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Wednesday, January 23, 2019

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Monday, January 21, 2019

WAL-MART STORE HISTORY

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WAL-MART History, Philosophy, Business Strategy, Community Partnership and Present Structure and Future Outlook.

History

Wal-Mart is the brainchild of Sam Walton, born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma in the year 118. He was educated at the University of Missouri where he obtained a bachelor degree in economics in 140. Apart from being a good student through share dedication and hard work, Sam Walton was actively involved in extra curricular and community based activities. At different times he was the student president, president of Sunday school class, member of Rotary club, president of the local Chamber of Commerce, etc.

Sam Walton's first stint at retail business was at JC Penney Stores where he landed a job as manager trainee immediately after his graduation. He held the job until 14, when he enlisted in the USA Army for World War II. He put his entrepreneurial skills to test in 145, after his discharge from the military. He obtained the franchise of Butler Brothers to run a retail store at Newport. His store was a huge success with outstanding performance. His next store still under the franchise of the Butler Brothers was set up in Bentonville in Arkansas. This was the beginning of a bigger dream that would eventually see the birth of the world's largest retail chain in 16. By that year Sam and his brother Bud already had sixteen retail stores called Walton center, in Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas. These became Wal-Mart stores, as we know them today. The first Wal-Mart store was set up in Rogers, Arkansas. The chain experienced rapid growth and high profitability. By 180 it had over 00 stores. Today, both local and international, it has about 4,600 stores with annual sales in the region of $7 billion.

Philosophy

Sam Walton emphasized the pre-eminent position of customers in his business. His teaching is that every customer must receive courteous treatment in Wal-Mart stores. They are to be given "high value, low price and warm welcome". This is embodied among other things in the "10 foot attitude" which simply means that employees of the organization must endeavor to greet customers first, before the customer has the opportunity to greet them. Ancillary to this is Wal-Mart's practice of putting staff at the entrance doors of their stores to pleasantly welcome customers into the stores with friendly smiles. There is no doubt that this has positive psychological impact on the customers who naturally would want to do business in a friendly environment and interact with staff that demonstrate positive attitude.

Another limb of Wal-Mart's demonstrated customer commitment is seen in the emphasis on quality merchandise as well as brand name products at low prices. This no doubt has positive impact on customer loyalty. Sam Walton placed high premium in the ability of his staff, by their ethical treatment, to make customers come back over and over again. He therefore enjoined them to exceed the expectation of their customers at all times with the way they render quality services. Customer satisfaction and retention is the bedrock of Wal-Mart's business.

The pricing philosophy of Wal-Mart of passing on to customers the low price benefits from good deals with the manufacturer evidences a genuine commitment to customer's satisfaction. Sam Walton was once quoted as saying; "no matter what we pay for it, if we get a great deal, pass it along to the customers". Sam Walton succinctly put this philosophy is a concise statement he made while receiving the Medal of Freedom from President Bush in 1; "we will lower the cost of living for everyone, not just in America, but we'll give the world an opportunity to see what it's like to save and have a better lifestyle, a better life for all. We 're proud of what we have accomplished; we've just begun".

Business Strategy

Sam Walton underpinned his strategy for growth and profitability in Economies of scale and efficient use of available technology. Employing both he hoped to out-perform his competitors.

The aggressive growth strategy has seen Wal-Mart expand from twenty stores in 16 to over three hundred by 180. Today, the stores number over 4,600 both at home and globally. The staff strength currently stands at 1. million. Annual sales is a staggering $7 billion, with annual income of $7.7 billion.

Wal-Mart is a pioneer in discount merchandising. It established and maintained good business relationship with manufacturers of product, and given its size over time it has become increasingly able to negotiate good trade deals. This has enabled Wal-Mart eliminate costs and bottlenecks associated with middlemen and third party transactions. The cost cutting advantage of direct relation with manufacturers has also enabled Wal-Mart to meet its commitment of high value/low price to its customers. This relationship with manufacturers was and is fostered with professionalism and ethical treatment.

Sam Walton was quite mindful of the fact that productivity bears directly on profitability. He therefore fashioned policy that elicited and encouraged total commitment and high productivity from the employees whom he referred to as associates. Sam's 10 rules for success are intended to achieve this end. He set up equity participation scheme for willing store managers and encouraged that associates be included in profit sharing. This enabled employees to give their best and believe that they are also partners in the prosperity of the company.

Staff motivation and morale boosting in strongly emphasized in the "10 rules for success" Setting high targets, accompanied by handsome reward for achievement is part of the efficiency and growth plan of Wal-Mart. The company is also committed to treating its employees with significance. They are to be listened to and their intelligible contribution, especially as it affects cost saving and customer response is welcome.

Staff empowerment is also part of the success strategy. Management is encouraged to treat all staff as partners and communicate all relevant business information to them. This, it is viewed will enable them work smarter and raise productivity to new heights.

On the side of merchandise availability, Wal-Mart has employed up-to-date computer technology to ensure speedy replenishment of merchandise in its entire stores. As early as 166, Wal-Mart employed bright brain from IBM and created a centrally linked data based merchandise monitoring system that quickly highlights dwindling stock of any merchandise. This, in conjunction with the company's owned transportation system enabled quick restocking of products. Infact Wal-Mart restocks four times quicker than its competitors. Currently Wal-Mart has the second largest database software program after Pentagon. Wal-Mart has created automated reordering system that links computers between Procter & Gamble [P&G] and its stores and distribution stock. This link enables P&G to receive resupply orders identifying the products that are needed. P&G is then able to quickly send the needed stock to the respective Wal-Mart stores. This technology will obviously lower costs and restocking time for Wal-Mart.

Community Partnership

Wal-Mart has a policy goal of identifying with the communities within which its stores are located. It is an active partner in community upliftment. It participates in fund raising efforts by non-profit organization for Community Matching Grant Programs. Associates are given latitude in steering charity donations to the needs of their respective local communities. By this process Wal-Mart actively supports and identifies with vision and aspirations of the communities where it does business. Inspite of its scale it aims at becoming the "neighborhood store".

Further still, Wal-Mart contributes to the educational needs of the communities by its college scholarship awards to high school seniors. It also raises funds for local children's hospitals through the "Children's Miracle Network Telethon".

Wal-Mart's commitment to buying home made goods of comparable quality and usability to foreign made ones, translates into community empowerment, as it has the tendency to encourage local entrepreneurial skills in the manufacturing field. This will also boost domestic job creation.

Wal-Mart it also an environmentally conscious organization. Through its "Green Coordinator" each store makes effort to transact its business in environmentally friendly manner. Besides, it also encourages the use of recyclable materials, as well as educates local communities in environmental management techniques.

Present Structure and Future Outlook

While future prospects are not necessarily bleak, inherent weakness in Wal-Mart's business structure poses some risk factors.

Firstly, the single business strategy [retail trading] is akin to one putting all its eggs in one basket. It is true that such strategy accounted in part for the tremendous success of the organization, it is doubtful if it will endure for all times. If consumer demand falters, due to downturn in the economy, Wal-Mart will find it increasingly difficult to make profit at the level it had done in the past. That would raise the economic question of efficient deployment of capital. Diversification at this stage may be a strategic business response to cure the risk inherent single-business approach.

Secondly, Wal-Mart's business territory is no longer as secure as it once was. Specialty retailers such as Home depot, Circuit City and Spiegel are now able to match Wal-Mart's prices in products common to them. This means that the strategic advantage of low prices that Wal-Mart depends on is being gradually significantly diluted.

