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Andy Warhol
(18-187)
Andy Warhol began as a commercial illustrator, and a very successful one, doing jobs like shoe ads for I. Miller in a stylish blotty line that derived from Ben Shahn. He first exhibited in an art gallery in 16, when the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles showed his Campbells Soup Cans, 161-6. From then on, most of Warhols best work was done over a span of about six years, finishing in 168, when he was shot. And it all flowed from one central insight that in a culture glutted with information, where most people experience most things at second or third hand through TV and print, through images that become banal and disassociated by repeated again and again and again, there is role for affectless art. You no longer need to be hot and full of feeling. You can be supercool, like a slightly frosted mirror. Not that Warhol worked this out; he didnt have to. He felt it and embodied it. He was a conduit for a sort of collective American state of mind in which celebrity - the famous image of a person, the famous brand name - had completely replaced both sacredness and solidity. Earlier artists, like Monet, had painted the same motif in series in order to display minute discriminations of perception, the shift of light and color form hour to hour on a haystack, and how these could be recorded by the subtlety of eye and hand. Warhols thirty-two soup cans are about nothing of the kind. They are about sameness (though with different labels) same brand, same size, same paint surface, same fame as product. They mimic the condition of mass advertising, out of which his sensibility had grown. They are much more deadpan than the object which may have partly inspired them, Jasper Johnss pair of bronze Ballantine ale cans. This affectlessness, this fascinated and yet indifferent take on the object, became the key to Warhols work; it is there in the repetition of stars faces (Liz, Jackie, Marilyn, Marlon, and the rest), and as a record of the condition of being an uninvolved spectator it speaks eloquently about the condition of image overload in a media saturated culture. Warhol extended it by using silk screen, and not bothering to clean up the imperfections of the print those slips of the screen, uneven inkings of the roller, and general graininess. What they suggested was not the humanizing touch of the hand but the pervasiveness of routine error and of entropy...
Biography
The American artist and filmmaker Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola in 18. There has for years been quite a bit of confusion to where and when Andy Warhol was born, but according to Andys two older brothers and the birth certificate that was filed in Pittsburgh in 145, he was born on August 6th in Pittsburgh. Whether or not this is the day he was born hasnt been proved, but it was on this date he would celebrate his birthday. However, there is no doubt that he died at 61 A.M. on Sunday, February nd, 187, at the New York Hospital after a gallbladder operation. He is considered a founder and major figure of the POP ART movement. A graduate of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 14, he moved to New York City and gained success as a commercial artist. He got his first break in August 14, when Glamour Magazine wanted him to illustrate a feature entitled Success is a Job in New York. But by accident the credit read Drawings by Andy Warhol and thats how Andy dropped the a in his last name. He continued doing ads and illustrations and by 155 he was the most successful and imitated commercial artist in New York. In 160 he produced the first of his paintings depicting enlarged comic strip images - such as Popeye and Superman - initially for use in a window display. Warhol pioneered the development of the process whereby an enlarged photographic image is transferred to a silk screen that is then placed on a canvas and inked from the back. It was this technique that enabled him to produce the series of mass-media images - repetitive, yet with slight variations - that he began in 16. These, incorporating such items as Campbells Soup cans, dollar bills, Coca-Cola bottles, and the faces of celebrities, can be taken as comments on the banality, harshness, and ambiguity of American culture.
Later in the 160s, Warhol made a series of experimental films dealing with such ideas as time, boredom, and repetition; they include Sleep (16), Empire (164), and The Chelsea Girls (166). In 165 he started working with a rockband called The Velvet Underground formed by Lou Reed and John Cale. Andy introduced them to the model and moviestar Nico and she sang on their debut album from 167 The Velvet Underground and Nico. Andy would travel around the country, not only with The Velvets, but also with superstar of the year Edie Sedgwick and the lightshow The Exploding Plastic Inevitable.
On June rd, 168, Valerie Solanis, a rejected superstar, came into The Factory and shot Andy three times in the chest. He was rushed to hospital where he was pronounced dead, but after having his chest cut up and been given heart massage, he survived. Valerie Solanis turned herself in that night and was put in a mental institution. She was later given a three year prison sentence. After recovering Andy Warhol continued to work. He founded inter/VIEW magazine in 16 (they changed the name to Interview in 171), published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again in 175 and continued to paint portraits until his death in 187.
