Compare and contrast society in Athens and Sparta. Which was the stronger society?

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One of the greatest city states of all time was the city state of Athens from which we take many of our modern ways. Their government was a full democracy in which they had an assembly made of all male citizens over 5 years old, a council of five hundred who proposed laws to the assembly, a court, where there were no judges and the juries were very large, and archons, which were nine people with the most power. They believed in participation in government as a civic responsibility. They believed that everyone was entitled to education, not just the elite. They were concerned with money and they had unproductive soil, which meant they would have to find other ways to make money, so they became sea traders. Because they owned slaves, they had a lot of time to pursue cultural interests, so they began performing dramatic plays for their entertainment and enjoyment.

There were several areas of classes of people in Athens. Free men were all male citizens divided into numerous classes at the top were aristocrats who had large estates and made up the cavalry or captained triremes; middle ranks were small farmers; lowest class was the thetes. The Metics were those who came from outside the city; they were not allowed to own land, but could run industries and businesses. Slaves were lowest class, but less harshly treated than in most other Greek cities. Slaves had no rights, and an owner could kill a slave. Slaves varied in status some were given important roles in Athens, like policemen. Women were rarely seen outside the home and had no rights in the Athenian democracy. Athens had a strong military navy.

The Spartan government was different, in many ways, from the Athenian government; their government was Totalitarian. They had the five ephors, which were overseers and were the real rulers of Sparta, a council of Elders, which was made up of 8 men over 60 and they proposed laws to the assembly, and kings who were elected by the assembly and served as high priests, judges, and army commanders. Their Assembly, which was made up of citizens over 0, elected officials and voted on major policies. Children of citizens were raised to be Spartan, taught to get along with almost nothing. Spartiate citizens were not permitted to own gold or silver or luxuries. Spartan children were taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors. Sparta prided themselves in a strong army, best and most feared fighters on land.

Their city was built in a valley and had no walls because they said they could defend from invaders. Unlike the Athenians, their soil supported farming. The Helots, which were their slaves, compared to Athens their slaves were treated worse than dirt. The smart and strong slaves were put to death in fear that they may rebel, because slaves outnumbered citizens there.

Was Athens Stronger than Sparta? Was Sparta stronger than Athens? It is not secret that Sparta had a stronger army, their army was the strongest. Furthermore, we know that Athens had the stronger navy. We know that in the end, Athens lost. Literally speaking, Sparta was stronger, they beat Athens. But each civilization, in their own ways was stronger than the other. Each had it's strengths and weaknesses alike.

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Coventions of crime fiction

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the conventions of crime fiction

good/morning/afternoon. i have been asked here today to illustrate the generic conventions of crime fiction and how they are used to create the myster and suspense that are the backbone of the entertaining world of crime fiction.

we will over the coarse see how they are both used for the genre itself and the subversion into other genre, looking speciifically at Tom Stoppads play The Real Inspector Hound (TRIH), The Big Sleep directe by Howard Hawke, cosy crime fiction og A Pocket Full of Rye directed by Guy Slater and Fyodor Dosteovskys powerful novel Crime and Punishment

What are the conventions of crime fiction?

typically it is the crime, the stereotypical detective, a formulaic method of solving the crime, thrown in with suspense, femme fatale, mystery and sexual tension. all these create the foundations of crime fiction, one of the most popular and entertaining genres.

taking a look at Hawkes The Big Sleep we see the general use of the crime fiction elements to create a cult classic of its era. Firstly setting is a crucial key. hawke has installed a film noir atmosphere throughout the film to emulate a dark and corrupt world, perfect for the shady goings on and multiple murders and crimes. this noir ere is captured through the use of dar lighting, night time scenes and a sinister atmosphere pervading scenes, like that of Geigers house. chinese iconography instills a noir ere and image of an opium den, all point to crime and create a tense and suspenseful atmosphere, as malrowe searches the house for clues. fog and rain has also been used to close the set off and darken he scenes with a miasm of mistrust that infiltrated all the characters.

Marlowe is also the archetype of the slueth hero, he is alienated from society, yet gains the attention of women, where ever he goes (Clssically the acme book store clerk). there is also the other side where he is serious and dedicated to his work, staying loyal to his clients no matter what the cost. we see this whn Marlowe saves the enamelled dames from perverted venality while managing to keep the Sternwood name out of the papers marlowe also stays on the case, no matter how much others try to sugar him off. thus it is pivotl tht the detective embodies this stereotypical image to make the viewer and reader seem prepared and on a level with the detective.

still with all this there must be use of other subplots and techniques to keep the viewer interested and add variation. if it stuck to the ephemeral time bound conventions it would offer no originality. thus Hawke has introduced the sexual tension between Marlowe and vivian as they vie for the best lines in the sexually inclined race horse talk. this gave the novel an aspect of female provocativeness and created further tension and suspense though the insulant and luscivious scenes between the two. however this aspect of romance and sexual attraction has become more sommonly used and add a depth of realism to the otherwise cold world of the detective.

ambiguity may not be a generic convention, but it has been used well to create the same integral viewer interaction and mystery as normal conventions. at the beginning and end we are presented with amorous silhouetted figures embracing or with smouldering cigaretts, both symbolise the idea of what are ther doing or who are they? these leads to further questioning of the crimes. this creates a new level of intrigue. remember that genre is also about adapting to the passing ideology of society, as it will change and transform. for the Big Sleep era it clearyly reveals societies beleif of untrusting nature.

