Nest predation

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The effects of Nest predation with reference to open and vegetated environments

Abstract

The predation of nest in vegetated and open areas was studied in a broad area around the Illiwarra region from 1//0 to the //0. Experimental nests were used made from halved tennis balls and modeling plasticine was used to make eggs. The result of 6 nests were collaborated. Each nest had three eggs, the type of predator that attached the nest was recorded. 58% of the 6 nests were attacked with 57% of the nests attacked being in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other birds with 4% of the eggs attacked in the open and % in vegetation. Accounting for 40% of all nests attacked.

Our studies concluded that nests in the open are more likely to encounter predation than those in the thick vegetation.

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Introduction

Predation on birds nests is commonly coincided as a major factor reducing the population of young ( Angelstan .P 186) Many different predators have been found to prey upon bird eggs, some of the predators of nests include rats, cats, other birds such as Currawongs, crows, Kookaburra , snakes and other reptiles as well as a range of other species.

In this report a comparison was made between open nesting sites to vegetated nesting sites in urban environments comparison of total predation as well as types of predation on each type of nest. However most studies dealing with nest predation have however found it extremely difficult to tell which predators had been responsible ( Angelstan .P 186). This was also found in this experiment with most nests showing no signs of which predator being responsible with the eggs just missing or in some cases the whole nest. Despite this difficulty bests effects were made to correctly identify predator by identifying teeth or beak marks in eggs left behind.

The hypothesis of the experiment was that nests in the open area would be attacked by predators more often then those in the thick vegetation as they were more easily found. The null hypothesis was that the position of the had no effect on the amount of predation. The experimental independent variable was the location of the nest over a number of different sites around the Illawarra region the standardized variable were the number of eggs used, nest size, plasticine used to make the eggs.

The choice of sites for nesting has shown to be important part in survival of offspring. The choice can be determined either genetically or some by some form of learning process, or by a combination of both of these features.

Methods and Material

The experiment was set so that a group of 18 students each took two nests each, with three eggs in each and placed them in there back yard. One in a highly vegetated area the other in a more open area. There was a number of variables with this practice that were not looked at such as height of nest as well as specific area localities. All nest and eggs were kept constant with the nests being made out of 1/ tennis ball that was covered with coconut fiber on both the outside and the inside to make it look like as much like a real nest as possible. Plasticine was used to model small eggs that were placed in the nest.

Predator were identified mainly by the process of looking at teeth or beak marks that were in eggs that were left or spat out. Some were identified visually but this was not common thought out the group.

Group data was collaborated into nests attacked in the open and vegetated. And also into eggs attacked by the type of predator, predators were broken up into Rodents, Cats, Birds, Snakes, and unidentified, specific species were not looked at.

Results

The result showed that nests in the open were more vanuble to attack against all predators. 58% of the total nests were attacked. Of that 57% of the nests attacked were in the open. Although this figure only shows marginally higher attack rates of nests. The number of eggs attacked varies greatly with 1 out of the 0 eggs attacked being in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other bird species with 4% of the nest being attacked in the open, and % of the nest being attacked in the dense vegetation. Which amounted to 40% of the total eggs attacked were by birds. The next highest amount of predation shown was in the unknown with the eggs be entirely taken or in some cases the entire nest, proper judgement could not be made to the predator responsible. % of open nests and 44% of vegetated nests were attacked by unknown predators. Cats attributed to 14% of nests attacked in the open and 11% of those attacked in the vegetated areas. Rodents were the only other predator recorded with % of attaches in the open and 11% of the vegetated. The graph below shows the proportion of eggs taken by each predator.

The only variable that can be looked at being inconsistent was the position of the nest and definition of dense vegetation. Also the height the nests were placed of the ground was also not monitored.

Discussion

The observation of the nests over a two week period was in agreement with the hypothesis that nests in vegetated area are more protected against predation then those in the open. Although the degree to which artificial nests are attacked to natural nests is largely untested ( Major R. E. et. al 16) For example some important mammalian predators of natural nest are under represented while others such as birds can be over represented. Even though the identity of the nests predator is largely not documented. It is likely that many of the predators recorded could not gain access to natural nest. Especially if the nest is protected by the parents of the eggs such as magpies or willie wagtails. Given that most previous artificial experiments have no independent identification on the identity of nest predators, it is likely that animals that do not prey on natural have preyed upon affecting nests ( Major R. E. et al 16) the data gathered by this experiment

The effect of the height of the nest on predation was not measured in this experiment, in other experiments Major R. E. et al Nest predation incidences increased with nest height, despite there only being a narrow range of height variation. Other features such as the amount of trees and other vegetation was also not looked at but could affect the results gathered.

The amount of vegetation in this environment was also not measured. Although the conclusion can be made that nest predation is lower in vegetated areas then in the open. The highest amount of predation came from other birds, the conclusion can be drawn that the thicker the vegetation the lest likely a nest is to be found.

Nest site location to forest also has been shown to play an important role in nest perdation in experiments carried out by A. P. Moller showed that nest predation on open nesting sites were much lower far from the edge of any woodland, were bird species with open nests were more abundant, while the pacifically covered nests experienced a consistently low level of nest peddation across the ecotone.

The hypothesis from the experiment can be found correct as the open area nests experienced much higher amounts of predation then did the vegetated areas. Although results could have been affected by a number of variables such as the artificial nest used may have been attacks may have increased and others may have decreased. Also in real life natural nests often protect by there parents, which means there a great variation between different bird species to the success of young.

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The Criminal Justice System

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The Criminal Justice System has many components that make up its system. The police, corrections, and the courts all play the role and act together in trying to maintain the most respectable and functional CJS. A system where each uses their own judgments on how to play their role. The views of each can vary from how they each feel the court system works and the integrity of it. Many factors can play a role in the way in which these people feel on the actual court system process. Such factors being where they work within the system, if they are judges, cops, lawyers or social service officers can change the way they feel the system works. Factors of where they work geographically and the views and opinions of those areas can also shape the way the person feels about the system.

The Police are the gatekeepers of the CJS. They are the ones who find the people who are violating laws and arrest them based on their discretion and situation of the case. Since, the patrol officers are who start many of the cases that go to court. They are the ones that should be interviewed on whether or not the court system works, the court system has integrity and what would that specific officer do to change the court system.

The first patrol officer that was interviewed was from the Mount Prospect police. When he was asked the first question on if he felt the court system worked, he paused and then smiled the word "yes". He felt it did for the most part, as he felt most Americans did as well. He believed it all mattered on what side you might be on. He mostly found this question to be elementary and found himself confused, but he concluded it with determining it the best system in the world, but could use much improvement. The second question given to the officer was if he felt the court system had integrity. He thought that most people within the system do have integrity. However, he has seen situations where it has caused absolute murder towards the system. He thinks that internal and external pressure on the police, attorneys, judges, etc., can cause for some to turn the dark side. But he noted that every other profession has the situation for anything to occur that can hurt their system.

When the officer was asked the final question on what he would like to do change the court system he seemed to get excited, as if he had a lot to say. He first off felt that their should be better monitoring of all the pieces within the system. He felt that from the judges to the police officers they all should be better monitored. He felt last of all that the citizens as a whole, consisting of the police, judges, etc, should not allow the System to be manipulated by the powerful and therefore cost the weak to lose their rights and privileges.

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The second officer that was interviewed was from Hawthorne Woods and he and their department are located Lake County. He was younger than the first which figured he might have a different opinion, and the fact that the Counties were different may also play a role. Lake County is more conservative and has far more Republicans than Cook county. Therefore, the Court system in Lake may differ from those of Cook due to the political background and lobbying that may be done in the system.