Thirdly, part of Wal-Mart's success strategy hinged on rapid expansion. But, due to economic factors, growth can not be pursued ad infinitum. At some point diminishing returns set in. Thus businesses expansion quest is governed by the need for optimal mix and utilization of both human and non-human resources. If Wal-Mart has not reached that point yet, it is not certain how far away it is from it.

Furthermore, it does appear that the geographical expansion of Wal-Mart at least in the USA is becoming increasingly limited. Rural communities are becoming increasingly resentful of Wal-Mart, as its entrance into any community tended to destroy the local retail businesses. Local communities are actively organizing against Wal-Mart opening stores in their neighborhoods.

In his address to Wal-Mart's shareholders, the CEO reported a revenue increase of 1.8 % for the year 00 with total annual sale of $18 billion. This is said to represent the company as the #1 in the world in terms of annual sales. The compound annual returns on shareholders investment for the last five years is stated at 17.%. However, the goal of the company is said to; "be the best, measured in terms of its customers, suppliers, employees, communities and of course the shareholders.

In terms of work place pleasantness, Wal-Mart was named # in a list of ten best companies to work in according to survey by Fortune Magazine. However, notwithstanding the enviable successes of Wal-Mart over the last forty years, the business terrain of the future calls for a different approach. A deeper understanding of customers changing needs, values and expectations, as well as smart application of technological advances will determine success or failure in the future.

Please note that this sample paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on WAL-MART STORE HISTORY will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Friday, January 18, 2019

The Jazz

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The Jazz Age left a mark on this world that influenced writers, music, and clothing, to say the least. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a writer of The Jazz Age. He wrote stories based on the events of the time and used personal examples from his life throughout his short stories and novellas. The rise of the female role during the Gilded Age is portrayed throughout these short stories. The marriage of Francis Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda greatly influenced almost everything that he wrote. His memorable male/female relationships are seen throughout his short stories, reflecting on his life and his own marriage.

In the 10s, female roles began to change. In short stories such as "Jemina, the Mountain Girl," "Bernice Bobs Her Hair," "Winter Dreams", and "The Ice Palace," not to mention the "Great Gatsby," we see female roles influence the male characters tremendously as they use their feminine capabilities to seduce and persuade the men they wish to lure. The men are often sad and misguided and these women confuse them and very often change their lives. Most of the men in these stories have little to complain about in the reality of their lives. However, they seem to fear that their lives will take a turn for the worst. Fitzgerald's female characters often influence the men and add a dimension to their already existing problems. Their real fears are that of "love, sex, and marriage; the self versus society; free will versus fate" (Petry 105).

Francis Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda had a marriage that will be remembered for all time. Fitzgerald writes about many female characters, with autobiographical topics that reflect true happenings with him and his wife. Zelda was in an increasingly troubled state throughout her life, but Fitzgerald loved her dearly, putting up with her "unusual level of energy" (Petry100). Many of his works discuss "real couples having real problems," (Petry 105) whether it be an affair, money, or simple lack of interest in one another, these are all real problems.

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Many of the stories that Fitzgerald creates, come from true happenings in his own marriage. The trouble he had with Zelda, his wife, influenced a great deal of his writing. His collections of stories called All the Sad Young Men are stories that represent these "sad" young men, like him, and their relationships with women. In the story "Gretchen's Forty Winks," two men fight for the love of one woman. This fight soon becomes a "sexual tug-of-war" (Petry 110), thus illustrating much of the problem that Fitzgerald had when he began to over-work himself, having no time to be intimate with his wife. His characters represent the typical workaholic, very similar to himself. His biggest problem was that his wife required a great deal of money to please her everyday need, and if he stopped working his income would stop, and he simply could not afford for that to happen. In stories such as "The Offshore Pirate," "Bernice Bobs her Hair," and "Winter Dreams," Fitzgerald discusses woman who demand and the men that chase after them and try to please them. "Bernice Bobs her Hair", like "The Offshore Pirate", discusses courting and behavior of men and women as they mingle with each other and fend for themselves. Bernice even felt the need to change her look just to please the people, specifically men. These "flapper" women are illustrated throughout these collected short stories.

In the story "Benediction," the boy is experiencing trouble with the guilt of having impure thoughts. These thoughts consume him to the point were he cannot function without feeling guilty. This male character is like much of the other characters dealing with transitions in life or trying to change something in their lives. Fitzgerald seems to be a lover of passion, and by writing this, he seems to be condemning the unnatural behavior of suppressing feelings. This story is one of the few that does not actually have a female character, but the influence of a female on a man is still very much present.

Judy Jones, the main female character in "Winter Dreams", represents a Fitzgeraldian "femme fatale." However, she is very much the opposite of anything "fatale;" in fact, she is a fundamentally common woman. Most of these women were reduced to "ineffectual flirts" (Petry) with very limited appeal. These women are lessened yet through marriage, when their lives have even less meaning, leaving them with nothing but their "sad" husbands. His obsession with women of this nature, women who are young, attractive, and touch minded, lead him to his own marriage to Zelda that would create a whole new set of problems for him, somebody that would be the influence of all further relationships in his stories. His illustrations of the men who deal with these "selfish, flighty wives," seem to be stubborn yet kind, and deal with them the only way they know how; giving them what they want. He created a new image of the male self, when having to deal with the demanding nature of a wife similar to his own. The male characters are often sympathized with, as he over dramatizes his female characters to make them seem completely self-indulged, and for the most part unreasonable. However, these female characters seem to bring out the best in the males, while it seldom works the other way around. The institution of marriage often diminishes the importance of the woman, and creates a "self" imposed by society (Petry 15).

Fitzgerald's idea of the perfect home and the perfect marriage was almost completely shattered after his marriage to Zelda. He continued to try to create the perfect atmosphere in his stories, but the characters would have their emotional flaws and drawbacks. In his next collection of stories, Taps at Reveille, Fitzgerald began to understand that these difficult elements can co-exist in his previous idea of the "normal" home and family life. He distanced himself tremendously from his wife so as not to make him crazy, and tried to keep as much normalcy as could be maintained. His stories focus mainly on single people in relationships or newly wed. Parents and entire families rarely exist in his stories.

All of Fitzgerald's characters maintain this sort of ambivalence toward his female characters. In the story the "Offshore Pirate," the idea of courtship is portrayed. Their whole relationship is based on a lie. Ardita, the main character in the story "Offshore Pirate," embodies the single, independent female character that strives to live fully before she can't anymore. Fitzgerald tells a story of this independent female. Curtis Carlyle tells her lies as long as she seems interested in hearing them. He does what many men do; he feeds off of what he thinks will win a woman's heart. Ardita argued with Carlyle constantly, as would any independent, hard headed woman of the time. They represent the typical Fitzgeraldian couple, as they bicker back and forth, or could be better explained as flirting. This is a key example of how male and female characters interact in many of his short stories.

Most of Fitzgerald's stories consist of women of the elite society. They seem as if they were molded from the same ideal female character. The character of Judy Jones in "Winter Dreams" is a woman who "simply made men conscious to the highest degree of her physical loveliness" (Fitzgerald 540). Fitzgerald states that "her casual whim gave a new direction to his life" (Fitzgerald 57). Her young, fresh attitude gave Dexter a new outlook on life. She was beautiful and mesmerizing to all of the men, and it is said that the "color and mobility of her mouth gave a continual impression of flux, of intense life, of passionate vitality-- balanced only partially by the sad luxury of her eyes" (Fitzgerald 54). Dexter's love for her is such that even when she lies to him, "he was glad that she had taken the trouble to lie to him." She has him so infatuated that he feels lucky just to know her.

