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Colonel Joshua Chamberlain
"The Killer Angels"
The Civil War battle of Gettysburg has been called the "High Tide of the Confederacy." Mr. Shaara places the reader in the shoes of the major characters of the battle, those whose actions influenced the outcome the most. This report is about one such character, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain. The incident he was a part of happened on the second day of the battle.
On that second day, General Lee sent a major part of his army to attack the troops on the steep sided hill, Little Round Top, on the Union right. For the first time in the war his men were attacking the enemy on "the high ground."
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Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and his regiment, the 0th Maine, were placed on the side of Little Round Top that faced south towards the larger hill, Round Top. His men were not even facing the direction that the Confederate attack was expected from. They were facing the narrow gap between the hills.
Colonel Chamberlain was not a professional soldier. He was a "citizen soldier." He had been a professor at a small college in the state of Maine before volunteering to serve his country. He was in the war doing his duty as an American. He was not to know that on this day, he would make history. His actions were to help cause General Lee to abandon his invasion of the north. You have to admire Chamberlain by overcoming his inexperience in war tactics to push back General Lee's army at Little Round Top.
Once in position on Little Round Top, it didn't take long for Colonel Chamberlain to realized that if the Confederates could fight their way through that narrow gap, past his troops, they would be in the rear of the main Union army. It could mean the defeat of the Union army at Gettysburg.
After the assault on the west face of Little Round Top began by the Confederate army, it didn't take long for the 0th Maine to come under attack by the 15th Alabama. They came pouring into that gap between the hills.
The 0th Maine was not at full strength that day. They started the war with about 00 men. On this day at Gettysburg they numbered about 00. Chamberlain had been through the hell of battle at Fredricksburg the previous December. He had spent the night of that battle with his face in the mud after being pounded by Robert E. Lee when his regiment attacked the Confederate positions which were uphill and fortified.
He only thought he had been through hell at Fredricksburg. He was wrong. Gettysburg was to be the real test. It would be his chance to "make a difference" in a big way. His action on that day possibly saved the Union. A defeat by the Union army could have changed history as we know it.
Chamberlain was surprised to find that the 0th Maine was in a position at the bottom of Little Round Top. His men were the only thing keeping the 15th Alabama from getting through the pass and attacking the main Union army in the rear. For an amateur soldier, Chamberlain knew the importance of his position and what would happen if he let the Confederate army by him. He knew he could not give way and many of his men would be killed.
Chamberlain and his men were only about 100 feet from the bottom of the hill, maybe less. When the 15th Alabama came pouring through that gap they were within easy pistol shot of the enemy. The rebel soldiers couldn't ignore the rifle fire from so close to their left. They turned and attacked the 0th Maine.
The 0th Maine fought hard. Wave after wave of Confederate soldiers attacked and were driven back down the hill and back through the gap. Chamberlain knew that he was running out of ammunition and he was gradually running out of men. He sent for reinforcements and ammunition and was told that every other regiment were fighting for their lives also, and that there was no more ammunition to be had, on time. Even so, Chamberlain held on. His personal reassurance held his men together. Even this could last only so long. Eventually, their ammunition was used up.
Chamberlain's men looked to him in desperation. Surely they would retreat. They could hold no longer. Chamberlain knew that he could not retreat. His men were the only thing keeping the enemy from breaking into the Union army's rear.
Knowing that he couldn't stand and fight without ammunition, in a bold and courageous move, he ordered his men to fix bayonets. The men of the 0th Maine were expecting to flee, not to fight, but they did have confidence in their Colonel.
When the 15th Alabama attacked next, they were surprised when the 0th Maine came storming down the short distance to the bottom of the hill with their bayonets and yelling at the top of their lungs. The Confederates, exhausted themselves, and having been without water since the battle began, turned and ran away or threw down their rifles and surrendered.
This courageous, desperate act of Chamberlain kept the Confederate army from getting reacting the rear of the Union army. His actions was not the only reason Lee lost the battle, but it was one of the main reasons. Today a bronze monument marks the area indicating where Joshua Chamberlain and his men made their historical stand at a point that was almost at the bottom of Little Round Top.
Mr. Shaara's book reads like fiction, exciting fiction. The truth is, he made history come alive for those who are fortunate to read the story. For some of us lucky few, we can even say we were there, even if it was 1 years later.
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