there is quite a differen use of crime fiction elements in Stoppards TRIH, Stoppard has subverted the conventions while also exaggerating them to pardoy the popularity of the genre and also make deeper comments on society. Stoppard has done this by turning the comfy drwing room crime world of Agatha Christie upside down through the use of play within a play. thus Stopard has used these conventions as a vehicle to ridicule the mundanity of crime fiction. it clearly points out the elements that are always present in Golden Age drime fiction. firstly is the detailed setting, differney to The Big Sleep, it is supposed to be quite and of the rich nobility, a country manor, but somehow thse country manors are always isolated and cut off from the rest of the world and strangely inaccessible thus all the suspects are trapped in the house and th main room to be anayles and revealed as the culprit, Stoppard has exaggerted this to reveal the impluasible settings that comprise Golden Age crime fiction.

Stoppard has also sent up the use of red herrings by making them blatantly obvious, no viewr would actually be persuaded to believe that they were the murderer. Stoppard has both felicity and Cynthia retort I will kill you for this Simon Gascoyne this ponts out the pointlessness of red herring and there waste of time they represent. this is similar to stopparsa philosophy that is existentially inclined to the meaninglessness of life and existance. stoppard achieves this through absurd situations, the elegant Cynthia stepping off the tennis court in a cocktail dress, all to remain as the glamourous hostess, exposing the implausible plots of typical crime fiction. the use od incomphrenable dialogue between Birdboot and Moon conveys the same absurdist ideas. the two converse at a complete crossing of wires, this hightens stoppards belief that speech is an ineffective form of communication, reptition is also extensively used (Half the Play) to reveal this.

a common golden age crime fiction element is th secret pasts of character, often turning out to be lost lovers or Woke up from amnesia just like the coincidentale Magnus coming from Canada and finally revealingto be the lost Albert Muldoon. the exaggeration of this reveals the pointlessness of the fastidious attention to detail and charaters past scandals and life.

TRIH was based on Agatha Christies The Mousetrap thus looking at Slaters film adaptation of A pocketful of Rye shed new light on the parosy present in TRIH

we are initially submersed into the detailed setting of Yew tree lodge, the typical country manor, it is cut off from the qoeld vut a myriad of characters find their way nito th manor, all becoming suspects. the setting was not as dark and aminous as that of the big sleep, it was much lighter to go with the era, thus the conventions were different then as it had to be adjusted to the edicts of society, crime fiction became simpler and down to a code (a rather inane code at that). the crimes were always related back to greed, jealousy or revenge. Lance conicidently came home to then take revenge on the family for his mistreatment by Rex Fortesque, the father. the crimes themselves were never of much substance or never seen, like simply and clean poisonings. this had changed from the original vivid decpiction of Edgar Allen Poes grotesque murders.

we also see the idea of detailed pasts and secrets that make themselves apparent for the viewers entertainment. Mrs Percible becomes the grudge holding Mrs Mcjenzie, who had been putting dead black birds around the house to get revenge for her mother and father over black bird mine it was this comphensive detail of the characterrs that was commonly used to act as a form of red herring. we would be led to suspecting the murderer was mrs mckenzie, but by the resolution that had all changed and that subplot ended up being an interestingly peculiar deadend.

then there is mrs marple, the old fragile lady that manages to solve a complex set of murders. very typical of the slueth at the time, the use of the average person allowed the viewer to empthaise with them and fel more involved with the story. however mrs marple is also portrayed as having that inate ability to know what should and what has gone one. Slater used a voice over of mrs marple stating what had gone on at breakfast to show her ability to fathom out impossible clues. music related to the nursery rhyme A pocketful of rye also points out her masterful intuition, she knew what was going to happen ans what already happened. mrs marple became smarter than the poloce. a common trait of the slueth, both hardboiled and golden age.

there is also the differing use of crime ficiton conventions for a different purpose, the indepth look at the disturbed psyche of a criminal in Dosteovskys Crime and Punishment the conventions are loosely abided to and are realry used in the true crime ficiton sense as the novel mainly deals with the conscience and struggle with confession and guilt.

the setting of the hard boilded crime fiction, that of the big sleep is very similar to the seedy noir setting created with a sombre and suffering mood in crime and punishment cramped stuffy and claustrophobic apartments are jammed together in the dank down and out streets of 1th century russia. this creates the atmosphere of crime used to get ahes and the marxist era of russia, expecially since dosteovsky was sommunistly inclined. it created the feel that anything could happen and look around the corner and a grave crime would be being committed.

this confined atmosphere is juxtaposed to the protagonist Raskolnikovs murder for freedom under Nietzches Superman theory. this juxtapostion creates confusion and turmoil, further echoing raskolnikovx mind, emphaising the link of individual turmoil to that of the nation caught in turmoil and the dangers of excessive individualism.

the alienation and introversion of the detective has been manifested into raskolnikov, this can be felt through the use of first person narration, that puts us in the kind of raskolnikov and the angst as he deals with the guilt of killing someone. further mimiced through sybolism of blood for double murder, dreams for the disturbed pscyhe and finally religious allusions of lazarus, as the allegorical ressurection of raskolnikov back into society.

there is also the typical detective Porfiry, he does not play a major rle in the novel but still acts as the antagonist and the archetype detective. again he has the inate ability to understande the psyche of the criminal mind and is always one step ahead, playing sat and mouse games with raskolnikov, pushing him over the edge to finally make a confession.