In the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald writes about men and women, their marriages and their affairs. The people of West Egg, represent the lying, deceit and shady business of the 10s. Tom has no guilt for his immoral behavior and does not hesitate to act out violently to maintain his authority and social power over George Wilson as he has an affair with his wife. George Wilson does not win because he lacks the social necessities that Tom has. The idea that money and popularity win the girl, is played out throughout the story. Daisy, Tom's wife, tried hard to be the shallow wife that he wants her to be. She goes as far as to say that she wants her daughter to be a fool because women live best as beautiful fools (The Great Gatsby). Gatsby's obsession with Daisy is that of a typical Fitgeraldian man. He, like Carlyle in the "Offshore Pirate" is willing to tell lies to win Daisy's heart. Most of what she knows about him is a lie. He had to lie about his background to make her believe that he is worthy of her. She had promised to wait for him after the war, but then she married Tom, whose social position was solid and who had the approval of her parents. Gatsby is not as secure as Tom because his past is virtually unknown. Gatsby loves Daisy because of her "youth and vitality, and idolized her social position, wealth and popularity" (The Great Gatsby). His obsession with her is very similar to the other male characters in Fitzgerald's other stories. Her qualities are similar to that of Ardita in the "Offshore Pirate", and various other characters.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote many short stories that described the male/female relationships of the time. Because of the female role and how women were treated they were treated, it affected the idea of marriage and how it was portrayed by Fitzgerald. Not only did the time period change their role, but his perception was changed by experiences with his own wife. He wrote from his own experiences and created characters that represented his own marriage. Fitzgerald wrote for an age of romance, lust and secrecy. His characters represent all of this and more. His stories represented The Jazz Age, but his writing is for all time.

Please note that this sample paper on The Jazz is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Jazz, we are here to assist you. Your essay on The Jazz will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Thursday, January 17, 2019

Freedom of Expression

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Freedom of Expression. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Freedom of Expression paper right on time.

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Freedom of Expression

Every Canadian citizen has the right to thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication provided under s. (b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the statement that the s. Charter right to free expression does not protect individuals when expressing an opinion or opinions, however sincerely held, which are (a) clearly untrue according to an overwhelming preponderance of an expert opinion; (b) likely to cause grave and unprovoked offense to other citizens; (c) of no significant benefit to the public interest, is too broad. I intend to provide reasons as to why I would not support such a thesis, as this thesis is too broad and gives rise to a lot of arguments against its validity.

Using the balancing provision under s.1 of the Charter the courts have limited s. rights in the past for instances of harmful speech or speech that is patently untrue. "The courts have to find a balance between protecting minorities, on the one hand, and safe-

guarding freedom of expression, on the other" (Sumner, p.15). Under section 1() of the Criminal Code a person or persons may be convicted of an offence carrying a maximum penalty of imprisonment for years if he/she communicates statements, other than in private conversation, willfully promoting hatred against any identifiable group.

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The challenge for the hate propaganda statute using the Charter has been raised in the case of a teacher who taught anti-Semitism in his class. James Keegstra was convicted under s. 1() for providing speech that was misleading, untrue and of no social benefit. Keegstra's anti-Semitic speech was in itself harmful and it could easily potentially provoke harm to another. Keegstra left an impression on his students that may stay with them for some time. Even if the message of hate propaganda is outwardly rejected, its premise of racial or religious inferiority may persist in a recipient's mind as an idea that holds some validity (Dickson C.J R.v Keegstra in Bickenbach, p.7). Securing freedom of expression in Canadian society lies the need to ensure that truth and the common good are attained. In the Keegstra case the Court said that (b) is not just there to protect egalitarian interests, it is not just a means to an end in protecting democracy instead it protects the value inherent in expression. Expression wasn't excluded from protection on its face; it was the harm that made it worthy of limits.

While point (a) and (c) in the original thesis may not be as pressing to require limitation of s. , any speech that may cause harm to another individual (as in (b)) is such an egregious possibility, that such speech must be limited. Point (a) and (c) should not be limited simply because it is not true or carries no social benefit; rather we should ensure that limiting speech that does no public good or has no truth should only apply when that speech is likely to cause imminent harm. The Charter has a built in balance system in s.1, which allows a Court to measure the degree, to which speech is should or not be reasonable protected. There is nothing wrong with the thesis given if as we believe that the justice system and the courts can make the correct balance in determining when to limit s. rights.

There is an inherent concern if we determine that the government may limit any speech on its face in all cases where (a), (b), or (c) are possibilities, because s. is a fundamental freedom in a democratic society. The thesis doesn't seem to provide any requirement for the government to prove (a), (b) or (c), but rather it may limit speech when it deems speech to be misleading, harmful, or of no benefit. The state should not be the sole arbiter of truth, but neither should we overplay the view that rationality will overcome all falsehoods in the unregulated marketplace of ideas (Dickson C.J., R .v. Keegstra in Bickenbach, p.7). The government must be required to prove the value and reasonableness of its limit on speech rights-for example in the case of (a) misleading/untrue speech-untrue according to whom? Whose experts? What level of expert consensus is required to call speech untrue - 51% or %? In part (b) is it enough that speech might be harmful or should we hold the government to some burden of proof before limiting speech, and in (c) what is the social benefit sought to be protected? Who does it benefit? Does the speech simply provide no benefit or does it actually harm or set back a particular social benefit? Speech that provides no benefit or a neutral benefit is different than speech that actually harms or impedes a social benefit that the government has deemed worthwhile.

To limit s. on its face for the possibility of speech that (a), (b) or (c) is heavy-handed and does not take into account a case-by-case analysis of the facts at hand. To give an extreme example, stifling the speech of someone who says "two plus two equals five" is not the same as limiting the rights of the person who says the Holocaust or slavery are illusions. There are degrees to be measured in the analysis of when to limit free speech rights. Part (b) of the thesis is a valuable goal, since its intent is to avoid harm on another citizen, but the government should be required to prove imminent or likely harm. Limiting speech that might be harmful is too much, there must be a burden on the government to prove likelihood of the harm- in most cases of truly deviant speech (hate speech, racism, speech inciting violence) this isn't a particularly difficult burden to meet. "Limitations upon hate propaganda are directed at a special category of expression… restrictions on expression of this kind might be easier to justify than other infringements of s. (b)…(Dickenson C.J., R .v Keegstra, in Bickenbach, p.75). Since the burden is easily met, there is no need to limit all potentially harmful speech that is very deviant. The commitment to eradicate hate propaganda and the stress for equality and multiculturalism is what forms the basis of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Canadian society already has limits on speech that is misleading/untrue (libel and slander) or potentially harmful (Criminal Code re uttering threats or acting as accomplice in a crime, etc.) - these checks and balances are sufficient in the instance of speech that is very deviant. " In Canada defamatory libel against individuals is a criminal offense, Section 1() seeks to extend the same protection to certain specified groups" (Sumner, p.17). Similarly, s.1 of the Charter builds in a system of balancing for judges to undertake when considering whether to limit any Charter right, including s. rights (the three elements of s.1 are that rights may only be limited when the limitation is (1) reasonable, () prescribed by law and () demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society the Court has developed a series of tests to satisfy all three elements of s.1). This analysis acts, as a sufficient gatekeeper to filter out protection for any speech that is truly harmful. But to immediately state that all speech that is misleading, potentially harmful or of no social benefit is not protected, does not allow a Court to undertake this kind of analysis of real potential for harm it simply creates a blatant limitation in rights to free expression without any kind of determination in an objective sense as to whether such limits are either warranted or desirable in a democratic society.

