent teeth from growing full size; it also interferes with bone and muscle growth. People who drink as teenagers have a much higher risk top develop osteoporosis in their later years. Some long term effects of alcohol abuse are birth defects, liver damage, pancreas damage, heart disease, bone damage, cancer, and brain damage. Other health problem include weakened vision, mal nutrition (they drink rather than eat) water retention, skin disorder, dilated blood vessels, heartburn, nausea, gastritis, ulcers, sexual problems, reduced sperm count, less mobile sperm, abnormal sperm cells, menstrual difficulties, decreased fertility, and early menopause. What many people don't know is that there are some alcohol specific diseases. One of these is Alcoholic Liver Disease, which begins with fatty liver. This disease seems to injure the liver by blocking the normal metabolism of protein, fats and carbohydrates. Cirrhosis is another disease thought to be linked directly to alcoholism. This causes Edema and Ascites (when liver loses ability to make protein) and when water accumulates in water and abdomen, Bruising and bleeding, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), itching of the skin, gall stones, toxins in the blood and in the brain, sensitivity to medication, portal hypertension varices, and problems to other organs. Another major problem today is when pregnant mothers drink alcohol. This is called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and it leads to many complications to the unborn baby that are permanent. These problems are both mental and physical, and require a lifetime of special care. Many people regard drinking during pregnancy as an insignificant matter when in reality is very serous, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn fetus. These are some of the endless list of long term effects that affect the human body.

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Many mentors, and teachers and parents insist that the first time that you use a substance it hooks you on to it. Too bad that we don't listen to these warnings, they may be true but most of the population is too stubborn to realize this. We have to take actions to stop it, not only warnings and reprimands. Some solutions that I would offer would be to cut back on the amount of advertisement of alcohol. There are t.v. commercials on the t.v. everyday and at all times. They entice the public to go out and try it, because it seems enjoyable. There are billboards on every corner of the streets, highways, etc. Every time you turn on the radio there are commercials telling their listeners to relax with the newest and "now tastier and lower in carbs" alcoholic beverage. There should be a time set when these types of things should be aired, maybe at night when people that are mature enough go out and drink. I don't say to abolish all alcoholic commercials, because the industry does have to make some money but the goal should be to limit the air time. This will limit the need to use this substance to fit in, and may even lessen peer pressure. Less exposure of the substance means less time to wonder what its like or diminish the craving for it.

Please note that this sample paper on alcohol is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on alcohol, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on alcohol will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Project Planet Challenge Millennial Environmental Awareness

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Did you know that we have a BIG problem in our world? The problem is that there is too much waste being produced by humans. Waste is left over material like paper, lunch bags, cans, bottles, plastic bags, wood and metal. Waste is stuff we throw into the garbage because we do not want to use it no more. Its stinky and filling up the landfill sites. We are littering and polluting the land, water and the air we breathe. Its just too easy to throw papers and other stuff you dont need on the ground. Too much garbage hurts our environment and the animals. When the landfills are full, where are we going to put all that garbage?! We dont want it in our backyard! Instead of recycling, we throw most of our waste away. People litter too much and create too much air pollution. Nobody cares about our world anymore. The problem is that people are throwing away things that can be recycled or composted, like plastic, bottles, cans and apple cores. More people need to learn how to recycle so that there is less waste. Many people still dont care enough to do anything about this problem. Many people simply dont want to recycle. We need to get more people involved in recycling to make a big difference - to make our planet a nice, clean and better place. Everyone needs to take better care of the world and think about the worlds future. Think about it. People really need to use the four Rs Recycle, Reuse, Reduce and Rethink. Our class has thought about other Rs Repair, Reclaim and Responsibility. Some people are trying to make a difference by using these Rs as much as they can...