Dosteovsky has also detailed the great suffering of mankind in many forms and especially the mental anguish and angst of comminting a crime, in more than one sense of crime. dosteovsky has shown the other ise of srime and its impact on the perpetraitor. however there is a full resolution of the problem and a moral reasurance, diffenent to the pervailing turmoil of TRIH and TBS. Sonia the kind and benevolant prostitue helps show raskolnikov virtue and love and redeems him back into society.

the conventions of crime fiction will change and morph over time to fit in with the pervailing ideology. however there are links and similarities that will always be present, the detective, the crime, the formualic methedology towards so kind of resolution, even if not complete. remember that we must still look outside of the direct genre to perceive the wide range of genrea that will make up a single tect, sticking to one genre will limity the perception of ideas and thems, and overall enjoyment.

thank you for listening and i hope i have helped you learn and appreciate the vast idea of conventions of crime fiction and genre itself....

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NBA Style

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NBA's Style Change Year 180-00

Many critics and fans around the world call it the NBA greatest show on earth. No other league around the world brings what the NBA's game has brought every season. The greatest plays, games, dunks, players and passion for the basketball are reasons why the fans keep watching. The NBA's style of playing the game has changed dramatically through the years. From the 180's to 00, even though many aspects of the playing style have gone in to new era, NBA's style of playing basketball kept its heart the same.

Professional basketball has usually kept its popularity with great stylish plays by the players. And style, which is defined as ¡®the way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed', the league has maintained their unique game plays. The changes occurred when Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, and Magic Johnson changed the game during the 80's to ¡®guard dominant' from ¡®center domination' from the 70's. ¡°Magic and Bird excited the crowds with their new styles and spectacular plays, as they influenced the rest of the league to change into a league based on their styles of play.¡± (Levin) Then in 0's Michael Jordan has showed the best basketball in the NBA's history. As entering the new millennium, the league's change in style showed up and downs but Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Allen Iverson, and Vince Carter brought a new definition to the game. These key players contain their own individual styles, but different generations in NBA had its own shooting, dribbling, dunking, coaching, defensively and other more line-ups of plays. Through this research paper the reader will recognize the differences in every categories and player's unique performance that NBA has maintain through the years.

Most teams in the league kept its momentum style the same through the years with ¡®run-and-gun' executed by the point guards. In the NBA, momentum of the game decides which team survives with the victory. Having momentum will boost their team with chance of destroying the opponent. Great hustle plays usually brings out the momentum (Gandolfi 67). In 180's Lakers switched the opponent's momentum to theirs through Magic Johnson. Plays like ¡®rebound from opponents miss shot then kick it off to Magic, and as Magic drives down the court he feeds no look pass to Byron Scott for the slam dunk' these kinds of plays shifted the momentum for Lakers. Current season, teams like New Jersey Nets led by point guard Jason Kidd uses similar method like the 80's Lakers. Running and gunning it with amazing ally-hoop passes from J. Kidd to Kenyon Martin, shifts the momentum to victories for the Nets. In fact with such plays, Nets came out to be this season's most improved team in NBA.

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Pace of the game has been slowed down as years went by in the league. During the 80's and 0's, temple of the game was faster with more of the hustle plays ran by the point guards. Slow it down! is one of a coach's favorite things to say in an offensive set. It gives a coach time to evaluate a defense, call his own play, and generally be a control freak (Oliver). This happens at lower levels as much as the NBA now and, as a consequence, so many point guards are now unwilling to lead a fast break for fear of an undressing by their coach (Oliver). Player like Shaquille O'Neal, who is almost 50 pound, is able to keep up because of slow pace. So, is slow pace games a bad thing? Yes and no, because fast pace game excites the crowd and they are fun to watch. But speedy games lack in game plans strategically. The NBA team coaches want to do plays and run it for the offense. Coaches nowadays want their teams' style to be slower, that way their team gets more efficient baskets. The NBA team coaches want to do plays and run it for the offense. Teams like Chicago Bulls during the 0's used play call triangle defense, and won six NBA championship titles with that certain play (Sachare ).

Since the pace speed decreased, more of the half court offense and three pointers came in handy for some teams. During the 80's fast pace action, the three-pointer shooting teams were hardly recognizable. Although ¡®-point' shooters were present in couple of the teams, players like Reggie Miller, Mark Price, Larry Bird, and John Paxson were known as three pointers. But today, teams like Celtics, Bucks, and Dallas Mavericks received the motivation of ¡®live by the three, die by the three'. Not only star players shoot threes in these teams, the entire team goes for the attempt. Three point attempts per game have increased from 10 to 16 during the 4' and 5'(Oliver). Still these downtown shooting teams do not make all the treys, even though attempts are high, the percentage of making the shot is nearly 0%. Since threes are harder to make they significantly low. According to Oliver's research, the ratios of high percentage -point shooters are 14. That percentage can be very serious problem for the NBA. More attempts will lead to huge number of misses and slow the temple down even more.