When the officer was asked the first question whether he felt the court system worked, he confidently replied in favor. He believed that for the most part the court system does work. He felt with the right people and right direction then the court system will work. However, he also noted that just like anything in life there are faults and clinks. Not everything is perfect, therefore, the system worked with little problems. He concluded the question with saying it was the best game in town. Meaning possibly that he felt that in many games, organizations and such, that there are corruption, cheating, stealing, fraud, etc., but the court system was the best. Which leads into the second question on he felt if the court system had integrity and he replied again with approval, that it did. He thought most people involved in the court system were people with integrity. He felt that most people who pursued jobs in the system were ones who have integrity. He felt people looking for corruption look elsewhere in other lines of work. He thinks people in these jobs work towards justice.

The officer was then asked his final question on what would he like to do the change the current court system. He felt much the way he did about the integrity question. He felt that he would want to strive to find people in the system that believe in just, and fairness. The people would have to be able and willing to stick by their convictions. He would like to take these people and promote them to top jobs and replace any of those who did not follow in these feelings.

Another aspect to the CJS is the branch of corrections. This is where people go when they are arrested and the judge will give out supervision, supervised supervision, and probation. All three mean different and have more serious consequences, but all three mean that you are to be under the watch of a probationary officer. Probationary officers will either meet with the felon on a schedule, or have some kind of contact with them. They make sure that the felon follows their sentence and can violate them and send back in front of the judge with harsher penalties. The last interviewee was a probationary officer from Lake County.

The officer was also asked the same questions as the first two police officers. When he was asked on if he felt the court system worked, he was unsure. He felt that the court system works when it is able to keep offenders from repeating the crimes they have committed. He felt that some sentences, or, probation time, counseling hours, etc. are not enough sometimes and can't change all people. That most offenders do not like to have to pay fines and go to court. Tightening around the edges he feels needs to be done to keep offenders from committing more crimes. When the second question was asked to the officer on whether he felt the system had integrity he responded with a common answer. He felt that some people in the court system could be blinding by bias views. That for the most part the court system is fair. That judges use good discretion and if you think the system is not fair, then don't go out and commit the crime.

The final question asked to the last interviewee was what would he like to do to change the court system. He responded to this question with more humor than he did any of the others. He first of all thinks that the court system works the best when it is not over crowded. He would like to decrease the flow of traffic through a court house.

Even though he didn't have much to much insight on the changing of the court system, the idea is one that should be honestly looked at. Each of the officers that were interviewed seemed to be of short answers and not much insight. Each would always say or start off staying that there is so much they could say but then wouldn't say much. And that to stick them with these basic questions which could send discussion groups into the morning were hard to tackle at the moment. The main difference was the atmosphere of that of the probationary officers, office and that of the police stations. The two seemed miles apart, but continue to work together to keep the CJS in flow.

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Is Capital Punishment Just?

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The public's satisfaction that comes from capital punishment does not constitute serving justice. Today's system of capital punishment is composed of inequalities and injustices. The commonly used arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. It is a deterrent. It removes killers. It is the ultimate punishment. It satisfies the public's need for retribution. It relieves the anguish of the victim's family. It has yet to be proven as a deterrent and imposing the death penalty is expensive and time consuming. Morally, it is a continuation of the cycle of violence and degrades all who are involved, as well as its victim.

Perhaps the most frequent argument for capital punishment is that of deterrence. The thought is that the death penalty will deter other criminals from committing violent acts. Numerous studies have been created attempting to prove this belief; however, all the evidence taken together makes it hard to be confident that capital punishment deters more than long prison terms do" (Cavanagh 4). Also, Bryan Stevenson, the executive director of the Montgomery based Equal Justice Initiative, has stated that "people are increasingly realizing that the more we resort to killing as a legitimate response to our frustration and anger with violence, the more violent our society becomes…We could execute all three thousand people on death row, and most people would not feel any safer tomorrow" (Frame 51). Also, the number of inmates actually put to death is substantially lower than 50 years ago. This decline creates a situation in which the death penalty ceases to be a deterrent when the population begins to think that one can get away with a crime and go unpunished. Also, the less that the death sentence is used, the more it becomes unusual, thus coming in conflict with the eighth amendment. Interesting enough, the less the death penalty is used, the less society can legally use it. The end result is a punishment that ceases to deter any crime at all.

The key part of the death penalty is that it involves death, which is rather permanent for humans. This creates a major problem when innocent people have been and will continue to being sentenced to death. In our legal system, there are many ways in which justice might be poorly served to the innocent who receive the death sentence. First is in the handling of the defendant's counsel. In the event that a defendant is without counsel, a lawyer will be provided. "Attorney's appointed to represent indigent capital defendants frequently lack the qualities necessary to provide a competent defense and sometimes have exhibited such poor character that they have subsequently been disbarred" (Tabak 7). With payment caps and court-determined costs, there is not much incentive for a lawyer to spend a great deal of time representing the defendant. When you compare this to the prosecution, "…aided by the police, other law enforcement agencies, crime labs, state mental hospitals, various other scientific resources, prosecutors …experienced in successfully handling capital cases and grand juries," the defense that the court appointed counsel can offer is inadequate (Tabak 7). Even if a defendant has a valid case to offer, what chance does he/she have for the case to be properly handled? Furthermore, why should he/she be punished for a misjustice that was created by the court itself when it appointed the incapable lawyer?

Even if a defendant has proper legal counsel, there is still the matter of impartiality of judges. "The Supreme Court has steadily reduced the availability of habeas corpus review of capital convictions, placing its confidence in the notion that state judges, who take the same oath of office as federal judges to uphold the Constitution, can be trusted to enforce it" (Bright 768). This makes for the biased trying of a defendant's appeals, "given the overwhelming pressure on elected state judges to heed, and perhaps even lead to, the popular cries for the death of criminal defendants" (Bright 76). Thirty-two of the states that impose the death penalty also employ the popular election of judges, and several of these even have judges run with party affiliations. This creates a deeply political justice system. Can society simply brush off mistaken execution as an incidental cost in the greater scheme of putting a criminal to death?

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In our society, there is a great expectation placed on the family of a victim to pursue vengeance to the highest degree -- the death penalty. This creates a dilemma of morality. If anything, by forcing families to seek the death penalty, their own consciences will be burdened by the death of the killer. Also, killing the accused will not bring back your loss. At some point, society must stop the violence. Seeking temporary gratification is not a logical basis for whether the death penalty should be imposed. Granted, revenge is easily confused with retribution, and most would agree that the punishment should fit the crime, but can society really justify murdering someone else simply on the basis that they deserved it? Government has the right and duty to protect the greater good against people who jeopardize the welfare of society, but a killer can be sentenced to life without chance of parole, and society will be just as safe as if he had been executed.

A large misconception concerning the death penalty is that it saves society the costs of keeping inmates imprisoned for long periods. In the act of preserving due process of justice, the court appeals involved with the death penalty becomes a long, drawn-out and very expensive process. "The average time between sentencing and execution for the thirty-one prisoners put on death row in 1 was 114 months, or nine and a half years" (Stewart 50). "Criminal justice process expenses, trial court costs, appellate and post-conviction costs, and prison costs including years served on death row awaiting execution costs over a quarter million dollars, and per execution exceeds $ million" (Cavanagh 4). When you compare this to the average costs for a twenty-five year prison term for first degree murder (roughly $0 thousand), the cost of putting someone away for life is a deal. Is it really worth the hassle and money to kill a criminal, when we can put them away for life for less money with a great deal more ease?

In earlier times, when capital punishment was common, the value of life was less, and societies were more barbaric, capital punishment was probably quite acceptable. However, in today's society, the death penalty is becoming an unrealistic form of punishment. Also, with the possibility of mistaken execution, there will remain the question of innocence of those put to death. Finally, man does not have the right to inflict mortal punishment when there are suitable substitutes that require fewer resources. It is time to stop the senseless killing. Works Cited

Bright, Steven B., and Patrick J. Keenan. Judges and the Politics of Death Deciding Between

the Bill of Rights and the Next Election in Capital Cases. Boston University Law

Review 75 (00) 768-6.