Part (c) of the thesis is particularly troubling who decides social benefit? The Court? Determining a social good should be left as a task for elected officials. It is a slippery slope when we allow the Court to decide social order and social benefit it is not their role in a Parliamentary democracy. In the Bulter case Twaddle J.A of the Court of Appeal disputed the belief that hindered freedom of sexual expression, in which the Chief Justice agreed " to impose a certain standard of public and sexual morality, solely because it reflects the conventions of a given community, is inimical to…enjoyment of individual freedoms which form the basis of our social contract" ( Lamer C.J., et. al, R.v. Butler p. 88).

In the Butler case the courts determined that the physical activity could have "meaning" as an expressive act. Under s.1 analysis affirms that avoiding harm is a more important objective than moral standards. But who merits what society deems harmful in the case of sexual expression? An argument that could have been raised to the Courts decision in the Butler case is that it hinders freedom of expression. The decision made by the Courts in the Butler case considers those females who engage in uncommon sexual acts abnormal. And because of this view, the judgment to be able to hinder on the right for those individuals to be able to find an outlet to purchase such pornographic materials in a free democratic society, prevailed.

Similar to the above, in the case of government deciding speech should be limited, because it is of no social benefit. The thesis strips the Court of its ability to determine the reasonableness of that limit, whether that limit is actually pursuant to a law (as opposed to just being imposed indiscriminately by the state), or if that limit is justified.

Legal rights are implemented to protect individual social values. The constitutionality of statutes is about finding a correct balance between prohibiting hate propaganda, and ensuring the freedom to express one's self.

The Charter was not intended to protect potentially harmful speech, and the underlying principles of the Charter are to protect and promote the public good, so speech that can cause a potential risk of harm should not be protected, under the Charter s.1. The protection of expression that is potentially harmful runs the risk of violating another of the Charter's foundational sections - section 15 re equality rights or s. 7 re life, liberty, and security of the person. If the government protects (or tolerates) the speech of an individual that is potentially harmful, this protection may put the government in the position of denying another person his/her rights under another section of the Charter.

Please note that this sample paper on Freedom of Expression is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Freedom of Expression, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Freedom of Expression will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tuesday, January 15, 2019

Catcher in the Rye

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Catcher and the Rye

In 151 at a time when social conformity was the norm, J.D. Salinger decided to publish The Catcher and the Rye. In it he put profanity, an immoral protagonist, and the adolescent sexuality. Salinger (and his book) brought about issues of vulgarity, sexuality and the hardships of teens. Many teens identified with and felt sorry for Holden Caulfield the main character that felt depressed and sad about almost anything life threw at him.

From the start J.D Salinger would incorporate symbolism as necessary tool for showing the full detailing of his novel. The novel begins with Holden isolated from the rest of his friends. He detaches himself from Pency's social norm by sitting atop Thomsen Hill while the rest of the school attended a much celebrated football game. This would set the mood for the rest of the novel. Holden perceives himself as one of the few truly good and sincere people in his world and so he exemplifies this by sitting upon this hill, setting himself up above the rest, above and away from the school's phonies and superficial characters. He despises these people and is ironic when nearby is a cannon. He might have noticed this and tells us so as to convey its potential.

The audience goes on to see that Holden has much difficulty getting along, socially inadequate. Holden is extremely judgmental and overly analytical. Through his whining he often finds humor in his 'obviously' inferior peers. That "sexy bastard Stradlater and the ever rude, hovering Ackley. The most notorious word in Holden's vocabulary is "phony". He applies this term loosely to anyone too typical or conventional; people who mask what they are really feeling and thinking. It is enticing for the reader to follow his train of thought because he too wishes to persecute the ignorant and the fake but to take time to study why this is is to see that it is not so much that his phonies are superficial but are his views. Such as judging Stradlater by his good looks and Ackley with his acne ridden face. Holden often avoids more profound interpretations for simple generalizations and usages of labels such as being a 'phony'.

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For J.D. Salinger's generation, sex had become a taboo matter only spoken of during very fleeting and private moments. In The Catcher and the Rye, Holden openly explorers his sexuality with girls and the possibility of himself secretly being a 'flit'. Homosexuality was not tolerated when first published but Holden's character would revel in all that was unmentionable. Holden indeed had an odd outlook on the subject of sex for he often tells of his arousal towards girls he hates, does not like, and does not respect. All the meanwhile being Catcher's protagonist he is strangely entranced by forms of kinky foreplays that include degrading his partner; such as spitting in their face. At one time he hires a prostitute through and elevator-working pimp. A young girl shortly arrives at his hotel room door. He is fascinated that she is so young and so casual about the act of sex. Very fleetingly does she show any of the child innocence that Holden holds to such high esteem. When this young girl 'fell' she was without her 'catcher' to save her. His passing affections usually began with great desire but always ended with his own great disgust. When Holden first re-unites with Sally Hayes

"She looked really terrific. She really did." "The funny part is, I felt like marrying her the minute I saw her. I'm crazy. I didn't even like her much, and yet all of a sudden I felt like I was in love…." He depicts the end of his ambivalent relationship with Sally as such " I sort of hated old Sally by the time we got in the cab…." She gives him, " a royal pain in the ass". "I was pretty goddamn fed up by that time." He desires human affection yet rejects it at the same time. His inability to achieve a happy median leaves Holden often fed up with humanity.

Through out the narrative Holden contradicts himself over and over again at times such as his ambivalent relationship with Sally Hayes, telling that he refuses to tell the reader about his past and anything having to do with his childhood. Stradlater begins as a pretty good guy but after finding about his promiscuous acts with his Jane, Stradlater is portrayed as nothing more than a "sexy bastard". These run-on sentences proved an outlet for Holden's erratic thoughts. These leave room to reveal the disparity between what he sees and what he perceives. His thoughts reinforce what he sees as his own noble child innocence. All of this unfortunately adds to his inner battles and emotional turmoil.

Holden never throughout the novel forgets his few if only sources of happiness. He reminisces Allie's death and the poetry he left behind. As well Phoebe's insightfulness, unwavering affection and lastly Jane and her kings all in the back row. Times when he describes them or is in their presence the negative, erratic thoughts give way as he gives them his uninterrupted focus. These are the few times when he is happy.

Phoebe in the end becomes a very vital character. Up to that point the reader had only Holden's views to rely upon to come to a conclusion about the society that he encounters. One evening while still pondering the disappearances of the Central Park ducks, though temporarily cheered up by a young boys singing, Holden feels he needs a break from his own ever-depressing thoughts decides he needs to 'shoot the bull' with Phoebe by discreetly stealing back into the old apartment. Phoebe is young yet understands much, such as knowing that maturing and moving on is all part of growing up. At one point she challenges her brother's views on life. She asks him what wants to be? What is something he really likes? Holden remembers Robert Burns' poem and states if he could do anything in the world he'd "…catch a body coming through the rye." Phoebe is quick to correct the verse goes, "If a body meet a body coming through the rye…". Holden goes on to describe his fantasy of being the savior for all misguided kids. To protect them should they go astray in the rye that is life and to catch them before they fall off the cliff. Fall from their innocene into a jaded, cruel and phony adult world. Phoebe changes the subject. He loves Phoebe dearly but to further the view that he cannot interact with others at a deeper level, he accuses her of sometimes being too affectionate when once she throws her arms around him. Phoebe is introduced as Holden's foil for who deeply contrasts with his own emotionally stunted views. On the way out while trying to avoid getting caught he secretly wishes that he would be. This is a helpful metaphor for Holden's capacity for human interaction. While wanting to avoid it, simultaneously secretly yearning for all that can offer. By introducing Phoebe, Salinger provides the audience a new, more objective view of Holden. One that finally analyzes his faults, faults where Holden rarely admitted having any.