Waste pollutes the world. This affects everybody. We have become a throwaway society. Why does this problem exist? Perhaps, people think its a waste of time to recycle and they dont care about their environ-ment Not enough people are choosing to recycle. People dont realize how much damage wasting can do and they dont care what they throw on the ground anymore! There is too much over-packaging of pro-ducts and way too many disposable items. They fill up our garbage dumps with plastics, glass, metal and compostable materials instead. How often have you seen candy wrappers thrown on the ground? People throw cans away or into the ditches, and dump garbage, oil and toxic waste in the water. Too many people dont recycle. Do you want to see your planet destroyed by waste? We use toxic chemicals for weeding, cleaning and killing those pesky mosquitos with sprays. These chemicals go into the ground and pollute the soil and the water which causes fish to die. Other chemicals go into the air and make air pollution, like the industries and automobiles. Pollution is a byproduct of industry. Rather than walk or ride bikes or take busses, they drive separate vehicles and the exhaust pollutes the air. All this pollution affects people, birds, trees and other plants. Too many trees are being cut down, destroying the homes and lives of many animals. Tons of paper is made from trees that take many years to grow, only to be wasted in the landfills, rather than recycled. People can get asthma and other diseases. One students grandparents are living next to a landfill site and are getting very sick. Birds could choke and die on plastics. Animals drink dirty, polluted water and they get sick. Maybe, if more people did care, we would have cleaner land, water and air. We have to stop this problem! We should find more ways to recycle garbage, reduce the landfill sites which produce leachates and destroy the environment.

How is the environment affected by all this waste and pollution? When people litter, it pollutes our envi-ronment with garbage that is not biodegradable. Farmers pollute the land when they dump chemicals, fertilizers, and human sewage. The water is polluted when leachates from landfills leaks into the ground-water and get into our water supply. Factories pollute our water (rivers, lakes, oceans, seas) by dumping industrial waste into them instead of filtering and reusing the chemicals and water. When we dump toxic chemicals into the ground, this will kill the nutrients in the soil so that nothing will grow. This can also pollute our water supplies, kill fish, waterfowl and make us ill. Animals can also die from chemicals that pollute the water such as oil and gas. The air is polluted by the methane gas that comes out of landfills. Car exhaust also pollutes the air. Factories pollute the air with the smoke they produce when they burn coal and natural gas to make electricity and heat our homes, offices and buildings. Other poisonous gases like car-bon dioxide, CFCs and even cigarette smoke escape into the air and make it hard for us to breathe, like people with asthma. The air smells from gas fumes and industry. Big factories fill our clean air with pollution. When we clear cut trees, animals and other wildlife will die. Many fruits and vegetables are treated with sprays to protect them from insects. Who wants to eat food with harmful pesticides on them?

Who is affected by this problem? Everybody (every single one of us) and every living creature in nature is affected because it is a big problem! People, animals, birds, plant life, insects and sea life have all been affected one way or another by this problem. We are are all affected by this waste problem. So are many other nonliving things! Factories affect us with the smoke they produce. The smoke goes into the air we breathe. When we breathe that air, we get sick. Other living things get sick form that air too. Some even die! When farmers and other factory workers dump chemicals and sewage into lakes and rivers, it kills the fish and other things that live in the water. It also makes us sick when, or if, we drink that water.

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Being aware of the waste problem is the first step we must all take to solving this global problem. So, how can we correct the problem? How can we make a positive difference to make our world a cleaner, greener place? The second step is to realize that you, yes, you can make a positive difference to help save and pro-tect your environment! In our school, for the last five years, we have been helping the environment by doing a number of different things. Here are some ways we have contributed to make our world a better place.

1. We have been recycling items like juice boxes, milk cartons, cardboard, paper, metal, plastics, glass, wood and pop cans, as much as we can. We are trying not to waste. We wish the everyone in the whole world would do that...

. We have a composter to make nutrient-rich soil for the plants that we grow in our greenhouse (for our garden club) and around our school. We reuse milk cartons to transplant the flowers, herbs and vegetables that we grow. We also save our lunch scraps (chicken num-nums) and apple cores (goat goodies) for a lady on our school staff who feeds them to her animals on the farm.

. We make crafts with recyclable plastics, cardboard and other odds and ends. We even have an Enviro-Invention Convention in our Grade Four classes to see who can come up with neat ideas using all kinds of recycled materials! We had fun and thought it was pretty cool to see how many art projects and toys we could make out of left over garbage!

4. We make booklets out of used one-sided paper. Teachers and students find these to be quite handy and useful.

5. We are also making a website to share information about recycling with others, helping them to become more aware of pollution from the Internet.