Cavanagh, Suzanne, and David Teasley. Capital Punishment A Brief Overview. CRS Report

For Congress 8 (18) 4.

Stewart, David O. Dealing with Death. American Bar Association Journal 80.11 (14) 50

Tabak, Ronald J. Report Ineffective Assistance of Counsel and Lack of Due Process in Death

Penalty Cases. Human Rights . Winter (16)

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Nursery Rhyme Nonsense?

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Myths, controversial stories, and issues with twists and double meanings catch my attention and force me to want to know more. I am extremely interested in the unexplainable things in life. My mother received an e-mail concerning the mythology behind the European nursery rhymes from a colleague. Being the anti-internet junkie that she is, my mom disregarded the e-mail. A few mornings later, on her way to school her attention was turned to the Bob and Sherry radio show. The topic they were discussing was the European nursery rhymes and the myths behind them. They told the background information on the nursery rhymes that many of us never knew. My mom knowing that I would be very interested told me about the radio show. Days passed and I thought nothing more about what she had told me. I was in 1st block, English IV, when the teacher gave an assignment for a research paper on our choice of subject. I automatically knew what I would write about. Not only do I get to research a topic that I was already interested in, but also I am being graded on something I already wanted to do. I decided to add information about the Bubonic Plague to my research, seeing how the nursery rhyme, "Ring Around the Rosies", is focused on the plague; which makes the subject all the more controversial. Many people have many different stories that were told to them as children about what the nursery rhyme is about. The important issue, however, is not which version of the myth is correct, but whether or not you want your children singing this morbid nursery rhyme; or is the depth of the nursery rhyme simply a myth?

"Plague was a term that was used in the Middle Ages to describe fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans" (Rice). In humans, plague occurs in three forms bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best-known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes. The Bubonic Plague is a fatal bacterial infection. The plague causes swollen lymph nodes, high fever, and chills (Kugler). The infected person could acquire pneumonia, blood poisoning, and meningitis (Rice). The Nursery Rhyme "Ring Around The Rosies" is said to be about children who suffered from the Bubonic Plague (Archibald). These children sang a song about their state and many other children passed the song on. There are many versions of the rhyme, all having something to do with death.

The cause of the Black Death, Bubonic Plague, is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The fleabites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the fleas stomach. The fleas stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood. When it bites a human, rat or another animal, the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Bubonic Plague. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans (Kugler).

During the 100s, the Bubonic Plague spread quickly mainly due to the infestation of rats on which the disease-transmitting flea liked to feed. The infestation of rats was because of the lack of sanitary conditions. The human waste was dumped into open sewers, as was the non-eaten food. Bathes were not taken often for various reasons one being that it was believed that by washing their skin that it would open pores, which was one belief of how the disease entered into the person. After being bit by the infectious rodent, the victim will show symptoms within four to six days. After the human is infected the bacterium moves through the bloodstream to the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes become enlarged and painful. During this time a fever starts to develop and headache, chills and unbearable exhaustion follow. As the untreated bacterium continues to develop in the bloodstream a severe blood infection develops known as septicemic plague. This blood infection causes bleeding under the skin, which will look dark purple or black, the dried blood under the skin causes this. This bleeding and drying of the blood under the skin is how the Bubonic Plague became known as the Black Death (Kugler).

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"There are still one thousand to two thousand cases of the Bubonic Plague each year in the world. Australia and Europe do not have any documented cases of the plague. There are known cases in Russia, the Mid-east, China Southwest and Southeastern Asia, Madagascar, Southern and Eastern Africa, Southwest United States, the Andes Mountains and Brazil" (Kugler).

In the past, the treatment for the Bubonic Plague was more damaging to the patient than help. Bleeding was a common practice during these days, a patient was bled near the heart to remove the hot blood before it could recirculate through the body and cause more infection. Now, as soon as the victim is diagnosed with the Bubonic Plague, treatment should begin. "Symptoms are treated with antibiotics, such as streptomycin or tetracycline" (Kugler). There is also a vaccination available for people working in or traveling to plague-affected areas of the world (Kugler). The bubonic plague can be prevented. Reducing the risk of plague outbreaks would require Controlling the rat population, watching for plague cases in both rats and humans in the area, using insecticide to reduce the number of fleas, and treating pets for fleas (Kugler).

Bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. There have been three major outbreaks of bubonic plague in history. The first outbreak is known as the Plague of Justinian (54-54). It killed 70,000 in the city of Constantinople in just two years. Towards the end of the period, 10,000 people a week died from the disease. The plague followed trade routes to France and Italy. Smaller outbreaks took place for an additional 5 years. Before this time, bubonic plague had been unknown in the Mediterranean. The Byzantine emperor Justinian, who ruled from 57 to 565, was attempting to reestablish the Roman Empire and was close to completing his dream. The outbreak of plague destroyed his dream. The consequences of the Plague of Justinian are extensive. Justinian's efforts to reunite imperial Rome failed in a large part to the decrease in imperial resources caused by plague. The failure of Roman and Persian forces to resist Moslem armies in 64 happened because of the decrease in the population in the Mediterranean coastlines from 54 onward. Also, the shift of the center of European culture from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe occurred because of the long series of outbreaks that destroyed the territories within easy reach of Mediterranean ports. Smaller outbreaks occurred up until 140 (Rice).

The second major outbreak of bubonic plague, and the most devastating, occurred in Europe in 146 to 150. Known as the "Black Death", bubonic plague spread across Asia and Europe. It began with the siege of Kaffa, a cathedral town on the Crimean coast. The Tartars, lead by Janiberg Khan carried the disease from Asia to Kaffa when they laid siege to it. The residents of Kaffa who fled on ships carried the plague with them to Europe. By the end of 148, plague covered all of Italy and most of France. It crossed over the Alps, and it spread to Switzerland. England was reached in August, and it spread to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, and most of Germany. By 151, the Black Death reached Russia. The Black Death killed about 1/ of the population of Europe, or 5 million people. In four years it resulted in more deaths than the Plague of Justinian did in fifty. Government, trade, and commerce in Europe almost came to an end. The Black Death caused the depopulation of about 1,000 villages in England. There was a drastic reduction of the amount of land under development due to the death of many laborers. This ruined many landowners. The Black Death created an obsession with death and the afterlife. The Roman Catholic Church lost some of its influence as people moved to mysticism and other spiritual expressions. Jews were blamed for the plague and were massacred. Also, public health institutions came into being because of efforts to stop the spread of the plague (Rice).

There were recurrences of the plague in 161 to 16, 16 to 171, 10, and 1400. Another big outbreak was the Great Plague of London in 1665, which killed 17,440 out of the total population of ,000. A fire that burned most of the city ended the outbreak. The third major outbreak of bubonic plague in history began in Manchuria in 180, reaching San Francisco in 100. By the time the plague had begun to die out, it killed 1,57,78 people, primarily in India and Asia (Rice).

Each of the lines of the nursery rhyme has a particular meaning that refers to the Bubonic Plague. Ring Around the Rosies is the red ring of blood clots around the fleabite when the victim, in this case a child, becomes infected with the Bubonic Plague. Pocket Full of Posies is tied to how people would carry around posies, flowers, to hide the smell of the infected and the dead. Ashes, Ashes refers to how the people would burn the infected bodies to try get rid of the smell from the air and to keep from being infected. We All Fall Down is how everyone who became infected with Bubonic Plague died. Another meaning to the Ashes, Ashes line of the rhyme is a more detailed, scientific reasoning of the line. In the final stages of the plague, just prior to death, the aviolae sacs in the lungs rupture and the lungs begin to be coated with blood, which then clots and dries. Right before the poor victim's time runs out, they will often have a prolonged coughing fit during which they cough up flecks and particles of the dried "black"-appearing blood from their lungs. This was given the name "ashes" by the doctors of the time, who had no idea of how the lungs worked and no way to analyze the "ashes" that seemed to spew from the dying patients mouths and define them as a blood product (Opie). Does that sound like something you would want your child to sing about?