A huge significant change from 80'to 0' season has been the rule changes. The NBA's board of governors placed different rules for the 001-00 season, and removed the old rules as well. First of all, the league removed illegal defense to allow zone defense. ¡°That means that for the first time in 50 years, or almost since the league began, NBA teams will be allowed to play whats known as a zone defense, in which defensive players guard areas of the court.¡± (White) Previous man-to-man defense is not the only way to play defense in the league today. But zone defense means less exciting plays off the offense. Since there are more defenders standing around the basket, the offensive players have to work their butts off to get a single point. Media folks tend to think that the new rule is a tradeoff. The game may become more exciting in the strategic sense, but itll lose the big plays and one-on-one matches that defined the NBA during its most recent heyday in the 10s (White). Another change is the 8-second half court rule, in which ball carrier have to cross half court before 8 second runs out. This rule was made for one purpose only, to speed up the game. Also 8-second rule helps to eliminate walk-it-up approach that allows coaches to talk to their point guards while approaching the offensive set (Oliver). Other minor changes like ¡® second defense' rule which means defense gets called for second inside key just like offense does.

The significant part of the NBA style change was the key players who influenced the league to the NBA as greatest show on earth. When it comes to greatest key players in the180's, it won't be a surprise if Magic Johnson and Larry bird comes in first. As Levin said, ¡°They influenced the rest of the league changed into league based on their style,¡± Magic and Larry changed the game during 80's. Magic Johnson wasn't a top scorer but his passing ability led the Lakers to championships. Larry Bird who was top-notch shooter who had dominant skill in offense led his Boston Celtics to championship also. Magic's passing game taught rest of the league that scoring is not the only way to win a game. Great assists bring out smarter looks for a basket. Current player who carry the similar style as Magic is Jason Kidd (Smith). Before the 001-0 season Jason Kidd was traded to New Jersey Nets, who only won 0+ games the previous year. When all the critics thought Kidd's career might end with the Nets, right now Nets are competing in Eastern Finals and won 50 games this season. It is amazing how one player who is not even a scorer changes team 180 degrees with his passing ability. Kidd probably couldn't make it this far without observing the Magic's style. A player who adopted Bird's style is Dirk Nowitzki from Dallas Maverick. This player who is almost 7 foot plays guard and forward position, and he is also deadly from -point arc just like Bird. With their height advantage and offensive presence, Nowitzki demolishes his defender like how Bird gave his defenders a nightmare.

With another style adoption starting 10's, a player who changed the league's style the most is Michael ¡°Air¡± Jordan. As coming into the league in 184, all the NBA fans were soaked with Magic and Birds' performance. As years went by Jordan single handedly led his team, Chicago Bulls, to the playoffs and show the league what's known as ¡®human highlight film'. Michael Jordan's style was high flying acrobatic dunks, jumping ability, shooter's touch, defense, and unstoppable (Sachare 17). He was simply the best all around player. Most importantly Jordan created his own style of basketball and influenced the entire NBA. For example, Jordan created what's known as ¡°A fade away jump shot¡±, where he leans back avoiding the block while shooting. Right now about 70% of the player use this shooting style (Schwartz). Star players like Allen Iverson, Vince Carter, and Kobe Bryant use this shooting style every time they shoot. Speaking of Kobe Bryant, when people watch Kobe play, they will see the Michael Jordan's style in him. From fade away jump shot to being unstoppable, Kobe is known as Jordan II. Great players influencing the rest of the league is what defines NBA.

Slam-dunk is most popular style of basketball that pro players like as well as fans want to see. ¡°The dunk shot is one that can boost your teammates' spirits and quickly demoralize the opponent.¡± (Gandolfi 115) During the 80's before Michael Jordan came in to the league dunking was simply known as easy way to score a basket. But Jordan showed that dunks are style and creative art. Slam-dunk leads to change in momentum, temple, team's spirit, intimidation, and defender's mind. Although jumping ability is required to dunk, that just won't do much when it comes to stylish high-flyer. Players need creativity and timing when dunking. Michael Jordan dunk on opponents and almost over their head. But Vince Carter who is known to be best dunker of history clearly jumped over a 7¡± center and slammed through the basket during the 000 Olympics. That dunk was called ¡°greatest play¡± in sports history. And Vince continues on to do dunks that never seen before in the previous years. His style is what people love and keep watching NBA's basketball.

The NBA has changed its outside styles like the new rule and plays, but it came into fact that inside heart didn't change. Players' style influencing each other and passing down through decades is similar to cultural tradition. Back then game was exciting because of fast pace performance, now the games are still full of excitement because explosive plays like dunks, special moves, and great style that adopt from NBA icons. These two facts relates to each other in a way that they define NBA's heart and soul, the style.

Please note that this sample paper on NBA Style is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on NBA Style, we are here to assist you. Your essay on NBA Style will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Power in Negotiations

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Power is a notion that is difficult to define yet it affects everything we do in our everyday lives whether we realise it or not. The understanding and use of various resources and sanctions is present in all our activities and shapes the way we act and react. The knowledge and use of power is especially important in industrial relations and the more we understand about the way power can be used the more successful our industrial relations encounters are likely to be.

There are three main frameworks that can be used to analyse the employment relationship (Kirkbride, 185) but I believe that it would appear there are varying interests between management and employees and that conflict is an inevitable part of relationship. The way power can be used is demonstrated very clearly in times of industrial disputes when the various players in the employment relationship are negotiating aspects of employment. These different aspects of power and how they can affect negotiations were made very clear by the Metals Anatomy of a Union video, Final Offer video and both the group and individual negotiation exercises completed in class.