6. We are learning about and practising the 4 + Rs as much as we can...

7. Our whole school participated in the SEEDS program and earned the EARTH status. That is, we worked together to complete more than 1000 environmentally - friendly activities!

8. We have had school-wide toy and book exchanges, rather than throwing them away. (It is important to note how caring, interested and supportive our parents and staff and volunteers have been. We appreciate all their help!)

Please note that this sample paper on Project Planet Challenge Millennial Environmental Awareness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Project Planet Challenge Millennial Environmental Awareness, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Project Planet Challenge Millennial Environmental Awareness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mortality

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Mortality in 17

15,5 deaths per 100.000 inhabitants

Men 77.800 deaths

Women 56.00 deaths

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Source Eurostat

By age group

Number of glasses of alcohol (average over last 7 days)

Men Women

18-4 years 10.0 .

5-4 years 10.6 4.1

5-44 years 1.7 5.

45-54 years 17.1 6.1

55-64 years 1.6 5.7

65-75 years 15.0 4.

Among young people

no consumption rare/occasional consumption regular consumption

1-1 years 61% % 0

14-15 years 6% 58% 6%

16-17 years % 7% 6%

18 years 17% 74% %

Source Survey CFES 15

During 14 - 15, a distinct rise in consumption was noted among young people. In 15, 65% of young people between 1-18 years old (70% boys and 5% girls) consumed alcohol, compared with 47% in 14. We noted a considerable increase in consumption of beverages with a high alcohol content for all age groups. In young people between 1 and 1 years old, 1 out of 5 admitted to occasional drinking. Among 17-year-olds, the percentage is 68%.

The number of drunken episodes is also increasing significantly. Today, two-thirds of 1-5 years olds claim they have never been drunk, compared with three-quarters in 14. These drunken episodes are characterized by large amounts of beverages consumed, constantly increasing with age.

Developments over the past few years

Consumption has decreased by 5% between 170 and 10. Wine consumption, a traditional part of the culture, still predominates, while beer remains stable and consumption of spirits is slightly on the increase.

Generally speaking, the percentage of regular drinkers has decreased continually since 181, while the proportion of occasional drinkers continues to increase. The proportion of non-consumers appears to have stabilized following a period of decrease.

Over the last twenty years, alcohol consumption has been characterized by a definite decrease in wine consumption (especially ordinary wines), stability in consumption of spirits, and a decrease in beer consumption. In 15, INRA researchers investigated the stabilization, and possibly slight increase, in wine consumption.

The number of deaths linked to alcohol intoxication is 4.6% of the total number of deaths (figures from 1).

Frequency of pathologies linked to chronic alcohol intoxication 5 per 100 000 inhabitants (details in the table on Europe).

Over one-third of deaths from road traffic accidents (that is, 4,500), one-quarter of suicides and half of all homicides may be directly linked to alcohol. (INSERM, 1)

According to the Road Safety department, in 14, illegal BAC limits were mentioned in 7% of fatal traffic accident reports.

The number of alcohol-dependent persons is estimated at approximately million.

There is no epidemiological survey on fetal alcohol syndrome. In France, the incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome has been estimated at as cases per 1,000 to 1 per 10,000 viable newborns in 11 according to region, the type of calculation and the stage of the disease. ( Alcool et Communication CFES, 17)

Licensing there are 4 different types of licenses depending on the type of beverage

• first-category license for the sale of beverages in the first group non-alcoholic beverages and those with an alcohol level under 1.%.

• second-category license for sale of beverages in the second group fermented, non-distilled beverages (wine, beer, cider, perry), natural sweet wines under the fiscal system for wines, black-current concentrate, and fermented fruit or vegetable juice containing 1. to % alcohol.

• third-category license for the sale of beverages in the third group natural sweet wines other than those in group , liqueur wines, wine-based cocktail drinks, and strawberry, raspberry, black current or cherry liqueurs that titer under 18 degrees pure alcohol.

• fourth-category license for the sale of beverages in the fourth and fifth groups all other alcoholic beverages.

Legal age limit for consumption in public places 16 years (18 years for alcohol in the rd and 4th groups)

Legal age limit to purchase alcohol 16 years.