The Bubonic Plague affected many to all areas of the world and affected not only people, but also economies, beliefs and lifestyles altogether. Whole countries suffered for decades and went through reconstruction for years after. The plague is not nearly as serious or as deadly as it was before, but it still occurs and there is still a chance that people will die from it. The Bubonic Plague was not something happy to sing about. It was serious and tragic and took innocent people, including children's lives. I, personally, will never sing "Ring Around The Rosies" again without thinking of the millions of people who were killed by the plague. If a mother, I would prefer that my child not sing of such a morbid case. However, the decision lies in the hands of the mother and the subject is still a controversy to this day.

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Analysis of Sex Without Love

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Love has many different meanings to different people. For a five-year old, girl, love is marrying her daddy when she grows up. For a ten-year old child love may represent those feelings he or she has for their best friend. However, a teenager passing by their crush in the hallways and having sudden butterflies in their stomach, could also be a description of love. It doesn?t matter how you look at it, love is truly undefined and kindles different emotions in every human being. But the question is, What is sex without love? Can one participate in such an emotional journey without loving their partner? This statement holds true, and is represented in Sharon Olds poem titled Sex Without Love.

First and foremost, the poem quite passionately reveals Olds disgust for casual sex. She captures the shameful act of lustful sex and seemingly animates it with her language structure. Her use of imagery not only creates a picture in the readers mind, but also grabs the audiences? attention. The author also makes comparisons through the use of similes. The subject of the poem is sex without love, and how people who have sex without love treat their bodies as separate from truth. It seems that Olds is capturing a lustful scene betweentwo people who lack emotional and spiritual connections, thus conveying to the reader a lesson about love.

The poem, Sex Without Love, expresses the poet?s attitude toward loveless sex as a cold and damaging act. Sharon Olds accomplishes this through her use of various poetic techniques which stimulate vivid images in the reader. Her opening words, How do they do it, the ones who make love without love?, displays a negative tone as if the speaker was in disgust. However, Olds throws us off by referring to the two as beautiful as dancers. When I read the next few lines of the poem, I thought that maybe my initial impression of the poem was misinterpreted. She continues by stating that the characters are, gliding over each other as ice skaters, which represented a somewhat graceful and beautiful scene. At this point in the poem I am confused as to whether or not her tone is positive or negative. Could the poem be depicting a lovely act or one of pure disgust?

Next, Olds returns us to her original feelings of loveless sex by referring to the coolness of the ice and the detachment of the professional ice skaters as they maneuver gently almost without seeming to touch the surface. The image of, fingers hooked inside each other?s bodies, conveys that separated feeling once again. Likewise, there is no implication of gentle emotions or touch as she continues to describe the characters. She uses metaphorical language to describe the overheated lovers, faces red as steaks, and wet as the children at birth associates this lustful act as one of raw desire. I mean comparing a lover?s face to that of a slab of cold, raw beef leaves us with the feeling that these people are indeed using each other as pieces of meat.

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In addition, the reference to mothers giving their children away at birth proceeds to express the author?s attitude that these two people are being irresponsible and aren?t considering what will happen as a result of their actions. I had to reread line eight of the poem a few times, for the spacing and repetition of words caused a halt in my reading. The author?s use of the pun come to the furthers the plot and arouses an emotional response from the reader. Addressing the subject of engaging in intercourse without loving their partner, Old seems to stimulate an actual orgasm as a point of climax, How do they come to the come to the come to the God come to the still waters, and not love the one who came there with them. The poet?s uses of words such as, wet, come, still waters, and came adds to the thought of this being the high point in the act. The spacing around the word God in the poem reflects upon Olds belief that sex and emotions should be intertwined. She uses sexual imagery to address her subject as well as to spur and maintain the reader?s interest. The actual repetition of the phrase, come to the, actually made me take a deep breath as if I was exhausted. It also builds to a peak which then leads to the still waters, or the peaceful aftermath.

As the poem proceeds, line ten again questions how these two characters could participate in sexual activity without love. It has often been assumed that men are more willing to participate in sexual activities regardless of emotional connection more than women are ready to. Perhaps Sharon Olds had sexual experiences that were emotionally scarring. Anyhow, the reference of light rising evokes an image of brightness which fades away as the poet brings us back to the contradictory imagery of the heat of steam rising. This made me picture sort of a Hellish, sweaty scene between the sex partners. Olds speaks of the true religious, the purists, the pros, the ones who will not accept a false Messiah, love the priest instead of the God. This reference reminds us of her view of the sex act as something very spiritual and pure, that which should not be shared by those without love. Her reference to loving the priest instead of the God, shows her underlying belief that God and sex are linked together. The author expresses the feeling that these lovers are using sex for their own pleasures and are wrong for behaving immorally and accepting a false God. I?m not quite understanding of what the reference to not mistaking the priest for God means. Maybe this statement reflects upon Olds? belief that one should not mistake their partner in the act of love, as one should not mistake their leader for the religion they represent.

Also, the last eight lines of the poem seem to refer to sex as a sport. These lines strengthen my theory that the poem is based on Olds? disgust of physical love. By stating that, They do not mistake the lover for their own pleasure, we are focused on the fact that these two people are not bonded together but each in it by themselves. Sharon Olds continues by comparing them to great runners, who very much like the ice skaters are somewhat detached from their sport. Line nineteen of the poem conveys an uncomfortable scene as she uses the words, cold and wind to describe the unpleasant conditions. The lovers are depicted as more concerned about their shoes fitting, or finding their partner that fits for the day?s run. They are described as being more concerned about their sexual pleasures and desires than their health and overall well-being. The poet also states that the runners are alone in their pursuit for the end of the race, just as the lovers without love are also alone.

As the poem comes to an end, Sharon Olds reinforces the lack of partnership in this act of lust as she states, the single body alone. The author expresses the emotional removal of these partners in the bed who only seem concerned or worried about the mere factors that will create sexual pleasure and satisfaction at that moment. The poet?s final line aids this thought, as she reminds us that the truth remains, each is alone in the universe and competing against its own best time. When I initially read this poem I plainly perceived it as a story of casual sex. However, the irony is created when the author continuously refers to the cold and aloneness of the distasteful act. The descriptive words in the poem along with the use of similes revealed her opinions quite thoroughly. Through this poem, titled Sex Without Love, Sharon Olds has expressed her complete and utter disrespect for those who would partake in loveless sex.

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What do Hamlet's soliloquies tell us about his true nature?

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Soliloquy is a speech in a play, in which a character, who is alone on the stage speaks his/her thoughts aloud (Oxford's Student Dictionary of English). Because a person can't tell lies to himself the thoughts reflect the truth and the truth is used to tell us a lot about the character and his way of seeing the life. Acting is not just saying words, and not just moving around the stage, it all is about expressing the feelings and emotions and during the soliloquies we can see the character's inner side, what is going on in his mind. In Shakespeare's play "Hamlet" most of the speeches, when the character is alone on the stage are quite powerful and play a significant role in the piece. Because of Hamlet's father's death, his mind is full of thoughts and feelings and those thoughts and feelings are expressed in the way he acts and in the way he speaks. Although there are different interpretations of "Hamlet" on stage or on screen you can always see that hot-blooded, mentally strong young man, who is full of hate and has enough energy for revenge.