Power is a concept that is greatly misunderstood. As noted by Keeney & Kelly (18), no one person is powerful on their own, the power only becomes apparent when it is part of a relationship. Of course, once in this kind of social relationship, to possess power a person must have something that the other wants or needs (Martin, 1). Each conflict is different with different parties having power resources that fluctuate in effectiveness with varying circumstances. This was clearly seen in the activities we completed in class as well as during both videos. In the group negotiation exercise for instance, despite the fact that we were all given the same case study, we all had very different results. I believe that one group came to a resolution whereas the group I was in didn't even come close to resolving a couple of the larger issues. We needed the employees to keep the egg plant running and they needed wages from us and the management team and I expected that the workers couldn't afford to strike for very long. Surprisingly, the union held its ground and was determined to strike until we had improved conditions dramatically which meant that our power was seriously lessened. The issue was not resolved apart from a decision to take the case to the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) which was not the most productive outcome. I wonder however, if in real life the workers would have been so eager to sacrifice their wages to strike so easily. As discussed in Keeney & Kelly (18), I went in to the negotiations believing that as management, our power was more legitimate and I think this may have influenced me negatively against the demands of the union. I felt like we were giving them so much and we were getting so little in return which was very frustrating. Each time we agreed to one of the demands it felt like they were asking for something else and the concessions we were making just weren't good enough for them. Even though we explained the financial repercussions that would occur if we bowed to all their demands they didn't lessen their expectations. I did feel that both sides were probably being very stubborn and that if we had more of an idea about the actual costs involved for activities such as striking the results may have been different. I think in the real world although it would have been a difficult negotiation, we could have come to some kind of agreement. Although in the end the workers and management probably had similar thoughts on where they would like to see the company end up, I think the way and speed at which the company would get to that point was very different.

The individual negotiation was far more productive than the group one. In my position as a waitress I felt that I had enough power through my fine dining experience and the family like relationship I shared with Stephanie (Julia) to achieve what I wanted. Having less people involved also made the situation feel far less confrontational and I think that Julia and I were able to discuss things more openly. Although I felt that I gained power from the family like feel to the relationship I think this was also a power resource for Julia because I felt that I didn't want to stretch the company financially or expect anything ridiculous because I wanted to maintain the good relationship. My main power resource was my skill level and the knowledge of both parties that I could easily find a job elsewhere. I think Julia's main power resource was the working environment which I was unlikely to find at another restaurant. I think in this situation we had relatively similar goals in mind, although there were a few points of conflict, and the power resources were fairly well balanced which is why we were able to resolve the issues though compromise and it didn't take long to finalise the contract.

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The players in the dispute in the Metals Anatomy of a Union used similar power resources to those used in the group negotiations. Workers at the metal company Wamac were working for very low wages and were owed large sums of money in back pay. The workers at the plant were mainly migrant workers who were probably struggling for money and the management capitalised on this and gained power through the use of fear. However, once the premises was unionised, the power balance shifted greatly. Having someone that understood the law and their rights made the workers more confident and they made the decision to allow the union to conduct enterprise bargaining for them. Bargaining as one collective group with the support of the union gave the workers much more power because it wasn't so easy for the company to use fear as a resource and the company couldn't afford to have problems with all the workers. This was also very important for the union because it was at a time where membership was declining and if it continued the union would begin to lose its power resources. Management tried to stop the union coming in but the union relied on its legislative powers through the commission and gained the right to entry. Once management realised that its power was limited, it agreed to bargain in good faith and made a wage increase offer to the workers. After a round of negotiations, management decided to take a caucus and when the next round began they agreed to the altered wage increase but not the bonus structure. Unhappy with the decision, the union and the workers decide to use their collective power and take industrial action in the form of a strike as well as other measures. After assessing the situation, management realised that the workers were in a position of relative power because management could not afford the industrial action and the resultant loss in productivity. To prevent these costly losses, management agreed to the increase and the back pay because they had no more power resources to put into play. In this case, the power that the workers had through the ability to strike was greater than the power of management although in many cases, workers cannot afford to strike for a period long enough to ensure the balance of power remains in their favour.

Similarly, in the Final Offer video, conflict arose during renegotiation of agreements. In this case however, there were more parties involved and the relationships were far more complicated. Again, the workers want more than management are willing to give and despite union pressure, negotiations have reached a deadlock. In this case however, the union was not only in a power struggle with management, but was also experiencing problems from within. The Canadian branch of the union was in a power struggle with the head US branch of the union and this made it difficult for the union to push for the reforms that the workers wanted. General Motors (GM) was aware of this pressure and figured that if they were patient enough the Canadian union will fall under the pressure and they would sign the agreement that the workers are against. Management was offering the workers a profit sharing deal but this was not satisfactory to the workers due to a lack of trust. The head of the Canadian union decided to apply pressure on management in the form of a strike. Both the management and union remained steadfast in their positions, each believing they had enough power for the other side to give in. At this point, GM was relying on the US branch of the union to revoke the ban due to their fear of closures which would minimise the power that the Canadian workers had and force the signing of their proposal. As the strike deadline approached, wildcat strikes were starting to occur across Canada which was disastrous for the union because their power is based on them remaining as a collective force, rather than splintering in to various factions. Eventually, GM folded under the pressure from the collective strike and although the Canadian workers didn't get exactly what they wanted it was a vast improvement on the original offer. It was interesting to see in this case how the internal politics and divisions of the union impacted on the results of the negotiations. Their power really is one of collectiveness and as the union fought internally their power seemed to diminish. It was only in the end when the union stuck together that they managed to come out on top of GM.