Legal hours of sale

• in gas stations, it is forbidden to sell alcohol between 00 and 600.

• no sale of alcoholic beverages in automatic distribution machines

• limited consumption in facilities for physical and sports activities (art 4-1-).

• no sale of alcohol in sports events (law dated July 1, 1) (some exceptions are provided for in the texts)

Advertising

Beverage distribution code modified by law number 1- relative to the law against smoking and alcoholism known as Evins Law dated January 10, 11 (art. 17 to 1), in effect since January 1, 1.

All direct or indirect advertising for alcoholic beverages is forbidden for television, films, facilities for sports events, local associations for young people or ongoing education centers.

Sponsoring of sports events by alcohol is forbidden. Radio advertising is allowed at certain times of the day.Message limited to a simple description of beverages

No message inciting young people to consume alcohol is allowed. All advertising must include a health-related message (alcohol abuse may have harmful effects on your health).

Alcoholism Abuse Prevention Measures

Governmental policy on alcohol

In December 15, France adopted the principles and recommendations of the WHO Alcohol Action Plan (1).

The Haut Comit de la Sant Publique -HCSP- (High Committee for Public Health) has been assigned three priority objectives

• a decrease of 0% in average alcohol consumption per capita.

• reduction of damaging alcoholic behavior with health and social consequences.

• reduction of regional variations such that all regions achieve the level of regions with the lowest levels of consumption.

The Caisse nationale dassurance maladie -CNAM- (National Health Insurance Fund) is the institution that provides social and medical coverage. The CNAM finances health expenses, including costs related to treatment of problems linked to alcoholism. The National Health Prevention, Education and Information Fund, created in 188, reports to the CNAM. With a budget of approximately 1 billion francs, the fund is dedicated to prevention of high-risk behavior in general. Its financing program, which must be approved by the government, strongly emphasizes traditional methods of medical prevention programs (vaccination, cancer screening, etc.). The regional health insurance funds are among the organizations that benefit from these funds.

The Comit français dducation pour la sant CFES- (French Health Education Committee) is a national organization under the aegis of the Ministry of Health created by the Secretary of State to develop and implement communication and education programs within the framework of health promotion policies. With nation-wide responsibilities, the organization is developing a methodology to coordinate nation-wide actions and more specific actions in the field. Partners Ministries of Health, National Education, Youth and Sports, and the main organizations, associations and foundations dedicated to promoting health, including, for alcohol, Centers for Nutritional Hygiene and Alcohol Problems and Committees for the Prevention of Alcoholism (see below).

National information campaigns

184-186 a message on moderate consumption, Un verre ça va, trois verres, bonjour les dgats (One glass is OK, but three is too much!) and Un second verre pour leau (A second glass for water).

11-15 campaign for young people. Derogatory message Tu tes vu quand tu as bu? (How do you look when youre drunk?)

17 -000 Et vous avec lalcool, vous en êtes où? (And where are you with alcohol? )

Locations for actions school, companies, health care facilities and all other public venues.

Targets young people, the family, the elderly, companies.

Restaurants

Public eating places go by several names

• Das Restaurant has a varied menu of hot food, including perhaps a Spezialität.

• Der Ratskeller is a restaurant located in the city hall (das Rathaus). Take a look at an actual German menu.

How much can you understand already?

• Die Gaststätte, found especially in smaller villages, is similar to our cafes and is frequently a source of authentic cooking.

• Das Cafe is essentially a coffeehouse that usually has pastries available and occasionally other snacks.

ein Cafe in Wien

• Die Konditorei is a pastry shop, often connected with a Cafe. Here the patron may slowly sip a cup of coffee with Schlagsahne (whipped cream) while enjoying a piece of pastry.

eine Konditorei

mmmm....lecker!

• Especially in the smaller towns and neighborhood Gaststätten, there is usually a table marked Stammtisch. This table is reserved for the group of regular patrons who spend a part of every evening around the table discussing the days events, arguing politics, or playing cards. The Stammtisch is also a part of German private life. Thus a newcomer sits at this table only when he is invited to join the Stammgäste.

Please note that this sample paper on mortality is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on mortality, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on mortality will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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