Biography
Out of the tumultuous atmosphere of the 160s came an artist who became the icon of the free spirit. Andy Warhol introduced the world, and particularly an artistically fertile America, to the idea of life as an art. Gone were the days of portraiture and classical sculpture -- this was the era of the movie star, the celebrity, and consumerism. Warhol looked at the life surrounding him and portrayed it on his canvases and in his films, stating that if you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. Theres nothing behind it. Yet, to critics, the most intriguing aspect of Warhol was his private life, an indefinable mixture of artistic creativity, mystery, and sexual scandal. It is this very inexpressibility that comes through in the artists work, giving Warhol an aura of cool acceptability and ambiguity.
Born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 18, Warhol was one of three boys in a Czechoslovakian immigrant working-class family. Growing up during the Great Depression in Forest City, Pennsylvania, Warhol faced an unstable household, further complicated by the death of his father in 14. Three years later, Warhol dropped out of high school and enrolled at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he received his B.A. in pictorial design in 14.
After graduation, Warhol moved to New York, living in a co-ed basement apartment. He was a strange one to the others, being very quiet, young, and having an unusually white pallor. Angry with Warhol for not speaking to her, one of the female occupants of the apartment once threw an egg at him, which hit him in the head. The quiet young artist spent most of his time drawing and taking his work around to agencies in a brown paper bag, as he did not have enough funds for a portfolio.
Intrigued by the odd character who walked into her office holding a brown paper bag, Glamour art director Tina Fredericks commissioned Warhol to design shoes, inadvertently launching him into the world of commercial arts. Gaining the attention of exclusive shoe store I. Miller, Warhol was soon offered an appointment in their art department.
In 14, Warhol changed the spelling of his name because of a credit that mistakenly read Drawings by Warhol for the article Success is a Job in New York. Around this time, his eyes began to bother him, and Tina Fredericks urged him to go to an oculist. Having been told he had lazy eyes, Warhol wore opaque glasses that had a tiny pinhole for him to see through -- these became his signature accessory, even though they were hideous. Warhol dyed his hair a distinct silver, showing a flair for the dramatic that set him apart from other artists.
With the name change and his position in the commercial field, the intrepid artist soon created a niche for himself, becoming known for his exploration of the shoe as a reflection of the person. Warhol captured the essence of various people in his shoes, creating the likeness of celebrities and friends on paper. It did not matter if the shoe features were in the right places -- I. Miller loved his drawings. He received the Art Directors Club Medal for his shoe designs in 157.
Earlier, in 15, the artist had his first solo exhibition, showing pictures drawn for Truman Capotes short stories; unfortunately, the exhibit did not make much of an impact in the art world. By this time however, Warhol had an agent, Fritzie Miller, who got him contracts with big magazines such as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar. He worked with Eugene Moore to create window displays for Bonwits, a department store. The introspective artist, who wore only old clothes, radiated a charm and mystery in both his manner and work that began to be noticed by people in the business.
During this period of development in his life, Warhol came into contact with other cultures, both local and abroad, that were to have an influence on his later artwork. In the mid-150s, he was part of a theatre crowd that focused primarily on the plays of Franz Kafka and Bertolt Brecht; Warhol especially admired Brechts idea of realism and would later apply the philosophy to his work. Influences from abroad came through his six-week tour of Europe and Asia, where he began his own collection of modern art, buying works from artists such as Joan Miró and Larry Rivers.
In the 160s, Andy Warhol combined all of these early influences and experiences into a style that was distinctly his own and yet allowed others to be involved in the creative process. This came to be known in art history as American Pop art, a movement against the original as the bastion of the elite. Warhols outlook on artwork focused not on the end result, the original work of art, but on the creative processes that produced the work of art. Reflecting this philosophy was the artists use of the silkscreen, a process that allowed multiple identical images to be produced by anyone Warhol liked to have his friends create prints using his silkscreens.
