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Materialism is the theory that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality and that all being and processes and phenomena can be explained as manifestations or results of matter. Basically materialism is the thought that success and therefore happiness can only be obtained if you posses many things, items, or objects. In the Victorian culture, if you did not have large sums of money, rich clothes, and rich friends, you were a nobody. Many felt that without possessions there was no happiness. In Great Expectations Wemmick, Mr. Jaggers' assistant, constantly preaches about "portable property". Generally agreeing with materialism Wemmick liked portable property because it was always with him. And he was terribly dismayed at the thought of loss of the "portable property" as though he would loose a piece of himself.
Clothing served to identify social classes in Victorian culture. "Clothing is a mark of identity in Victorian society. A common man, a laborer such as Joe, wore rough, poorly fitted clothing designed for any of a number of men like him, whereas a gentleman's clothing was tailor-made for him. A suit of clothing becomes to Pip one of the measures of a man." This is evident in Great Expectations when Pip is ashamed of Joe when he goes to Mrs. Havisham's house, even when he wore his Sunday clothes, the best ones he owned (; ch.1). Had he worn his singed blacksmiths apron, Pip could only dread to think of what Estella would say. When Pip first came upon his new found wealth and bought a suit in town people started treating him differently. The second he put it on, he became a gentlemen. Pip pursues "a finer suit of clothes, without regard for what quality of man is wearing it." When Pip attempts to dress up Magwitch to look like a gentlemen he fails miserably, because no matter how you dress something up, it is only as good as what is on the inside.
Mrs. Havisham was even materialistic in a sense. she felt that without all of her decaying wedding paraphernalia, including a once white now yellow wedding dress, people would forget who she was, what she stood for and what had happened to her. Without her things and possessions she did not feel she was herself. She trained Estella to be materialistic as well, but not in the same way. When she first meets Pip, before he became materialistic, she said he was "a common labouring-boy" (54; ch.8) and was disgusted by him. He lacked money, intelligence, and property. She was uninterested in him, I believe for that very reason. She was repulsed by his lack of gentleman type things, like smooth hands and thin soled boots (55; ch.8). She wanted him to be richer and more proper.
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Materialism was not only portrayed in this book, it was found all throughout Victorian life and literature. Throughout England people looked to the capital for wealth, success, and happiness. They came there as poor farmers hoping to make a living and possible become part of the upper-class, with money, and happiness. But to their dismay it was not quite as they had hoped. Dickens once said "'it is strange how little notice, good, bad or indifferent, a man may live and die in London'". Craving money, driven by materialism and want, people came to the prosperous city only do discover "The metropolis was too big, it had no soul,". Unless you had money and success, no one would know you, it would not be as it was with Mr. Jaggers, as he walked down the street "he was recognized ever and again by some face in the crowd," (16; ch.6).
Krauskopf, Katie. "Human Relationships and Materialism in Great Expectations and "The Morte D'Arthur" " http//landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/dickens/be/materialism.html 17
O'Toole, Elaine. "The Identity of Things" http//www.umd.umich.edu/casl/hum/eng/classes/44/geweb/MATERIAL.htm
Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. 1861. London Bantam, 181.
Porter, Roy. London A Social History. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University, 15
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