After a near miss with being found in her room by his unknowing parents, he resolves to escapes to a former teacher who he holds with high esteem (well at least never labeling him a phony) for Holden admires Mr. Antolini for once being the only who would help a deceased suicide victim. Mr. Antolini shows that he obviously is not like the rest of the people Holden knows. Antolini welcomes Holden even with short notice, invites him to stay and introduces him to his older wife. He does not seem to hide his thoughts or mask them with facades. His smoking and heavy drinking relates him to the pupil. Mr. Antolini immediately sits him and futilely attempts to describe a 'great fall' headed for Holden if he doesn't realize the significance of education, maturing and moving on. "This fall I think you're riding for- it's a special kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isn't permitted to feel or hear himself hit bottom. He just keeps falling and falling." He clumsily attempts to articulate his prophecy with vague descriptions that end up muddying the water. Instead he diverts to writing a fortune cookie type message that suggests something about Holden "The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one." After much elaboration is the subject finally dropped and Holden sleeps on the couch. Something happens during the night and once again Holden strongly contradicts himself. He refuses to talk about saying he doesn't even like thinking about it but then continues to tell the tale. Holden awakes during the night to find the much-respected teacher's hand petting him in the face. Holden's homophobia and already uncertain sexuality has him making and excuse and leaves immediately from the apartment. He heads for Grand Central, sits on a bench and ponders his situation. For the first time Holden second-guesses his own snap judgment. Before you were either a flit or a phony. Holden contemplates whether his judgment was wrong and this is where he begins to see the truth behind all that he is.

On the last walk through the city that Holden would have before the end of the novel, he has a premonition that at the end of each city block, he wouldn't make it to the other side. At the end of each block is Holden's 'rye' and the street, his cliff. At each curb he can't see pass the 'rye' to see the dangers at the bottom of the cliff. He becomes so consumed with his fear that he can't see to the other side. His future and potential. Even with Mr. Antolini's best cautions of the foreseeable 'great fall', no one will be there to catch a Holden Caulfield running blindly through the rye.

In the much interpreted ending, Holden takes Phoebe to a carousel in the park. He asks her to ride but declines to join her. A secound time she rides. Holden merely watches his joy take joy in her childhood. He does not take part because he is no longer part of his child hood and this offers a glimmer of hope for the hero many related with.

Many over the years since The Catcher and the Rye was first published have disceted the ending, discussing wether Holden would go on reveling in is immaturity or to press on into maturing in a member of the masses. A very arguable point is this. Mr. Antolini shared with us this "The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one." Holden never offered to sacrifice his life to save the children but instead choosing to "…come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I'd really like to be."

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Friday, January 11, 2019

Compare and contrast society in Athens and Sparta. Which was the stronger society?

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One of the greatest city states of all time was the city state of Athens from which we take many of our modern ways. Their government was a full democracy in which they had an assembly made of all male citizens over 5 years old, a council of five hundred who proposed laws to the assembly, a court, where there were no judges and the juries were very large, and archons, which were nine people with the most power. They believed in participation in government as a civic responsibility. They believed that everyone was entitled to education, not just the elite. They were concerned with money and they had unproductive soil, which meant they would have to find other ways to make money, so they became sea traders. Because they owned slaves, they had a lot of time to pursue cultural interests, so they began performing dramatic plays for their entertainment and enjoyment.

There were several areas of classes of people in Athens. Free men were all male citizens divided into numerous classes at the top were aristocrats who had large estates and made up the cavalry or captained triremes; middle ranks were small farmers; lowest class was the thetes. The Metics were those who came from outside the city; they were not allowed to own land, but could run industries and businesses. Slaves were lowest class, but less harshly treated than in most other Greek cities. Slaves had no rights, and an owner could kill a slave. Slaves varied in status some were given important roles in Athens, like policemen. Women were rarely seen outside the home and had no rights in the Athenian democracy. Athens had a strong military navy.

The Spartan government was different, in many ways, from the Athenian government; their government was Totalitarian. They had the five ephors, which were overseers and were the real rulers of Sparta, a council of Elders, which was made up of 8 men over 60 and they proposed laws to the assembly, and kings who were elected by the assembly and served as high priests, judges, and army commanders. Their Assembly, which was made up of citizens over 0, elected officials and voted on major policies. Children of citizens were raised to be Spartan, taught to get along with almost nothing. Spartiate citizens were not permitted to own gold or silver or luxuries. Spartan children were taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors. Sparta prided themselves in a strong army, best and most feared fighters on land.

Their city was built in a valley and had no walls because they said they could defend from invaders. Unlike the Athenians, their soil supported farming. The Helots, which were their slaves, compared to Athens their slaves were treated worse than dirt. The smart and strong slaves were put to death in fear that they may rebel, because slaves outnumbered citizens there.

Was Athens Stronger than Sparta? Was Sparta stronger than Athens? It is not secret that Sparta had a stronger army, their army was the strongest. Furthermore, we know that Athens had the stronger navy. We know that in the end, Athens lost. Literally speaking, Sparta was stronger, they beat Athens. But each civilization, in their own ways was stronger than the other. Each had it's strengths and weaknesses alike.

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Thursday, January 10, 2019

Coventions of crime fiction

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the conventions of crime fiction

good/morning/afternoon. i have been asked here today to illustrate the generic conventions of crime fiction and how they are used to create the myster and suspense that are the backbone of the entertaining world of crime fiction.

we will over the coarse see how they are both used for the genre itself and the subversion into other genre, looking speciifically at Tom Stoppads play The Real Inspector Hound (TRIH), The Big Sleep directe by Howard Hawke, cosy crime fiction og A Pocket Full of Rye directed by Guy Slater and Fyodor Dosteovskys powerful novel Crime and Punishment

What are the conventions of crime fiction?

typically it is the crime, the stereotypical detective, a formulaic method of solving the crime, thrown in with suspense, femme fatale, mystery and sexual tension. all these create the foundations of crime fiction, one of the most popular and entertaining genres.

taking a look at Hawkes The Big Sleep we see the general use of the crime fiction elements to create a cult classic of its era. Firstly setting is a crucial key. hawke has installed a film noir atmosphere throughout the film to emulate a dark and corrupt world, perfect for the shady goings on and multiple murders and crimes. this noir ere is captured through the use of dar lighting, night time scenes and a sinister atmosphere pervading scenes, like that of Geigers house. chinese iconography instills a noir ere and image of an opium den, all point to crime and create a tense and suspenseful atmosphere, as malrowe searches the house for clues. fog and rain has also been used to close the set off and darken he scenes with a miasm of mistrust that infiltrated all the characters.