There are many different factors and circumstances that can affect power and it is for this reason that it is difficult to measure and predict power. To ensure that we are successful in the future when it comes to negotiations and maximising our power resources we must understand what factors can impact power and the best way to use the elements to our advantage. Having a thorough understanding of each situation is vital so that each decision made can eventuate in to what is best for the people involved. Negotiations will never be straightforward and neither will the workplace, but the greater the understanding of power and the situation, the more productive it will be for everyone involved. Conflict is inevitable in all workplaces despite management and workers heading in a similar direction, and for this reason power is something that everyone should understand.

Keenoy, T. and Kelly, D. 18, " Power and the employment relationship an analytical framework", The Employment Relationship in Australia, nd Edition, Harcourt Brace, Sydney.

Kirkbride, P.S. 185, "The concept of power A lacuna in industrial relations theory", Journal of Industrial Relations, 7 (), pp 65 8.

Martin, R. 1, "Introduction", Bargaining Power, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Final Offer Video, RMIT Library.

Metals Anatomy of a Trade Union, Class Viewing.

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Life:An Artistic Expression

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Human Potential and philosophical idealism revitalized Renaissance art from that of the middle ages. The humanism movement taught artists to appreciate and celebrate life on earth. Generally, artists chose to move away from false, idealistic perceptions of man and religion and redirect their attention to detail, emotion and individualism. Symbolism was replaced with realism. Life was no longer meant to surround the church, nor was every aspect of it. Renaissance art took advantage of this sudden social change and flourished in return.

Paintings turned from bland pictures into invigorating masterpieces complete with color and expression. Suddenly, one could distinguish between joyous smiles and watery eyes filled with hurt and sorrow. People in paintings were no longer looked at in "god-like" manners; instead they were appreciated in their natural state. During the middle ages, painting a nude human body was considered sinful and disgusting while in the Renaissance the nude body was celebrated and beautiful.

During the Renaissance sculpting took upon a life of its own, almost literally. Sculptors and painters alike had been known to study cadavers to have a better grasp of the human body, its muscular groups and its appropriate functions. Through these studies, the accuracy and livelihood of each sculpture increased dramatically. While the amount of time and detail each sculpture received was remarkable, a new intensity had been reached and sculptors were able to create depth that a painter could never achieve. Unlike past times, sculptors found beauty in mankind's flaws and imperfections. It was these attributes that made each sculpture different and at the same time alive with character. The people of the time saw reflections of themselves portrayed in religious and non-religious sculptures alike giving them a newfound sense of hope and importance. The emphasis was focused on the people as opposed to anything else.

Architecture advanced greatly during this time period. A new emphasis on symmetry and proportion combined with Greek and Roman inspirations created beautiful landscapes and cities that have withstood the test of time and can still be seen standing today. The dome was introduced during the renaissance, giving architects more choices and later affecting sports arenas throughout the world. Architects often use the renaissance as inspiration for works, the influence of which can be see throughout the world.

Music also took a humanistic approach as opposed to that of the Middle Ages, where lyrics were usually long, repetitive, church-related and often spoken. Renaissance music was more lively and fun. Composers branched out and expressed themselves freely as artists, much like the other players of the Renaissance. Emotion could now be heard as well as seen.

The Renaissance was known for its advancements in art that included emotion, proportion, symmetry, realism and beauty. However, beauty was now in the eye of the beholder-a new concept contributed by the Renaissance. Science made all of these advancements possible, questioning everything led to a better understanding of almost every aspect of life and during this time period life was to be lived to the fullest. Life was celebrated and appreciated through art, for art was looked at as an expression of the soul.

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Objectification of Women

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The objectification of women is commonly used to refer to the presentation of women in the media as an object. Women's bodies are routinely used as objects to sell various products. In certain pictures women are presented as being vulnerable and easily overpowered especially in ads were they have on revealing clothing and take on submissive roles. These images are found in music videos as well, where the focus is only a particular body part. Lyrics to some songs promote this objectification as well.

"In many magazine advertisements women are often viewed as objects rather than human beings. Instead of focusing on the woman as a whole, many ads will just focus on one part of her body" (Objectification of Women).Often the focus is on a leg, a neck, a headless torso, etc. One Guess Eyewear ad has a man's head resting on a woman's torso. While her breasts are visible, her head is not. Skyy Vodka continually uses women's legs in their advertisements. One ad for Lily of France which spans the bottom of two pages not only focuses on a headless torso, but compares the breasts to speakers. Women's bodies are used as desirable objects to attract attention to the product. This is occurring in increasingly ridiculous ways. An ad for Visa found in several teen magazines shows only a woman's stomach. A naked woman with her face tucked away holds a Palm Pilot. The text reads, "Simply Palm". About-Face (an organization which combats negative and distorted images of women) features commentary on that particular ad. "Simply gratuitous use of naked female body to sell high-end electronic gizmo to gullible (mostly male) public. Esquire magazine featured on its Febuary 001 cover, a naked Italian actress covered in cavier. The featured photo spread included one of her covered in honey as well. In one extremely disturbing photograph from Esquire, several (what appear to be) Barbie dolls with broken limbs litter the landscape. Closer inspection, however, reveals them to be women. A male figure in the background is throwing one over his shoulder while he holds another in his hand. The central female has her head severed with her body lying behind it. The title of the article the picture acompanies is "46 Women Who Were Not My Wife" which focuses on the author's various affairs. This is the image of intimate sexual relationships? The picture vividly illustrates that those involved are merely objects for the man's sexual pleasure.