Usually, when somebody you are used to (relative, friend) dies, at first you can't believe and cope with it, and the worst thing is that you can not do anything about it and you feel really disappointed, that this person you can't see anymore, and you haven't him told what you probably always wanted to. Unfortunately, I happened to experience death of a person, who was not really related to my family, but I respected this person a lot. When I heard the news, tears were willing to spray from eyes, I was depressed then for quite a long time and that makes me feel really sorry for Hamlet. Hamlet's behaviour throughout the play seems to be quite strange, but from the other side he must be a mentally strong person to stay in his mind after such a great loss. Ophelia wasn't as strong as Hamlet, she couldn't accept the death of her father and eventually she went completely mad, it was just easier for her to commit suicide. The reader must feel sorry for her, but I don't think that the reader is sorry for the Queen Gertrude. She was too weak-minded to realise the importance of the event, her husband's death quite quickly diffused out of her head. Another key event in the play is the appearance of the ghost and the story of the murder. I expected the scene to be far more dramatic, than in all the screen interpretations we had seen on our lessons. It's not only a great opportunity to see someone you thought you would never see and say what you haven't said, it is also an extremely strong mixture of feelings, it is so strong, that it is used to drive people completely mad. So, those two factors influenced Hamlet's inner world and his behaviour, but than an important question arises "Is Hamlet really mad or does he just pretend?" The answer to this question is hidden in his soliloquies, because in them his thoughts and his behaviour reveal his true, real nature, he can't lie to himself. I am going to analyze two soliloquies before and after the ghost's story.

More than a month had passed since Hamlet's father's death. And it's no wonder that Hamlet is still in a foul mood. In the first lines of his soliloquy after the marriage of her mother we can see, that Hamlet wants to commit suicide. That can happen because of two things, either he is in his madness and can't do anything else or his life had lost its stimulus. And indeed he doesn't find a way of living with his weak-minded mother, his beloved Ophelia, which is forced to reject him, his friend Horatio, which Hamlet seems to consider being a man from another class, and most of all his uncle, Hamlet can't bear seeing him instead of his father. So, it appears, that he is quite a lonely man. The thing that amazed me was that he was stopped from committing suicide by religion, because in our days it had lost its power and especially for me. The thing that became much stronger nowadays than any bible is moral and honour. Hamlet is in a real depression, because only a man, who sees nothing in life, could say that it is just "flesh". Another thing we have learnt from this soliloquy is that Hamlet has not learnt to excuse. The worst thing is that he can't excuse his own mother. Analyzing mother's behaviour is another question and I am not going to write much about it, but I just want to say, that his mother didn't have any other choice; she is not strong enough to reject the title of a Queen and she was "forced" to love Claudius. But for Hamlet this fact can not pile up in his head, because he loved his father so much, that it was impossible to compare his love to dead Hamlet to Queen's. On screen interpretations, when the old king is buried his mother "kills herself" with tears, where Hamlet doesn't cry or say anything, but in his eyes we see something that looks more like horror. As Hamlet says Gertrude's tears were like Niobe's. Her cry didn't change anything. In the portrait of Gertrude reader can see womanhood and Hamlet's definition of woman can be applied to some, but I think that it is a sin to call your own mother "frail". He underlines his independence throughout the whole play (and he is strong more than enough to be independent) , but he forgets, that he owes his mother something, she gave him birth, she raised him, and personally, I don't think that she deserves such treatment.

The next soliloquy is when Hamlet was spied by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, when he saw the actors the weapon that is more powerful than sword. They were asked to a speech about Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus, like Hamlet wanted to revenge Achilles's, his father's, death by attacking Trojan king Priam in the "ominous horse". This reminds us that humanity hasn't changed a lot during the last millenniums. Such things happened ages ago, happened during Hamlet's times and are probably going on now. Generally in this soliloquy he punishes himself for absence of activity towards his main target revenge.

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I am going to analyze more thoroughly his next, most famous speech. "To be or not to be?" that became the most famous phrase from the whole play. Although, it's not really significant in the play, it is significant in our lives. Every day of every month of every year we ask ourselves this question. We always make decisions from simple ones to ones that may influence somebody's life. In this case Hamlet's words decide life, but here is a double meaning he wants to commit a suicide and he wants to end Claudius's life. After that key question follows another one To fight or to give up and endure? He feels that with all his strength he would barely be able to oppose the "sea of troubles". The simplest solution is to die. This is quite a paradoxical thing that death is an end to a "heart-ache" and "thousand natural shocks", but this end is end to joy, happiness, love, belief and people live, because on scales positive factors overweigh negative, even when we think of it the other way round. So, Hamlet once more in the play has a thought of committing a suicide. He is in such despair, because his "friends" turned out to be his enemies. Nobody is with him, nobody will help him to reach his goal, his father's will. His friend, Horatio will not be able to do anything about it. I can see the author saying, that loneliness is the worst thing.

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Conflict and Change in the Modern World

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Conflict and Change in the Modern World

There are many conflicts in the Modern World. These conflicts often lead up to change. These conflicts include problems in the Cold War, the Four Worlds, China, Southeast Asia, the Negritude movement, African nations, Middle East, and Latin American countries.

The Cold War was an intense rivalry that developed after World War II between two groups of communist and non-communist nations. On one side were the U.S.S.R and its communist allies and on the other side were the United States and its democratic allies. The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings by both the United States and the Soviet Union, and their allies. The United States accused the Soviet Union of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The United States wanted a world of independent nations based on democratic principles. Some conflicts that occurred during the Cold War were the Berlin blockade, the Cuban Missile crisis, the Suez Canal crisis, the Bay of Pigs, and the Vietnam War. As years went by, ties among members of both the Communist and Western blocs began to loosen and new international relationships in the 170's began to appear. Several Communist and democratic nations developed friendlier relations with one another, helping ease tensions.

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There are some conflicts in the Four Worlds. For example, one world is trying to achieve a high standard of living and others are trying to stay stable. The first world consists of wealth, democracy, and capitalism. The second world consists of the socialist nations of the former USSR and Eastern Europe, which are now developing mixed economies. The third world consists of poor countries struggling to use their resources to raise their economy levels. Finally, the poorest of the poor is the fourth world of nations where people are destitute.

In 158, China began its First Five-Year Plan for economic development. From 15 to 157, Chinese industry grew at the rapid rate of about 15% a year. By 157, the Communists had brought all important industries under the control of the government. In addition, peasants were forced or persuaded to combine their landholdings into agricultural cooperatives, but agricultural production increased much more slowly than industrial output. The Great Leap Forward was the name of China's Five-Year Plan. The Great Leap Forward shattered China's economy. From 15 to 161, China experienced economic depression, food shortages, and a decline in industrial output. By 16, the economy began to recover. However, the Chinese had not solved the problem of achieving economic growth while maintaining revolutionary values. Disagreement over this issue began to produce a major split within the Communist Party between radicals and moderates. The radicals called for China to strive for a classless society in which everyone would work selflessly for the common good. The Moderates stressed the importance of economic development. They believed that the policies of the radicals were unrealistic and hampered the modernization of China. Mao Zedong was the chairman of the Communist Party. His attempt to put China back on a revolutionary path wrecked the government and economy so severely that he had to call out the army in 167 to restore order. In 16, the Communist Party, the government, and the educational system gradually began to resume their normal activities, but the conflict between radicals and moderates within the party continued.

Many people in Southeast Asia resented colonialism and fought for independence. These nations began to win independence after World War II ended in 145. At the same time, Communists gained a foothold in Southeast Asia, often as part of independence movements. Most of the newly independent Southeast Asian governments faced uprisings by Communists and other groups who wanted to take over the countries. Communists gained control of North Vietnam in 154. In 175, after years of bitter fighting, they took over South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The Vietnamese Communists united North and South Vietnam into the single nation of Vietnam in 176.

There are many reasons for the Negritude movement. One of the reasons was to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. It first began when French-speaking Africans and West Indians began to express their growing sense of black consciousness and pride in tradition. This movement also viewed the black experience as unique. One of the movement's leaders, Leopold Senghor, later became the first president of Senegal.

