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In the New Testament Times Women didn't have many rights, and were obligated to stay home, feed, and cook the family. It wasn't common for women in New Testament Times to have the privilege of education (not necessarily a school), there weren't schools as such for girls. A young women's education was in responsibility of her mother. The mother would teach in the home and was learning domestic skills for example sewing, cooking and taking care of the younger children and babies.
In contrast a young Jewish boy would receive education in a school connected to a synagogue, which was usually given at the age of six. They were taught Jewish scriptures, history, geography, literature (Jewish) and particularly the Jewish religious law contained in the Torah (five first books of the Bible).
This shows the difference in social standing between women and men in New Testament Times. Jewish girls were not allowed to be taught the torah. As one Rabai said.
"May the words of the torah be burned, they should not be handed over to a woman."
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Women in New Testament Times had to be well behaving red in society and in public. It was considered un-proper for a woman to be alone with a man, or even allowed to greet a man in public. Women's rights would be compared to a child, were not allowed to give testimony in court. It was important for a woman to dress and act modest in society, it was considered disgraceful for women to be associated with another man other than her family or husband, even if she was not married. Jewish women weren't even treated equally in the synagogue in New Testament Times. In a synagogue there had to be a minimum of ten men this was called a minjaw. Women were not counted for in this. They were kept separate from the area of the men. In King Herod's time, women were not allowed to go beyond the court of the Gentiles and women. If any women were menstruating, she would not be allowed to even enter the synagogue as it was considered that women were unclean during this period. Similarly if a woman had just given birth, she could not enter the Temple for forty days after childbirth.
In New Testament Times, Jewish women had no rights or status of their own. A women's place was defined first in relation to her father, then to her husband. When in marriage a young woman was considered more or less as an object rather than an individual with their own rights. Usually the father would arrange his daughter's hand in marriage to the husband of his choice. Men only were only entitled to divorce their wife however women couldn't divorce their husbands. Only if a woman's husband refused sexual intercourse, restricted her movements unbearably or if he was impotent, even so the divorce was the husband's act. It was not common but a woman could only divorce on the grounds of adultery. But many disagreed about the grounds of divorce between them. To evaluate everything women in all were not treated equally in New Testament Times, and Luke's Gospel presented and showed this, that a woman's opinion or word in both religion and society was not counted for then for example at the Resurrection the women who witnessed were not believed, their word was counted for.
a) (ii) At the time when Jesus lived society had a generally negative attitude towards women. Both Jews and Greeks believed women should be limited to the domestic roles of wife and mother and also believed that they were responsible for most sin, especially sexual temptation as The Old Testament attributes sin to the temptation of Eve. Jewish men thanked God they were not born a woman! However, despite the cultural limitations imposed onto women a quick glance through Luke's gospel will reveal that Jesus had a very positive attitude towards them. He accepted and affirmed women who were neglected by society and declared them people of value. Jesus healed women who were considered ritually unclean and forgave women guilty of sexual sin, when other then would disaprove. But Jesus did not see it was this way. In Luke 7 It tells the story of a sinful woman (prostitute) who showed love for Jesus by washing his feet and using expensive ointment. Jesus showed no embarrassment by this physical contact with such a woman. He said that her loving actions showed she was forgiven. This went against all traditions and customs in New Testament Times, many would oppose. One of the Pharisees Invited Jesus to have dinner with him, so Jesus joined him at a meal, a woman who had led a sinful life knew Jesus was attending the Pharisee for dinner she brought a jar of perfume. She then began to weep at his feet, wetting his feet with her tears. Then she wiped them with her hair, kissed them and poured perfume on them. The Pharisee saw this in disapproval as many would in New Testament Times, to forgive someone who had sinned.
Luke 7 When the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, "If this man were a prophet, he would know who is touching him and what kind of woman she is- that she is a sinner"
Jesus replied to the Pharisee " I have something to tell you"
Jesus told Simon (Pharisee) a story comparing the situation to make him understand. Simon replied with an answer to the story with the question Jesus had asked. "You have judged correctly", Jesus said.
Then he turned toward the woman and said to Simon, "Do you see this woman? I came into your house. You did not give me any water for my feet, but she wet my feet with tears and wiped them with her hair.