Most of Warhols creative work at this time took place in his studio, which he called the Factory. This work, done between 16 and 164, ranged from portraits of friends and celebrities to car crashes to electric chairs to consumer products. Perhaps the most famous of his Factory work -- consumer product images of Campbells Soup, Brillo boxes, green stamps, and Coca-Cola -- distinctly point to Warhols fascination with Americas growing identification with brand-name labels.
In 16 Warhol had his first show in the Stable Gallery. It was a huge success, widely reported in the press and fully sold out. His paintings, manufactured in the Factory, were bought almost as soon as they were shown. People stood in lines at exhibit openings to look at his work. A trendsetter, Warhol and his work were definitely a hot commodity. But in 165, Warhol declared Pop art dead and decided to retire from painting; his last gallery exhibition at Leo Castelli in 166 consisted of Cow Wallpaper and Silver Clouds.
From 166 onward, Andy Warhol concentrated on making films, initially intent on studying the lives of the people surrounding him. The first films for which he gained recognition were shot between 16 and 164, a total of eight hours, with the titles of Sleep, Kiss, Haircut, Eat, Blow Job, and Empire. Awarded the Independent Film Award by Film Culture, this series of films translated Warhols philosophy on painting to the screen the focus was not on the finished product (indeed, most of these films could never be mass-marketed), but on the creative processes that went into the work. Just as Warhol emphasized the fact that others could use his silkscreens and create paintings, so his films underscore the truth that anybody could take subjects and film them. Not only could the subjects be ordinary people, but Warhol also made this often-quoted prediction In the future everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes. Those made famous in Warhols pictures included Baby Jane Holzer, Edie Sedgwick, Nico, Ingrid Superstar, Ultra Violet, and Viva.
Warhol began working with a rock band called The Velvet Underground in 165, introducing them to the chanteuse Nico; to the music of the band he orchestrated an interactive show consisting of images and lights and called it The Exploding Plastic Inevitable. The mixed media showcase created an international sensation when it opened at the DOM nightclub in New York City. It was an onslaught on the senses, and it described in music and art the feeling of young America.
Much has been speculated about Andy Warhols sex life. He featured both men and women in his artistic endeavors, and his entourage was a mingling of the two sexes. Most people tend to think Warhol was gay, and he did have boyfriends. However, it is a mystery as to whether or not he actually was intimate with these men; Warhols attitude was more asexual than homosexual.
On June , 168, Valerie Solanas, the mentally unstable founding member of SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men), shot Andy Warhol two times in the stomach; she had mistaken him for a kind of god, telling police that he had too much control over my life. Warhol spent two months in the hospital recovering from the wounds. This shooting was the inspiration for the 16 film entitled I Shot Andy Warhol.
In 168, Warhol tackled the next level in the artistic medium and wrote a novel called a. a demonstrated the philosophy Warhol had expressed previously on canvas and reel -- it did not take an accomplished author to write a paper. In order to prove his idea, Warhol recorded twenty-four hours of conversation that occurred within the Factory and entitled it a. In 16, he founded the magazine inter/View, and in 175 he published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again. Warhol died in February of 187 from gall bladder surgery complications.
For almost two decades, Andy Warhol had maintained the position of an infamous media icon, notorious for his parties and respected for his artistic taste; he backed young and upcoming artists, lending his support to the development of modern art in America. He had lived for 58 years, helping to develop a new scene for American art and a new ideology in the artists lexicon. Andy Warhols impact on the art world cannot be overlooked, and his influence lingers to this day, from Brain-juice.coms soup can logo to the cinematic techniques behind The Blair Witch Project.
Answers
1) Where and when was Andy Warhol born?
Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 18, on 7 Orr Street in Soho, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents, Julia and Ondrej Warhola, were from a village called Mikova in the north-eastern corner of the former Czechoslovakia, but they immigrated to America before Andy and his two older brothers Paul and John were born. Andys birth date has for years been a topic of discussion and since his birth certificate wasnt filed until 145 there doesnt seem to be any final proof, but most sources say he was born on the 6th of August and it was on this day he would celebrate his birthday.