In Africa, a left wing military group controlled the government of Ethiopia from 174 to 11. The Military government adopted socialist policies and developed close relations with the Soviet Union. In 175, leftist guerrilla forces formed Marxist-Leninist governments in Angola and Mozambique. They controlled the governments of these countries until 10. Other African nations had Marxist- Leninist governments for short periods in the 170's and 180's. In Central America, an alliance of Marxist groups called the Sandinista National Liberation Front held power in Sandinista parties won

Nicaragua's presidential election. In southwestern Asia in 178, a Marxist-Lennist party seized power in Afghanistan. However, many Afghans rebelled against the new government. In 17, the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan to prevent the overthrow of the government. The invasion resulted in a lengthy conflict between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels. The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ended in 18. The rebels overthrew the government in 1.

The 150's and 160's were years of radical change in the Middle East. A new generation led by young army officers took over the governments of many Arab states. They overthrew leaders who cooperated with the United Kingdom and France. They hoped to bring about a political unification of the Arab world and to remove any European influence. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, became the symbol of these hopes. In 156, Nasser seized the Suez Canal in Egypt from its British and French owners. In response to Nasser's action, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. Pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations forced the invaders to withdraw.

In 15, former President Ibanez was elected president of Chile for the second time. Major issues in the election were food shortages, rising inflation, and falling worker income. Ibanez continued to encourage industrialization, but economic problems persisted. A sharp drop in copper prices in the world market added to the economic problems. Chileans elected Eduardo Frei Montalva president in 164. Frei began a limited program of land refom, built public housing projects, and expanded education and health services. Frei persuaded U.S. firms that owned copper mines in Chile to give the Chilean government a greater share of the profits and more control over pricing, production, and marketing of copper.

In Nicaragua, its new government, headed by the Sandinistas, took over key parts of the economy, including agricultural exports, banking, insurance, and mining. The economy system is a mixture of public and private ownership. The government adopted many policies designed to help the poor and improve the economy, which had been badly damaged in the Civil War. The economic recovery from the war has been show, and hardships remain for many people.

There are many conflicts that affected the modern world. Some conflicts that people and countries faced over the years dealt with wars, governments, the economy, and other such things. These conflicts often lead to a positive change and sometimes a negative change.

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COMM

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Name Azya Valdez

E-mail mailtoazyavaldez@hotmail.com

MY HISPANIC NEIGHBORHOOD

By Azyade Valdez

I was born in Mexico, I lived in the same neighborhood for 10 years, I never moved. I got to know my neighbors very well, and they knew me since I was a little baby, they saw me grow up and even though we weren't very close we always kept an eye on each other.

My street was, and still is, one the noisiest streets in my city. There is a big triangle interception right at my house, and we are one of the corners. There was an accident almost every day, from people running the red light to people crossing the street without paying attention. Some how it was kind of funny.

In the summer I went to visit my sister in Dallas Texas. I fell in love with the place. It was so different from my hometown, so much nicer and cleaner. There was a front yard in almost every single home with a beautiful landscape. So different from what I was used to seeing, and so much quieter too. I wasn't living in the city anymore, I was living in the suburbs and I'd love it.

Azya Valdez

My Hispanic Neighborhood

Page

I decided to move to Dallas permanently in 17. I wanted to learn English and I wanted to go to school. Once I was living there I found out that there are a lot of Hispanic people living in Dallas. When I started school, my first class was ESL and everyone on my class was Hispanic. I had friends from Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, and Ecuador. It was such a great diversity of cultures but we all spoke Spanish and we felt like we knew each other for a long time. We were somehow connected right away. I think that being all Hispanics so far away from home we found each other and we felt like neighbors.

I've never knew how to dance Salsa and Merengue, and the first time I went out with my friends to dance I felt lost, I didn't know what I was doing, it was really fun to learn and since then I am a master of the Salsa dance!

Living in the United States and being able to still be attached somehow to my cultural roots through the big Hispanic community has been great. That's the kind of neighborhood I'd love to live in forever, full of different flavors, cultures, music, and most importantly friendship.

I was very disappointed when I moved to PA. I couldn't, and still can't, find that Hispanic community, that Hispanic flavor and culture and everything that I found in

Azy Valdez

My Hispanic Neighborhood

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Dallas. Sometimes I have the feeling that there aren't any Hispanics leaving in Philadelphia. Could that be possible? Maybe they are all living in NYC or maybe in Washington. I don't know, but what I can tell you is that I missed my culture so much and I feel like I am away from home more than ever.

I live in HERE now, and I like it a lot. It is a very small and quite place. I finally own my first home and that beautiful front yard that I fell in love with the first time when I was in Dallas. But now I am missing my real neighbors, my Hispanics neighbors. Maybe someday I'll be able to go back to Dallas or maybe some day I'll get used to being part of this great American culture!

Please note that this sample paper on COMM is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on COMM, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on COMM will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Representation of blacks in media

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Moral Panics are times when the media emphasises the threat of certain groups against the good order of society. The result of these panics is, as Cohen (17) states, the emergence of people that become defined as a threat to society's values. Cohen (17) discusses the relationship between the media and these panics. He states that the treatment of youth in the media is the main creation of these panics. However this argument is inadequate as it fails to address the complexity of the issue. Cohen (17) does point out that it is the information the media provides that can cause panic. However Cohen (17) only looks at the effect this information has on the treatment of youth. Cohen's (17) argument is weak as he fails to make the point that information from the media can create panic about any group. Although his argument does make a strong point, Cohen (17) fails to delve beyond youth and make the connection between racial segregation and panic. He fails to provide a comprehensive discussion on all features of panic.

Cohen's (17) argument lies in youth being perceived as unruly and out of control by the media. Cohen (17) notes that the mass hysteria it can create is important to the growth and survival of the media. The media frenzy can have a snowballing effect, with the original story breeding new stories as it develops. This is important to the media industry as it keeps the attention and interest of the audience. Therefore it can be seen that the treatment of youth in the media is often in order to create stories, not to reveal them. By treating youth groups as unruly and out of control, anxiety spreads. Society turns to the media for the reassurance and information they need to cease this feeling. However Cohen (17) fails to note that this occurs in relation to all panics. Berman (187) sees this as a result of the declining social influence of other institutions, such as the church. People now turn to the media for social information and reassurance. Thus the media's influence on society is strengthened.

This can be seen in the Paxton case in which A Current Affair on channel created a moral panic over three unemployed teenagers. The panic surrounded the degradation of today's youth and the subsequent threat to the good order of society. The program made the case that the whole of Australia was outraged that these 'dole bludgers' would not seek employment. Media watch revealed that the Paxton kids were never offered jobs at all. ACA created this moral panic and used the Paxton's as pawns in order to support the line of the story and to possibly boost the rating of the show.

The way in which groups are typecast by society is due to the nature of the information the media provides on their behaviour (Cohen 17). The continued monopoly of media resources (Cunningham and Turner. 17) has lead to one media outlet churning out the same second hand information as another. Cohen (17) is correct in his argument that even these second hand snippets are enough to create moral panic in society. The information the media puts forth about youth is often related to acts of deviance. This makes people weary of all youth and Cohen (17, p.18) is correct in his argument that this leads to the separation of youth from society. Thus the media shapes the audiences perception of all youth. If the knowledge received is restricted to acts of deviance, the perceptions created will be based on this knowledge. Cohen fails to acknowledge that this can apply to other groups within society.