You did not give me a kiss, but this woman, from the time I entered, has not stopped kissing my feet. You did not put oil on my head, but she poured perfume on my feet. Therefore, I tell you, her many sins have been forgiven-for she loved much. But he who has been forgiven little loves little."
Then Jesus said to her, "your sins are forgiven"
The other guests began to say among themselves, "Who is this who even forgives sins?"
Jesus said to the woman, "Your faith has saved you; go in peace."
Luke's gospel favoured the parables of women and Jesus encounters with women because Jesus saw them equal in his eyes. Those women then, were worth consideration. It was people in New Testament Times like this Pharisee who opposed him and didn't understand and criticised Jesus for forgiving a woman of sin.
Jesus both taught women and included them amongst his followers/disciples. In the Parable of Sower it said of the women who travelled with Jesus.
"After this, Jesus travelled about from one town and village to another, proclaiming the good news of the good kingdom of God. The twelve were with him, and also some women who had been cured of evil spirits and diseases Mary (called Magdalene) from whom seven demons had come out; Joanna the wife of Cuza, the manager of Herod's household; Susana; and many others. These women were helping to support them out of their own mean."
Jesus really did relate to women, he didn't just choose men to travel with him. To some in New Testament Times they would disapprove, as they believed a woman's role was in the household, like religious leader's or officials even generally the majority of men then, even women would be made to believe their work was in the kitchen as such or in the house. Such travelling groups did not normally include women in New Testament Times and this story shows that Jesus did not discriminate between the sexes. These women were grateful to Jesus because he had healed them. In his teaching they are often used as examples of people living a life of faith. Although women were not generally educated at the time of Jesus he allowed them to sit at his feet, and taught them. We should also note that it was women (including a reformed prostitute Mary Magdalene), who first witnessed and told the twelve male disciples about the resurrection of Jesus.
In Luke's Gospel especially, and other Gospels, Jesus communicated with all different types of people from prostitutes to housewives and fisherman, Pharisees, tax collectors, widows, and rebels. So you can see Jesus communicated with all the people and showed no discrimination that separated people. Whether it's race, poverty, politics or sex especially, giving message of liberty to everyone, men and women alike.
Jesus was open and related comfortably with women, when in New Testament Times people would not approve. He would hold private conversations with women, taking an interest to what they said, going against New Testament Time traditions and beliefs, as Jesus enjoyed the company of women. He even raised the status of women for example; Jesus told Mary the sister of Lazarus had been doing well by choosing to listen to Jesus' teachings rather than doing her daily household chores. Men usually by culture would seriously listen to a teacher, as it was felt that wise words were wasted on women. Women were never taken serious in New Testament Times, even when they give evidence of witness to an event, it will not be believed until proven. As the same situation with the Resurrection, the Disciples even then after all of Jesus' teachings they did not value a woman's word then. When Jesus had even before the crucified said that he would be resurrected.
On the first day of the week a few women were sent to attend to Jesus' body and the spices they had prepared. They found the stone rolled back from the tomb, they could not find Jesus' body inside. While wondering two men appeared gleaming with light stood beside them. The women were scared and frightened and bowed down to the ground. They said to them, "why do you look for the living among the dead? He is not here; he has risen! Remember how he told you, while he was still with you in Galilee The Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, be crucified and on the third day be raised again." Then they remembered his words.
When the women returned from the tomb along with their experience and encounter they shared it with the Eleven and to all the others. Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the other with them who told the apostles. No one believed them until they would have evidence and proof. "But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them nonsense."
In a society where women were not formally educated and not taken seriously, no one would have been convinced by women witnesses of anything that needed to be proved. Even if all four Gospels state women witnessed the Resurrection before the disciples or any other men.