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) When and how did Andy Warhol die?
Andy Warhol was pronounced dead at 61 A.M. on Sunday, February , 187, at New York Hospital, while recovering from a successful gallbladder operation. He was buried at Holy Ghost Byzantine Rite Catholic Church in Pittsburgh and a memorial service was held at Manhattans St. Patricks Cathedral on April 1, 187.
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) When was he shot?
Andy Warhol was shot three times in the chest on June , 168, by Valerie Solanis. She then shot a visitor at the Factory and tried to shoot Factory employee Fred Hughes, but the gun jammed. Andy was rushed to a hospital and was at one point pronounced clinically dead. Valerie Solanis, who had appeared in the Warhol movie I, a Man, shot Andy, because she felt he ignored her. She turned herself in the same night and spent years in prison.
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4) Was he an albino?
No, Andy Warhol was not a albino. He may have been lacking pigment, but he was not considered an albino.
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5) Was he gay?
Most people tend to think so. However, he was often perceived as asexual. He definitely had boyfriends, but whether or not he actually had sex with them is difficult to say.
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6) What is the exact wording of the 15 minutes quote?
Andy Warhol has been quoted and misquoted on numerous occasions, but no quote has been misused as often as his 15 minutes quote. According to the entry on Thursday, July 7, 178 and Thursday, June , 18 in The Andy Warhol Diaries the quote is In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.
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7) When did he start wearing wigs?
There are different opinions on this subject, but as far as I can see he started wearing a toupee in 15 and then this evolved into the famous silver wig in the mid-sixties. He had dyed his hair silver for some years, but one day he just showed up at the Factory with a huge silver mop on his head and since he didnt act like it was anything unusual, neither did anyone else.
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8) Where did he go to school?
Andy Warhol graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh in 14.
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) When did he change his name?
Andy Warhol drew shoes as an assignment from Glamour Magazine in August 14 for an article called Success is a Job in New York, where the credit mistakenly read Drawings by Warhol.
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10) When did he paint the first Campbells Soup Can?
Andy Warhol talked to the interior designer Muriel Latow in December 161, who told him to paint the thing he loved the most in the world (that being money) and to paint something so common that everybody sees it everyday and that everybody would recognize ... like a can of soup. He started painting these two objects the very next day.
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11) When did he paint the first Marilyn Monroe portrait?
Andy Warhol started working on the Marilyn portraits as soon as he heard about her suicide on August 4, 16. He used a publicity still from the 15 movie Niagara.
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1) When did he start making movies?
Andy Warhol bought his first camera in July, 16 and soon started making silent movies. The first movie he started making was Sleep and after that followed Tarzan & Jane Regained, Sort of.
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1) What was his connection to The Velvet Underground?
Andy Warhol met The Velvet Underground at a club and later hired them to play live to some of his silent movies. They then became a part of The Exploding Plastic Inevitable, which was a multimedia show with movies, music, dancers and a light show. When they released their first album The Velvet Underground & Nico. Andy Warhol received producer credits and painted a banana for the cover.
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14) Did Andy Warhol ever appear in the TV show The Love Boat?
Yes, he did. He shots some scenes in March 185 and theres quite a bit about it in The Andy Warhol Diaries. For more information, please check The Internet Movie Database and search for Andy Warhol.
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15) Did Andy Warhol appear in Tootsie?
Andy Warhol is not credited anywhere for an appearance in Tootsie, because he doesnt act in the movie. However, he does appear on in a photo shoot with Dustin Hoffman in the movie. He is seen for a second with Tootsie, and the rest of the scene is just pictures of the two together. He describes the filming of Tootsie like this in his diaries
Friday, August 6, 18
Ran into Robert Hayes and he said that Greg Gorman the Interview photographer had called and they wanted me over on 18th street near Fifth to be in a publicity photo with Dustin Hoffman who was in drag filming Tootsie, and I thought that sounded like fun. But when I got there, they said, All right, well be shooting your scene soon. They actually were putting me in the movie.