Marlowe is also the archetype of the slueth hero, he is alienated from society, yet gains the attention of women, where ever he goes (Clssically the acme book store clerk). there is also the other side where he is serious and dedicated to his work, staying loyal to his clients no matter what the cost. we see this whn Marlowe saves the enamelled dames from perverted venality while managing to keep the Sternwood name out of the papers marlowe also stays on the case, no matter how much others try to sugar him off. thus it is pivotl tht the detective embodies this stereotypical image to make the viewer and reader seem prepared and on a level with the detective.

still with all this there must be use of other subplots and techniques to keep the viewer interested and add variation. if it stuck to the ephemeral time bound conventions it would offer no originality. thus Hawke has introduced the sexual tension between Marlowe and vivian as they vie for the best lines in the sexually inclined race horse talk. this gave the novel an aspect of female provocativeness and created further tension and suspense though the insulant and luscivious scenes between the two. however this aspect of romance and sexual attraction has become more sommonly used and add a depth of realism to the otherwise cold world of the detective.

ambiguity may not be a generic convention, but it has been used well to create the same integral viewer interaction and mystery as normal conventions. at the beginning and end we are presented with amorous silhouetted figures embracing or with smouldering cigaretts, both symbolise the idea of what are ther doing or who are they? these leads to further questioning of the crimes. this creates a new level of intrigue. remember that genre is also about adapting to the passing ideology of society, as it will change and transform. for the Big Sleep era it clearyly reveals societies beleif of untrusting nature.

there is quite a differen use of crime fiction elements in Stoppards TRIH, Stoppard has subverted the conventions while also exaggerating them to pardoy the popularity of the genre and also make deeper comments on society. Stoppard has done this by turning the comfy drwing room crime world of Agatha Christie upside down through the use of play within a play. thus Stopard has used these conventions as a vehicle to ridicule the mundanity of crime fiction. it clearly points out the elements that are always present in Golden Age drime fiction. firstly is the detailed setting, differney to The Big Sleep, it is supposed to be quite and of the rich nobility, a country manor, but somehow thse country manors are always isolated and cut off from the rest of the world and strangely inaccessible thus all the suspects are trapped in the house and th main room to be anayles and revealed as the culprit, Stoppard has exaggerted this to reveal the impluasible settings that comprise Golden Age crime fiction.

Stoppard has also sent up the use of red herrings by making them blatantly obvious, no viewr would actually be persuaded to believe that they were the murderer. Stoppard has both felicity and Cynthia retort I will kill you for this Simon Gascoyne this ponts out the pointlessness of red herring and there waste of time they represent. this is similar to stopparsa philosophy that is existentially inclined to the meaninglessness of life and existance. stoppard achieves this through absurd situations, the elegant Cynthia stepping off the tennis court in a cocktail dress, all to remain as the glamourous hostess, exposing the implausible plots of typical crime fiction. the use od incomphrenable dialogue between Birdboot and Moon conveys the same absurdist ideas. the two converse at a complete crossing of wires, this hightens stoppards belief that speech is an ineffective form of communication, reptition is also extensively used (Half the Play) to reveal this.

a common golden age crime fiction element is th secret pasts of character, often turning out to be lost lovers or Woke up from amnesia just like the coincidentale Magnus coming from Canada and finally revealingto be the lost Albert Muldoon. the exaggeration of this reveals the pointlessness of the fastidious attention to detail and charaters past scandals and life.

TRIH was based on Agatha Christies The Mousetrap thus looking at Slaters film adaptation of A pocketful of Rye shed new light on the parosy present in TRIH

we are initially submersed into the detailed setting of Yew tree lodge, the typical country manor, it is cut off from the qoeld vut a myriad of characters find their way nito th manor, all becoming suspects. the setting was not as dark and aminous as that of the big sleep, it was much lighter to go with the era, thus the conventions were different then as it had to be adjusted to the edicts of society, crime fiction became simpler and down to a code (a rather inane code at that). the crimes were always related back to greed, jealousy or revenge. Lance conicidently came home to then take revenge on the family for his mistreatment by Rex Fortesque, the father. the crimes themselves were never of much substance or never seen, like simply and clean poisonings. this had changed from the original vivid decpiction of Edgar Allen Poes grotesque murders.

we also see the idea of detailed pasts and secrets that make themselves apparent for the viewers entertainment. Mrs Percible becomes the grudge holding Mrs Mcjenzie, who had been putting dead black birds around the house to get revenge for her mother and father over black bird mine it was this comphensive detail of the characterrs that was commonly used to act as a form of red herring. we would be led to suspecting the murderer was mrs mckenzie, but by the resolution that had all changed and that subplot ended up being an interestingly peculiar deadend.

then there is mrs marple, the old fragile lady that manages to solve a complex set of murders. very typical of the slueth at the time, the use of the average person allowed the viewer to empthaise with them and fel more involved with the story. however mrs marple is also portrayed as having that inate ability to know what should and what has gone one. Slater used a voice over of mrs marple stating what had gone on at breakfast to show her ability to fathom out impossible clues. music related to the nursery rhyme A pocketful of rye also points out her masterful intuition, she knew what was going to happen ans what already happened. mrs marple became smarter than the poloce. a common trait of the slueth, both hardboiled and golden age.

there is also the differing use of crime ficiton conventions for a different purpose, the indepth look at the disturbed psyche of a criminal in Dosteovskys Crime and Punishment the conventions are loosely abided to and are realry used in the true crime ficiton sense as the novel mainly deals with the conscience and struggle with confession and guilt.

the setting of the hard boilded crime fiction, that of the big sleep is very similar to the seedy noir setting created with a sombre and suffering mood in crime and punishment cramped stuffy and claustrophobic apartments are jammed together in the dank down and out streets of 1th century russia. this creates the atmosphere of crime used to get ahes and the marxist era of russia, expecially since dosteovsky was sommunistly inclined. it created the feel that anything could happen and look around the corner and a grave crime would be being committed.

this confined atmosphere is juxtaposed to the protagonist Raskolnikovs murder for freedom under Nietzches Superman theory. this juxtapostion creates confusion and turmoil, further echoing raskolnikovx mind, emphaising the link of individual turmoil to that of the nation caught in turmoil and the dangers of excessive individualism.

the alienation and introversion of the detective has been manifested into raskolnikov, this can be felt through the use of first person narration, that puts us in the kind of raskolnikov and the angst as he deals with the guilt of killing someone. further mimiced through sybolism of blood for double murder, dreams for the disturbed pscyhe and finally religious allusions of lazarus, as the allegorical ressurection of raskolnikov back into society.

there is also the typical detective Porfiry, he does not play a major rle in the novel but still acts as the antagonist and the archetype detective. again he has the inate ability to understande the psyche of the criminal mind and is always one step ahead, playing sat and mouse games with raskolnikov, pushing him over the edge to finally make a confession.

Dosteovsky has also detailed the great suffering of mankind in many forms and especially the mental anguish and angst of comminting a crime, in more than one sense of crime. dosteovsky has shown the other ise of srime and its impact on the perpetraitor. however there is a full resolution of the problem and a moral reasurance, diffenent to the pervailing turmoil of TRIH and TBS. Sonia the kind and benevolant prostitue helps show raskolnikov virtue and love and redeems him back into society.

the conventions of crime fiction will change and morph over time to fit in with the pervailing ideology. however there are links and similarities that will always be present, the detective, the crime, the formualic methedology towards so kind of resolution, even if not complete. remember that we must still look outside of the direct genre to perceive the wide range of genrea that will make up a single tect, sticking to one genre will limity the perception of ideas and thems, and overall enjoyment.

thank you for listening and i hope i have helped you learn and appreciate the vast idea of conventions of crime fiction and genre itself....

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Wednesday, January 9, 2019

NBA Style

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NBA's Style Change Year 180-00

Many critics and fans around the world call it the NBA greatest show on earth. No other league around the world brings what the NBA's game has brought every season. The greatest plays, games, dunks, players and passion for the basketball are reasons why the fans keep watching. The NBA's style of playing the game has changed dramatically through the years. From the 180's to 00, even though many aspects of the playing style have gone in to new era, NBA's style of playing basketball kept its heart the same.

Professional basketball has usually kept its popularity with great stylish plays by the players. And style, which is defined as ¡®the way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed', the league has maintained their unique game plays. The changes occurred when Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, and Magic Johnson changed the game during the 80's to ¡®guard dominant' from ¡®center domination' from the 70's. ¡°Magic and Bird excited the crowds with their new styles and spectacular plays, as they influenced the rest of the league to change into a league based on their styles of play.¡± (Levin) Then in 0's Michael Jordan has showed the best basketball in the NBA's history. As entering the new millennium, the league's change in style showed up and downs but Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Allen Iverson, and Vince Carter brought a new definition to the game. These key players contain their own individual styles, but different generations in NBA had its own shooting, dribbling, dunking, coaching, defensively and other more line-ups of plays. Through this research paper the reader will recognize the differences in every categories and player's unique performance that NBA has maintain through the years.