Jesus' friendship with women is especially noted by Luke. It is what makes Luke's Gospel so unique. Luke uses every opportunity to show Jesus' concern for women, and his Gospel mentions
Anna the prophetess, Simon's mother-in-law, the Widow at Nain, a woman at a Pharisee's house, women amongst Jesus' followers, a woman with haemorrhage, Mary and Martha, a crippled women, women on the Crucifixion route, women at the tomb. The Annunciation is told from Mary's point of view.
b) In Christianity women have often been denied the more prominent spiritual roles in the Church (E.g. Vicar, Priest, Bishop, Pope etc.), and have been largely assigned jobs which are often perceived to be an extension of their home-life (E.g. Putting out flowers, cleaning, teaching children in Sunday School). Critics of this scheme of things claim the Church is patriarchal (serves male needs only), and as such needs to revise its structures. Others claim that the Church should not allow women and society to have more rights, and needs to remain firm to the clear teaching of Scriptures, which according to them, denies women equality with men in these matters. They would say that although the Bible acknowledges a woman has spiritual equality with men, they are in fact assigned different roles in the Christian community. A third group would claim that although the Bible looks like it denies women equality in Church matters, when certain key texts are understood in their social and cultural contexts, it can be said that in the Church both men and women are equal in all matters before God. This will depend on what part of the Christian religion you are talking about. Most religious groups would see men and women as equal before God (Genesis) as we are all equal before God. Many Christian denominations allow women to take a full and active part in all activities including leading the worship and being a minister. Some other groups (Orthodox, Roman Catholic and some Evangelical) say that while men and women are equal they have defined roles and that women cannot be ministers/priests of the church. Dame Cicely Saunders stated the first hospice movement, she was the founder of the idea of not being able to cure but to live the life expectancy as much as possible. Dame Cicely Saunders is a great example of a Christian woman's role. That women were valuable as Christian leaders or believers. Mother Teresa lived her life dedicated as a Christian patriot to the poor, outcast and the unfortunate. Surely this proves women can obtain positions in the church today even as leader in every Christian denomination.
Some Christian groups would expect women to do as their husband or fathers tell them, they should be subservient to their father/husband but this is not so common today. You might also like to consider how issues like abortion and contraception affect the roles and status of women in the Christian church. Like all institutions that are dominated by men, the church has been guilty of sexism. Women have had little to do with the power in the church, even though they have traditionally made up the majority of the members. God is assumed to be a man and still in most churches women cannot rise to the highest positions.
The social and cultural objections are to do with how women are seen in society or in their cultural background. The place of women in society has changed a hundred years ago it would have been impossible for a woman to be a teacher or dentist. Although there have been many big changes and women now have many more opportunities and greater status, there are still attitudes which are less progressive.
c) At the time when Jesus lived society had a generally negative attitude towards women. Both Jews and Greeks believed women should be limited to the domestic roles of wife and mother and also believed that they were responsible for most sin. Jewish men thanked God they were not born a woman! However, a quick glance through Luke's gospels will understand that Jesus had a very positive attitude towards them and saw no objection to them following and taking on board his teachings, even those who had committed the worst sin considered then in New Testament times.
One of the most important disputes in the church today is about the role of women in the church i.e. the ordination of women as ministers and priests for example. The Roman Catholic Church rejects the ordination of women entirely. The Church of England however in some parts of the Anglican Church have women priests, but if a woman wants to be ordained they have to travel abroad to be trained for ministry, only practising where it is allowed. Some free Churches, Methodist and Baptists, ordain women. The Orthodox Church does not as yet see the issue as an important one.
But if Jesus appointed women followers why not ordain women some would argue. As Jesus is the Son of God, God chooses the priest hood. There are many objections to the ordainment of women in the church today. God is always referred to as Father, which would lead you to think he is male. Jesus might of chosen female followers, but Jesus the Son of God was male and chose only male disciples. The Bible mentions and teaches that women should submit to their husbands and be silent in churches. As women bare children, looking after their children would take up valuable time, time they should be spending on church duties. Women are considered more emotional than men and this might lead arguments to how they will cope with the job. But there are many female doctors and they handle this job ordinarily. Some might feel women would not have the same respect they would get if they were a man, a men advising women is easier than vice versa. As should women be in charge of men. But isn't there no difference in god's eye between men and women. The Bible recognises only two kinds of priesthood, the priesthood of Jesus and the priesthood of all believers. Women today can do jobs, which were thought impossible in the past, women are now leaders in a way never before.
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