Saturday, December 4, 18
I invited Curley to see Tootsie. We couldnt get in first, they were giving us a hard time, there werent tickets for us that Charlie Evans was supposed to leave. And if I had known at that time that I was actually in the movie which I didnt get paid for - that I appear on the cover of People magazine with Tootsie when she gets famous - I would have been pushier and said that I could take in as many people as I wanted.
16) What did Andy Warhol have to do with the movies Andy Warhols Frankenstein and Andy Warhols Dracula?
He is credited as producer different places, but according to Victor Bockris book The Life and Death of Andy Warhol, Warhol wasnt involved with those movies at all. Bockris uses a quote in his book to prove this
Audiences are laughing at Frankenstein, his sexually repressed bug-eyed assistant, and the doctors sister wife who makes the fatal mistake of seducing a zombie, noted Paul Gardner in The New York Times. When asked what he does, since Morrissey receives credit as writer-director on their films, Warhol says, I go to the parties.
17) Who was Andrea Warhol?
Andrea Warhol was the name Andrea Wips Feldman (148 -7) used for a period of time. On several occasions she introduced herself to people as Mrs. Warhol, but there was no actual relation between Andy and her besides friendship.
18) What is The Factory?
The Factory (or The Silver Factory) was Andy Warhols studio. In November 16 Warhol started working in an old factory building on 1 East Forty-Seventh and in January 164, he asked Billy Name to decorate the whole building in silver. According to Victor Bockris book The Life and Death of Andy Warhol Billy Name explains how it got its name like this One day, Ondine, Andy, and I were trying to think of what to call his studio. We said, well call it either the Lodge or the Factory, and since it was a factory before, lets call it the Factory.
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1) What is Silkscreening?
Ive found an explanation, which might be helpful
Silkscreen printing uses fabric stretched on a frame to hold the stencil designs and to carry the ink easily onto the paper. Open areas allow paint to pass through, and areas blocked by the stencil material screen out the paint.
(Feldman/Schellmann Andy Warhol Prints)
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0) Who shot at the Marilyn pictures?
Im not sure. According to an interview with Ondine in Victor Bockris book it was someone called Dorothy Podber who one day asked Andy if she could fire her gun at a stack of Marilyn Monroe paintings. He said it was alright and so she fired her gun at the paintings. However, in Jean Steins book about Edie Sedgwick he says that it was someone called Harriet Teacher. The rest of the story is the same, and so is the name of the dog, she brought with her to The Factory. The dogs name was Carmen Miranda.
Here are the two quotes
Edie American Girl, page 08
Ondine Do you remember Harriet Teacher? She was one of the queens of the avantgarde. Very weird girl. Very small. Intense. Controlled. She always had a dog with her - a huge dog called Carmen Miranda. One day she came up to the Factory with Carmen Miranda and asked Andy if he would mind if she shot his Marilyn Monroe paintings. He said no, it was okay.
The Life and Death of Andy Warhol, page 14
One day, one of the mole people witches, Dorothy Podber, arrived at the Factory with her dog, Carmen Miranda, and asked Andy if she could shoot his Marilyn paintings. When he said he didnt mind, Dorothy put on a pair of white gloves and pulled a smal German pistol out of her pocket, aimed at a stack of Marilyn Monroe paintings, and fired.
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1) Did Andy Warhol create the Rolling Stones tongue logo?
According to the Rolling Stones FAQ the infamous tongue logo was not created by Andy Warhol, but by a John Pasch.
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) Did Andy Warhol have a wife and/or kids?
No, he never married and he never had any children.
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) Is there a link between the so-called Beat Generation and Andy Warhol?
Not really. But Allen Ginsburg and Jack Kerouac did appear in Warhols movie Couch and Ginsburg also appeared in Fifty Fantastics and Fifty Personalities.
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4) Did Andy Warhol ever win any awards?
According to Bob Colacellos book Holy Terror he won an Art Director Club Award in 157.
And according to David Bourdons book Warhol Andy also won the Art Director Clubs distinctive award in 156 and 157. He also won Art Director Club awards in 160 and 161 for the I. Miller ads he did and an award from the Chicago Tribune in 161. He also won an Independent Film Award presented to him by Film Culture in 164.
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