Most teams in the league kept its momentum style the same through the years with ¡®run-and-gun' executed by the point guards. In the NBA, momentum of the game decides which team survives with the victory. Having momentum will boost their team with chance of destroying the opponent. Great hustle plays usually brings out the momentum (Gandolfi 67). In 180's Lakers switched the opponent's momentum to theirs through Magic Johnson. Plays like ¡®rebound from opponents miss shot then kick it off to Magic, and as Magic drives down the court he feeds no look pass to Byron Scott for the slam dunk' these kinds of plays shifted the momentum for Lakers. Current season, teams like New Jersey Nets led by point guard Jason Kidd uses similar method like the 80's Lakers. Running and gunning it with amazing ally-hoop passes from J. Kidd to Kenyon Martin, shifts the momentum to victories for the Nets. In fact with such plays, Nets came out to be this season's most improved team in NBA.

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Pace of the game has been slowed down as years went by in the league. During the 80's and 0's, temple of the game was faster with more of the hustle plays ran by the point guards. Slow it down! is one of a coach's favorite things to say in an offensive set. It gives a coach time to evaluate a defense, call his own play, and generally be a control freak (Oliver). This happens at lower levels as much as the NBA now and, as a consequence, so many point guards are now unwilling to lead a fast break for fear of an undressing by their coach (Oliver). Player like Shaquille O'Neal, who is almost 50 pound, is able to keep up because of slow pace. So, is slow pace games a bad thing? Yes and no, because fast pace game excites the crowd and they are fun to watch. But speedy games lack in game plans strategically. The NBA team coaches want to do plays and run it for the offense. Coaches nowadays want their teams' style to be slower, that way their team gets more efficient baskets. The NBA team coaches want to do plays and run it for the offense. Teams like Chicago Bulls during the 0's used play call triangle defense, and won six NBA championship titles with that certain play (Sachare ).

Since the pace speed decreased, more of the half court offense and three pointers came in handy for some teams. During the 80's fast pace action, the three-pointer shooting teams were hardly recognizable. Although ¡®-point' shooters were present in couple of the teams, players like Reggie Miller, Mark Price, Larry Bird, and John Paxson were known as three pointers. But today, teams like Celtics, Bucks, and Dallas Mavericks received the motivation of ¡®live by the three, die by the three'. Not only star players shoot threes in these teams, the entire team goes for the attempt. Three point attempts per game have increased from 10 to 16 during the 4' and 5'(Oliver). Still these downtown shooting teams do not make all the treys, even though attempts are high, the percentage of making the shot is nearly 0%. Since threes are harder to make they significantly low. According to Oliver's research, the ratios of high percentage -point shooters are 14. That percentage can be very serious problem for the NBA. More attempts will lead to huge number of misses and slow the temple down even more.

A huge significant change from 80'to 0' season has been the rule changes. The NBA's board of governors placed different rules for the 001-00 season, and removed the old rules as well. First of all, the league removed illegal defense to allow zone defense. ¡°That means that for the first time in 50 years, or almost since the league began, NBA teams will be allowed to play whats known as a zone defense, in which defensive players guard areas of the court.¡± (White) Previous man-to-man defense is not the only way to play defense in the league today. But zone defense means less exciting plays off the offense. Since there are more defenders standing around the basket, the offensive players have to work their butts off to get a single point. Media folks tend to think that the new rule is a tradeoff. The game may become more exciting in the strategic sense, but itll lose the big plays and one-on-one matches that defined the NBA during its most recent heyday in the 10s (White). Another change is the 8-second half court rule, in which ball carrier have to cross half court before 8 second runs out. This rule was made for one purpose only, to speed up the game. Also 8-second rule helps to eliminate walk-it-up approach that allows coaches to talk to their point guards while approaching the offensive set (Oliver). Other minor changes like ¡® second defense' rule which means defense gets called for second inside key just like offense does.

The significant part of the NBA style change was the key players who influenced the league to the NBA as greatest show on earth. When it comes to greatest key players in the180's, it won't be a surprise if Magic Johnson and Larry bird comes in first. As Levin said, ¡°They influenced the rest of the league changed into league based on their style,¡± Magic and Larry changed the game during 80's. Magic Johnson wasn't a top scorer but his passing ability led the Lakers to championships. Larry Bird who was top-notch shooter who had dominant skill in offense led his Boston Celtics to championship also. Magic's passing game taught rest of the league that scoring is not the only way to win a game. Great assists bring out smarter looks for a basket. Current player who carry the similar style as Magic is Jason Kidd (Smith). Before the 001-0 season Jason Kidd was traded to New Jersey Nets, who only won 0+ games the previous year. When all the critics thought Kidd's career might end with the Nets, right now Nets are competing in Eastern Finals and won 50 games this season. It is amazing how one player who is not even a scorer changes team 180 degrees with his passing ability. Kidd probably couldn't make it this far without observing the Magic's style. A player who adopted Bird's style is Dirk Nowitzki from Dallas Maverick. This player who is almost 7 foot plays guard and forward position, and he is also deadly from -point arc just like Bird. With their height advantage and offensive presence, Nowitzki demolishes his defender like how Bird gave his defenders a nightmare.

With another style adoption starting 10's, a player who changed the league's style the most is Michael ¡°Air¡± Jordan. As coming into the league in 184, all the NBA fans were soaked with Magic and Birds' performance. As years went by Jordan single handedly led his team, Chicago Bulls, to the playoffs and show the league what's known as ¡®human highlight film'. Michael Jordan's style was high flying acrobatic dunks, jumping ability, shooter's touch, defense, and unstoppable (Sachare 17). He was simply the best all around player. Most importantly Jordan created his own style of basketball and influenced the entire NBA. For example, Jordan created what's known as ¡°A fade away jump shot¡±, where he leans back avoiding the block while shooting. Right now about 70% of the player use this shooting style (Schwartz). Star players like Allen Iverson, Vince Carter, and Kobe Bryant use this shooting style every time they shoot. Speaking of Kobe Bryant, when people watch Kobe play, they will see the Michael Jordan's style in him. From fade away jump shot to being unstoppable, Kobe is known as Jordan II. Great players influencing the rest of the league is what defines NBA.

Slam-dunk is most popular style of basketball that pro players like as well as fans want to see. ¡°The dunk shot is one that can boost your teammates' spirits and quickly demoralize the opponent.¡± (Gandolfi 115) During the 80's before Michael Jordan came in to the league dunking was simply known as easy way to score a basket. But Jordan showed that dunks are style and creative art. Slam-dunk leads to change in momentum, temple, team's spirit, intimidation, and defender's mind. Although jumping ability is required to dunk, that just won't do much when it comes to stylish high-flyer. Players need creativity and timing when dunking. Michael Jordan dunk on opponents and almost over their head. But Vince Carter who is known to be best dunker of history clearly jumped over a 7¡± center and slammed through the basket during the 000 Olympics. That dunk was called ¡°greatest play¡± in sports history. And Vince continues on to do dunks that never seen before in the previous years. His style is what people love and keep watching NBA's basketball.

The NBA has changed its outside styles like the new rule and plays, but it came into fact that inside heart didn't change. Players' style influencing each other and passing down through decades is similar to cultural tradition. Back then game was exciting because of fast pace performance, now the games are still full of excitement because explosive plays like dunks, special moves, and great style that adopt from NBA icons. These two facts relates to each other in a way that they define NBA's heart and soul, the style.