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Berman is correct in his assumption that we receive enormous amounts of social information through the media. (187). We are told what is socially acceptable and, in the Paxton case, what is not. In the Australian media aboriginal representation barely exists and the inclusion exclusion that Hartley (1) notes is predominate. The social information that is presented about aboriginal issues are often one sided, and from a white perspective. When aboriginals are represented it is often in connection to welfare and crime related stories. With this type of information it is hard for the audience to form rounded opinions of aboriginal culture. The information that is presented formulates stereotypes and typecasts the entire aboriginal race. Once again Cohen has failed to address this problem. Cultural boundaries are an important part of panic as anxiety is easily bred out of prejudice.

Roberts (171) found that the media also treats blacks in stereotypical ways. He found that the majority of black appearances in the media were also in relation to crime. Due to the age of his findings many may have the tendency to dismiss them as irrelevant. However he found a trend that is still prevalent today. He indicated that the lack of positive Negro representation could indicate them as folk devils. Berry (180) supports this argument in that

The type of image can increase stereotyped thinking in whites and further demonstrate to blacks that their community and life style are to be devalued

The portrayal of aborigines in the media highlights the moral issue of "theydom" and "wedom". As seen above, the media creates a binary separation by highlighting the differences between "us" and "them". The concept of theydom and wedom is based on the fact that "they" constitutes anyone who is not "we". This is not restricted to aborigines and can be applied to any group. Hartley raises a good point that the only thing that all aboriginals have in common is that they are not "we". They are not white Australians and are not what the media calls " the general population". This concept of theydom is an important aspect of moral panics. For the media to successfully create a panic the audience must feel a threat from "them". The "us" and " them " factor creates a binary separation of society where people must fit into a category.

Once the media defines a category it is often hard for the stereotype to be dismantled. Groups become typecast within society due to the definition they have been assigned by the media (as can be seen in both aboriginal and black minority groups). Berry (180) claims that the white dominance of the media has caused this negative typecasting and moral panic. To support his argument he cites Margaret Butcher (17) .She claimed

Mass media have been staffed primarily by white middle class journalists who purposely or unconsciously communicate bias much more respectful of whites and white culture. (p0)

However these assumptions are far from secure. It is hard to blame a handful of white executives for the creation of stereotypes and prejudices. Despite it's weaknesses Berman does provide a valid argument. He argues that the media's attitude towards these groups intensify's white prejudices and segregation of society. As has been shown the larger the separation between 'us' and 'them' the easier it is to create a moral panic. By segregating society groups become increasingly sensitive and any threat can inflame panic.

Jones and Jones (1) created a model for the progression of moral panic. The model is simplistic and fails to recognise the complexity of the issue. The model fails to acknowledge that panic can be bred from a single person or the media itself. Apart from the models weaknesses it does provide a valid overview of progression. The model does highlight that the media must find the initial act "interesting". Jones and Jones back up Cohen's argument that the media searches for similar stories, heightening the panic as it snowballs. It can be argued that not all panics will take the path outlined by the model. Not all will result in greater social control or new legislation. Although the model provides a good overview of panic it simplifies the complex reactions. The model fails to acknowledge the overlapping causes of moral panic or leave room for alternative paths.

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Nazism

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Although it can be thought that Nazism is a matter of past, in the last years it has emerged groups named neo-Nazis that have been involved in violent incidents. They are groups, of youths usually, who attack inmigrants and spread racist and anti-semitic propaganda. Sometimes these groups are related, not just with politic ideology but with sports such as football. Some may think that this is a German phenomenon but the news show us that is extended in Europe and even in the United States. The culminating point of that was the victory of the Jorg Haider's far-right party (FPO) which became the second largest party in the last Austrian elections. All these facts lead to think about neo-nazism and if it represents a menace nowadays. In this essay I will try to present the different forms of neo-Nazism existing and to explain why, in my opinion, it should be controlled although they are in a minority.

In the last decade it has increased the number of news about violent incidents in which groups of neo-Nazis have been involved. It can be seen on television or read in the newspapers, they assault inmigrants, or people with different races or religions. Some may say that these are isolated facts and lead by adolescents who have a peculiar way of having fun. I strongly feel that they are very frequent and the fact that young people commit those crimes is even more worrying. In Germany this sort of violence is something almost usual since years ago. An article published by "The Times" narrates some of these incidents. In Rostock, a German town, more than a hundred youth set a refugee hostel on fire in 1 .In 1 five Turks were killed in the west of that country. The next year a hundred drunken neo-Nazis chased African students and hurt them badly with iron rods while they shut "Germany for the Germans". (The Times, May 14). These are only a few examples. From my point of view it seems that these are not isolated incidents since there is a lot of news in the internet and in the newspapers that can be found about this sort of attacks. Also I do not believe that this is adolescent innocent fun. I think that all that should be controlled and guilties should be condemned in order to stop this violence. For instance there were 48 people arrested in the incindent of the black students but charges were only pressed against two of them. So I feel that this is the most important problem and the pricipal fail of the authorities. Maybe laws should be modified or at least it is what I believe.

On the other hand, I strongly feel that those who affirm that they are small groups of youths are wrong. Maybe some think that as they are young they act spontaneously and they will be get bored when they grow up. In my opinion, looking at all the information compilated, some of them are well organized although they are in the minority. The article of "The Times" mentioned before talks about a "web of far-right extremists" , "neo-Nazis e-mail boxes, telephone information, lines and video distributors" and even a chain of karate schools used for meetings. An article published this year by the same daily explains that the German police intercepted Nazi literature "calling for a crusade against the Left". It was also foud a pipe bomb in neo-Nazi's cellar and explosives.(The Times, July 000). Of course it can be said that this organizations are not numerous and it is not easy have access to them. Personally speaking I think that nowadays, with the internet, is not difficult at all to obtain any kind of information. In my opinion it is necessary to stop that before it become a bigger problem but it can also be argued that this measure would attempt on the freedom of speech. From my point of view, it is necessary to take into account the fact that they attempt also on the human rights and offend human beings, so perhaps this should not be banned but it should be controlled up to a point.

Another important factor which I consider important to point out is that neo-Nazism and far-right ideology is extended in Europe and even it has reached America. Some may think that it is only widespread in Germany but the reality is that incidents like those described in former paragraphs occur in many other countries. One of "The Times" articles reveal the existence of organized groups from Sweden and Britain (like Combat 18 which will be mentioned in this essay). Also there is a well known American activist called Bill Riccio who were arrested a few years ago in the United States. A report broadcasted by "Televisión Española" showed how he devoted himself to spread racist and aniti-semitic propaganda and to teach adolescents Nazi doctrines. I think this could be dangerous in the future because it will keep on growing if it is not stopped now, not imposing any other ideology but educating children to think by themselves, teaching them History and instiling them respect for different ideas and races.

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Personally speaking I would say that sports can be linked with neo-Nazism at some point. Those who we know as "hooligans", groups of football supporters, sometimes are involved in violent incidents. For instance a British group, Combat 18, was related with an incident occurred in Düseldorf the last summer. A bomb exploded and few people were damaged, icluding a pregnant woman who lost her baby.(The Times, July 000). Of course it can be said that it was not proved. Also, some may argue that this is a different kind of violence and that they fight just to support their teams. From my point of view it may be true that they are football supporters, but I also think that they take advantage of the journeys they make to see teir teams.From my point of view it may be true that they are football supporters, but I also think that they take advantage of the journeys they make to see their teams to fight not only their football oponents but those who they think are the enemies according to their ideology. I also consider that the name of the group Combat 18 give us a clue, 18 are the first and the eighth letters of the alphabet, A and H, abbreviation of Adolf Hitler.