Music lyrics and videos continually objectify women. Dr. Dre and friends spray champagne on women in Next Episode. In Maxwells video Lets Not Play the Game, Maxwell pauses on womens body parts. In DMX's No Love For Me, footage is shot looking up women's skirts. Sugar Ray's Fly video features several shots of various parts of female dancers' bodies. "In a raft of Rock and Hip Hop videos, women get turned into pieces of booty served up for the pleasure of powerful men...." (Mtv News Now) Eminem's Kim includes the lyrics, "Sit down bitch If you move again Ill beat the shit out of you...Now shut the fuck up and get whats comin to you. You were supposed to love me {choking} NOW BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED!" "Fuckin your bitch in the ass with a tire iron.. " is a line from Under the Influence. Who Knew says, "Fuck that, take drugs, rape sluts..." Amityville includes the lyrics, "My little sisters birthday, shell remember me. For a gift I had ten of my boys take her virginity..." Korn's Kill You says, "All I want to do, is kill you...Id beat and stab and fuck her.." Jordan's Night's Give it to You contains the lines,

Its creepin around in your head

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Me holding you down in my bed

You dont have to say a word

Im convinced you want this

Baby you know that Ill give it to you

Your body needs a man like me

Anything goes when I give it to you

Magazine articles serve to reduce women to merely parts. Often they include a variety of articles on how to tone the abs, slim the upper arms, tighten thighs, etc. Interviews with female celebrities often question which body part she'd most like to change, which one she likes best, which one she hates, etc. "They tell their terrible secret. It's my breasts, they say. My hips. It's my thighs. I hate my stomach..."(Wolf 14-150). Women learn to see themselves as disconnected parts and not as a whole human being. For women, appraisal and self-worth are determined by appearance. When a person's features are severed, that allows the observer's attitude to shift towards objectification. This is particularly true when facial features are hidden or non-existent. Facial features reveal a A cperson's emotions and therefore identity. So by severing them, this facilitates the viewer's ability to see that person as merely an object treating and thinking about the subject as though it were an object with no needs, feelings, or identity. (Dittrich)

One consistent theme in magazine advertisements is one of the woman who needs not speak. The idea is that her beauty or scent are enough of an attraction; she doesn't need to and shouldn't speak"(Zarchikov). She is not a person with thoughts and opinions, but rather a pretty decoration. "Make a statement without saying a word, " says an perfume ad. "The silence of a look can reveal more than words," says another perfume ad. "More than words can say," says yet another perfume ad, and one clothing ad says, "Classic is speaking your mind (without saying a word)." An ad for lipstick says, "Watch your mouth, young lady," while one for nail polish says, "Let your fingers do the talking" A 1 University of Michigan study found that, girls are told to be quiet much more often than boys starting as early as preschool. Although boys were much noisier than girls, the girls were told to speak softly or to use a "nicer" voice about three times more often. The researchers concluded that one of the consequences of this socialization is that girls grow into women afraid to speak up for themselves or to use their voices to protect themselves from a variety of dangers. Girls, seeing these images of women are encouraged to be quiet and not talk too much. (Kilbourne, 18-140)

According to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 75, No. 1, 6-84) Objectification theory posits that American culture socializes women to adopt observers' perspectives on their physical selves. . . ." The first psychological consequence of this objectification in the media is self-objectification. A woman views her own body as an object (or each piece as a separate object). That article stated that self-objectification induced through experiments caused women (not men, however) to feel shame about their bodies, and therefore restrain eating. (Sexual Objectification of Women). Amy Beck, coordinator at Harvard's Adams House who worked in an eating disorder unit at a psychiatric hospital firmly believes that the media plays a role in eating disorders and sexual abuse. "I am absolutely convinced that the objectification of women by the media is an integral part of both of these problems, presenting women with unrealistic role models while encouraging men to think of women solely in terms of their sexuality" (Beck). The average supermodel weights twenty-three percent less than the average American female. Yet these images of models bodies are constants in fashion magazines and videos. The personality of the model is typically not portrayed. Only her breasts, legs, arms, etc. are visible. Therefore, women are encouraged to look at their own body parts completely out of context of them being just one aspect of the whole person. Women focus on thinning down their thighs, enlarging their breasts, firming their stomachs, etc. The encouragement is to see the body as a series of parts which each have a value. The entire person, however, has little or no value.

The objectification of women acts as a barrier to the equality of women. As long as women are seen as sex objects existing solely to please men, their status will be determined by men. How can someone be on equal terms with an object? If the woman isn't viewed as a person, she's merely a collection of objects to be used and therefore will never be equal to men.