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Tuesday, January 8, 2019

Power in Negotiations

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Power is a notion that is difficult to define yet it affects everything we do in our everyday lives whether we realise it or not. The understanding and use of various resources and sanctions is present in all our activities and shapes the way we act and react. The knowledge and use of power is especially important in industrial relations and the more we understand about the way power can be used the more successful our industrial relations encounters are likely to be.

There are three main frameworks that can be used to analyse the employment relationship (Kirkbride, 185) but I believe that it would appear there are varying interests between management and employees and that conflict is an inevitable part of relationship. The way power can be used is demonstrated very clearly in times of industrial disputes when the various players in the employment relationship are negotiating aspects of employment. These different aspects of power and how they can affect negotiations were made very clear by the Metals Anatomy of a Union video, Final Offer video and both the group and individual negotiation exercises completed in class.

Power is a concept that is greatly misunderstood. As noted by Keeney & Kelly (18), no one person is powerful on their own, the power only becomes apparent when it is part of a relationship. Of course, once in this kind of social relationship, to possess power a person must have something that the other wants or needs (Martin, 1). Each conflict is different with different parties having power resources that fluctuate in effectiveness with varying circumstances. This was clearly seen in the activities we completed in class as well as during both videos. In the group negotiation exercise for instance, despite the fact that we were all given the same case study, we all had very different results. I believe that one group came to a resolution whereas the group I was in didn't even come close to resolving a couple of the larger issues. We needed the employees to keep the egg plant running and they needed wages from us and the management team and I expected that the workers couldn't afford to strike for very long. Surprisingly, the union held its ground and was determined to strike until we had improved conditions dramatically which meant that our power was seriously lessened. The issue was not resolved apart from a decision to take the case to the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) which was not the most productive outcome. I wonder however, if in real life the workers would have been so eager to sacrifice their wages to strike so easily. As discussed in Keeney & Kelly (18), I went in to the negotiations believing that as management, our power was more legitimate and I think this may have influenced me negatively against the demands of the union. I felt like we were giving them so much and we were getting so little in return which was very frustrating. Each time we agreed to one of the demands it felt like they were asking for something else and the concessions we were making just weren't good enough for them. Even though we explained the financial repercussions that would occur if we bowed to all their demands they didn't lessen their expectations. I did feel that both sides were probably being very stubborn and that if we had more of an idea about the actual costs involved for activities such as striking the results may have been different. I think in the real world although it would have been a difficult negotiation, we could have come to some kind of agreement. Although in the end the workers and management probably had similar thoughts on where they would like to see the company end up, I think the way and speed at which the company would get to that point was very different.

The individual negotiation was far more productive than the group one. In my position as a waitress I felt that I had enough power through my fine dining experience and the family like relationship I shared with Stephanie (Julia) to achieve what I wanted. Having less people involved also made the situation feel far less confrontational and I think that Julia and I were able to discuss things more openly. Although I felt that I gained power from the family like feel to the relationship I think this was also a power resource for Julia because I felt that I didn't want to stretch the company financially or expect anything ridiculous because I wanted to maintain the good relationship. My main power resource was my skill level and the knowledge of both parties that I could easily find a job elsewhere. I think Julia's main power resource was the working environment which I was unlikely to find at another restaurant. I think in this situation we had relatively similar goals in mind, although there were a few points of conflict, and the power resources were fairly well balanced which is why we were able to resolve the issues though compromise and it didn't take long to finalise the contract.

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The players in the dispute in the Metals Anatomy of a Union used similar power resources to those used in the group negotiations. Workers at the metal company Wamac were working for very low wages and were owed large sums of money in back pay. The workers at the plant were mainly migrant workers who were probably struggling for money and the management capitalised on this and gained power through the use of fear. However, once the premises was unionised, the power balance shifted greatly. Having someone that understood the law and their rights made the workers more confident and they made the decision to allow the union to conduct enterprise bargaining for them. Bargaining as one collective group with the support of the union gave the workers much more power because it wasn't so easy for the company to use fear as a resource and the company couldn't afford to have problems with all the workers. This was also very important for the union because it was at a time where membership was declining and if it continued the union would begin to lose its power resources. Management tried to stop the union coming in but the union relied on its legislative powers through the commission and gained the right to entry. Once management realised that its power was limited, it agreed to bargain in good faith and made a wage increase offer to the workers. After a round of negotiations, management decided to take a caucus and when the next round began they agreed to the altered wage increase but not the bonus structure. Unhappy with the decision, the union and the workers decide to use their collective power and take industrial action in the form of a strike as well as other measures. After assessing the situation, management realised that the workers were in a position of relative power because management could not afford the industrial action and the resultant loss in productivity. To prevent these costly losses, management agreed to the increase and the back pay because they had no more power resources to put into play. In this case, the power that the workers had through the ability to strike was greater than the power of management although in many cases, workers cannot afford to strike for a period long enough to ensure the balance of power remains in their favour.

Similarly, in the Final Offer video, conflict arose during renegotiation of agreements. In this case however, there were more parties involved and the relationships were far more complicated. Again, the workers want more than management are willing to give and despite union pressure, negotiations have reached a deadlock. In this case however, the union was not only in a power struggle with management, but was also experiencing problems from within. The Canadian branch of the union was in a power struggle with the head US branch of the union and this made it difficult for the union to push for the reforms that the workers wanted. General Motors (GM) was aware of this pressure and figured that if they were patient enough the Canadian union will fall under the pressure and they would sign the agreement that the workers are against. Management was offering the workers a profit sharing deal but this was not satisfactory to the workers due to a lack of trust. The head of the Canadian union decided to apply pressure on management in the form of a strike. Both the management and union remained steadfast in their positions, each believing they had enough power for the other side to give in. At this point, GM was relying on the US branch of the union to revoke the ban due to their fear of closures which would minimise the power that the Canadian workers had and force the signing of their proposal. As the strike deadline approached, wildcat strikes were starting to occur across Canada which was disastrous for the union because their power is based on them remaining as a collective force, rather than splintering in to various factions. Eventually, GM folded under the pressure from the collective strike and although the Canadian workers didn't get exactly what they wanted it was a vast improvement on the original offer. It was interesting to see in this case how the internal politics and divisions of the union impacted on the results of the negotiations. Their power really is one of collectiveness and as the union fought internally their power seemed to diminish. It was only in the end when the union stuck together that they managed to come out on top of GM.

There are many different factors and circumstances that can affect power and it is for this reason that it is difficult to measure and predict power. To ensure that we are successful in the future when it comes to negotiations and maximising our power resources we must understand what factors can impact power and the best way to use the elements to our advantage. Having a thorough understanding of each situation is vital so that each decision made can eventuate in to what is best for the people involved. Negotiations will never be straightforward and neither will the workplace, but the greater the understanding of power and the situation, the more productive it will be for everyone involved. Conflict is inevitable in all workplaces despite management and workers heading in a similar direction, and for this reason power is something that everyone should understand.

Keenoy, T. and Kelly, D. 18, " Power and the employment relationship an analytical framework", The Employment Relationship in Australia, nd Edition, Harcourt Brace, Sydney.

Kirkbride, P.S. 185, "The concept of power A lacuna in industrial relations theory", Journal of Industrial Relations, 7 (), pp 65 8.

Martin, R. 1, "Introduction", Bargaining Power, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Final Offer Video, RMIT Library.

Metals Anatomy of a Trade Union, Class Viewing.

Please note that this sample paper on Power in Negotiations is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Power in Negotiations, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Power in Negotiations will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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