But which is in my opinion the most important point, is the importance that far-right parties have acquired in Europe in the last years. I will illustrate that with some examples. From the beginning of the 10's the far-right parties have had a series of local electoral successes in Germany. In 18 the extreme right wing party German Peoples Union (DVU) gained 1% of the vote and 16 seats in parliament of Saxon-Anhalt. In other countries like Poland,according to articlespublished by "Gazeta Polska", some politicians, such as General Wilecki, a candidate in the October 000 presidential elections, admitted his admiration for Hitler. Another politician, Tadeusz Iminski, chairman of the Polish parlamentary delegation to the European Union has been revealed as an anti-Semitic who published anti-Semitic books and articles compared with Goebbels' propaganda. But the culminating point of that was the victory of Jorg Haider in the last Austrian elections. He recived the 7,% of the vote and became the second largest party in Austria. Haider has anti-foreigner ideology and has used slogans inciting against "inundation" and "asylum abuse" (Spiegel on line, October 1). It can be argued that those parties have not been accepted by the European Union but I think that the fact of being elected is a clear proof of the advance of this, in my opinion, dangerous ideology which is important to stop now.

To sum up, I have tried to show in this essay how neo-Nazism is a reality nowadays. Although they are in a minority, it is possible to observe their advance in the last decade and I think it could be a menace in the future. The fact that young people are involved most of the times and that exist some organizations that go further the street fights, is, personally speaking, the most important factor which lead to think about the danger it could bring. The solutions are not easy to find, but with an impartial education, and instiling children to think by themselves and to be respectful with human beings I think this ideology will keep on being in the minority.

Please note that this sample paper on nazism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on nazism, we are here to assist you. Your essay on nazism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Difference between traditional ira and roth ira

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Compare and Contrast

Roth IRAs to Traditional IRAs

Based Upon Farmers Insurance Information in 00

THE TASK AND THE FINDINGS

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Report Authorization

This analytical report of Roth IRA and Traditional IRA from Farmers Insurance Group is presented to Dr. Cynthia C. Barnes, Professor Department of Information Systems & Analysis, on November 11, 00. Research was conducted by Josh M. Martin of Financial Specialties Incorporated upon the authorization of this topic on August 1, 00.

Objective of Comparing and Contrasting the Roth Ira to the Traditional IRA

The objective of this report is to reveal the likes and differences as well as pros and cons of the Roth IRA to the Traditional IRA. The information gathered in this report will also help you to decipher which one would be right for you.

Research Tactics Used in Data Gathering

The method for gathering information in this report mainly involved direct contact with the employees of Farmers Insurance Group. Two employees were given questionnaires, but the bulk came from sales agent Mr. Alton Martin. This was not the only form of data gathering used. I have listed several others below.

Other methods for obtaining information was collecting data from booklets and pamphlets displayed throughout the office. Information booklets like these are readily available for the clients who come into the office. The internet played a role as well, it enabled me to search sources which were not available at Mr. Martin's office.

Layout of the Report

Throughout the paper you will first see what makes the Roth IRA and the Traditional IRA different. Second, you will find the positive and negative effects compared between the two. Third, you will read to find which IRA would seem to be more beneficial and which is used more. At the end, a conclusion will be drawn from the summarized information provided by Farmers Insurance.

GETTING TO KNOW ROTH AND TRADITIONAL IRAs

What Makes Them Different

Most people believe that a Roth IRA and a Traditional IRA are the same, but this is not so. "A Roth IRA is an Individual Retirement Annuity that allows you to buy an annuity with after-tax dollars now and withdraw principal and earnings income tax free after five years. The Traditional IRA is a little different, in that it allows for a tax deduction up to the contribution limit if an individual does not already participate in a retirement plan. The principal and interest will be taxed at withdrawal" (Martin). This here is the main difference between the two. Not everyone knows that the differences between the two are so detailed. Below several other differences will be discussed.

Ongoing Facts

As mentioned before a Roth IRA is not tax deductible, but the earnings grow tax-free. Once you have had a Roth IRA for five years you can start to draw from it. You can draw a certain percentage out that is tax-free. For example, you would use the money to put down as a payment on a first time home. On the other hand a Traditional IRA has earnings that are tax-deferred until they are withdrawn, but contributions are tax deductible. Taxes are taken out at the end of the working age when earnings are not as high. The taxes are typically higher at retirement age than at the working age. With a Traditional IRA you can withdraw from it without penalty at the age of 5.5. You may withdraw from it before then but there may be a ten percent penalty. The Traditional IRA requires a periodic withdrawal after the age of 70.5. Both the Traditional IRA and the Roth IRA have their positive and negative aspects.

PROS AND CONS OF THE TRADITIONAL AND ROTH IRAs

Positive Side of the Roth IRA

The Roth IRA can be distributed income tax free and accumulate tax-free. There is no tax deduction for contributions to the account. Contributions can be made beyond the age of 70.5 and there are no withdrawal requirements at the age of 70.5. Not everything is always a plus with these IRAs though. One positive for both the IRAs is the "contribution limit has remained at $,000, the annual IRA for both the Roth and the Traditional IRAs gradually increase to $5,000 by 008 with adjustments keyed to inflation thereafter" (News).

Positive Side of the Traditional IRA

Any kind of investment has good and bad attributes and both the Traditional and the Roth IRA are no different. As mentioned earlier in the report a positive point about the traditional IRA is that it is tax deductible. "If you're under 70 ½, you may be able to contribute up to $,000 a year if single, or $6,000 if married" (Farmers New). You are allowed a tax deduction up to the contribution limit as long as the individual is not participation in a retirement plan already. "Withdrawals are only subject to a ten percent tax penalty unless withdrawn after the age of 5.5 to pay for buying a first time home, to pay for higher education expenses, or if you become disabled or die" (Farmers).

Negative Points of the Roth IRA

One of the negative points of a Roth IRA that caught my eye is that it is not tax deductible. There are other negatives like a ten percent federal penalty tax for withdrawing earnings before 5.5. Another is that a persons yearly contributions are not deductible from income. So you can see a Roth IRA has it's down side also, but do not think that the Traditional IRA is perfect because it is not as you can see in the next paragraph.

Negative Points of the Traditional IRA

Not everything is positive with the Traditional IRA as mentioned in the previous paragraphs. With this IRA there will be a ten percent penalty if it is withdrawn from before 5.5 as well as the income is taxed. The Traditional IRA also requires that you periodically withdraw from it after the age of 70.5. Another negative thing is that when you withdraw the accumulated interest it is taxable. Anytime you invest in something there will be good and bad aspects. These aspects mentioned in the previous sections were some of the main ones.

BENEFITS OF THE IRA

Solid Information on the IRA

People are always looking for a way to better their life, especially the later part of their life when they decide to retire. These people go through many investment options such as stocks, 401K plans, and the IRA. Many times that person decides to go with the IRA for several reasons. One example is the amount of taxes you will pay with a taxable account opposed to an IRA. In the chart below you will be able to compare amounts of money saved in taxes with an IRA rather than a taxable account. In figure 1 above, "this chart compares the growth of an annual $,000 contribution to a Traditional IRA versus the same amount to a taxable account assuming a twenty-seven percent tax rate and seven percent average annual return" (Cohen). With figures like this, people tend to choose an IRA over any other plan.

CHOOSING WHICH IRA TO USE

The Process of Deciding

When people come in to choose an IRA, Farmers Insurance employees have them fill out a questionnaire to see whether the Roth IRA or the Traditional IRA better suites their needs and income. According to Mr. Martin the Roth IRA is the most commonly used. The reason for this was thought to be that the money from the Roth IRA is more accessible than the Traditional IRA. In addition, options like contributions beyond the age of 70.5 are permitted and distribution is not required at the age of 70.5 helps to make this plan more popular.

INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

In closing, the conclusions drawn from these previous sections points towards the fact that the Roth IRA is more beneficial.

q Importance in knowing the differences between the two.

q Exposing the positive and negative aspects.

q Benefits of the IRA as opposed to other solutions.

q The question of which to use.

q Value of the Roth IRA

Please note that this sample paper on difference between traditional ira and roth ira is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on difference between traditional ira and roth ira, we are here to assist you. Your essay on difference between traditional ira and roth ira will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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