Violence against women is another consequence of seeing women as objects. The New York Governors Task Force on Sexual Harassment found

• The increase in the popular cultures tolerance for matters relating to sex and violence presents unique obstacles. In recent years, the influence of popular culture (e.g. music videos, rap and hip hop music) has increased, influencing public attitudes to a much greater extent than ever before. The objectification of women in rap lyrics and music videos and the sexual violence against women depicted in these and other media promote sexual harassment as normal, and even good.

Most men aren't genetically predisposed to abuse and disrespect women. Their attitudes are conditioned by society. Violent lyrics and videos encourage abuse because women aren't viewed as individuals, but rather as body parts. "Turning a human being into a thing, an object, is almost always the first step toward justifying violence against that person...The violence, the abuse is partly the chilling but logical result of the objectification." (Kilbourne 74 ) Women are portrayed as objects that exist solely for the pleasure of men and are therefore treated as such by some men.(Beck). According to Mtv News Now "When Sex Goes Pop Not That Innocent", "What happens when a woman's sexual allure exists merely for males? She's no longer viewed as a person, but as a man's play thing. Out in the real world, that can have serious consequences... The incessant barrage of booty offered up with joyous aplomb can turn sexual appreciation into fetishistic gimmee gimmee" (Mtv News Now). These images are designed to arouse men, but research shows that they also arouse feelings of acceptance of violence against women. Men also have less pity or mercy for victims of rape because of such images. (Objectification of Women). Some encourage men not to believe women who have been raped. The Fetish perfume ad with the woman who appears to have black eyes and the text", "Apply generously to your neck so he can smell the scent as you shake your head 'no'," promotes that idea. The concept is that women mean yes even when they say "no". And since clothes and perfume are said to "Make a statement without saying a word," and reveal "More than words can say," one is lead to assume that even if a woman says "no", if her perfume or clothing says otherwise, her words are not to be believed. If a woman wears such perfume or clothing, she was asking for it. Her words may contradict that, but men are lead to believe her scent and dress speak louder than her voice.

• In our society, a womans body is objectified daily on television, music videos, advertisements. What do we do with objects? We buy, sell, and trade them prostitution. We tame them through rape and domestic abuse. Finally, we destroy them (Bonzo).

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Renaissance Man

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The Renaissance, begun in 150 in Florence, Italy, brought on a rebirth and rediscovery of classical culture. In breaking away from the Middle Ages, people brought new attitudes of optimism, confidence, and creativity. They admired and encouraged art, literature, and scholarship. Their surroundings were constant reminders of ancient Rome, certainly helping to boost the interest in classical culture. Medieval society, profoundly consisting of suffering and death, showed its miserable condition through artwork and writings. In the Middle Ages as well, people tried to clarify Church teachings and encourage preparation for an afterlife. So whereas the people of the Middle Ages focussed on surviving, the people of the Renaissance, following classical Greece and Rome, believed in living life as fully as possible. The Renaissance brought on an entirely new view of life. People now had much more secular values and were more accepting of individualism. This Renaissance spirit brought on an ideal of a well-rounded person. This person excelled in many fields and was praised as a universal man. Moreover, the title given was Renaissance man. The ideal Renaissance man and woman were similar in that they were both expected to be charming, educated, artistic, and athletic, even though women were expected to make use of their talents at home.

In Baldassare Castigliones The Courtier, Castiglione illustrated the characteristics of the ideal gentleman. The Courtier was described in a gentle fashion. Castiglione possessed most of the qualities he praised piety, loyalty, courage, an easy learning, and wit. A friend wrote to him I do not wonder that you were able to depict the perfect courtier for you had only to hold a mirror before you and set down what you saw there (Thompson 75). For Castiglione, the courtier was the cream of civilized society. In his book, he explains that the courtier must be able to acquit himself in all manly exercises, however equally familiar with literature. He should speak several languages, play musical instruments, and possess elegant writing skill. (Yo Mr. Longo! How ya likin my paper so far? Pretty good for a procrastinator). Above all, he was to be a man of his word, loyal to his prince, generous to his servants. In modern language, Castigliones courtier would be described as a well-educated, decent man, with a strong code of personal morals, but tolerance of the weaknesses of others (Thompson 77).

The Renaissance man had to be one of charming character. Young, witty, and valuing self control, he was a real gentleman. In love, he was to be discreet and honorable; in war, courageous but magnanimous (Thompson 77). Effective public speaking, polished manners, and elegant writing style were skills valuable to political leaders. A true Renaissance man believed in having secular values and maintained that Renaissance spirit. He was also a humanist and only mildly religious.

This well-educated man believed in education through the study of the humanities. (Mr. Longo, you remind me of the Renaissance man. Indeed you are well educated, and you having such a charming personality). Less concerned with science, he focussed on humankind and culture. Petrach is said to be the first humanist. He used the seven humanities least-regarded in the medieval university and placed them first. Leonardo Bruni, an outstanding scholar, insisted that it was Petrach who opened the way for us to show how to acquire learning (Johnson 4). The word umanista came into use, and its subjects were listed as five grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosphy, and history. Music and mathematics were sometimes studies as well. People learned the Latin and Greek language. Enthusiasm for ancient Greece and Rome spread and many people imitated the customs and lifestyle of the classical civilizations.

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The universal man required artistic creativity. Not only was he interested in oil painting, sculpture, and portraits, but he was also very involved with music. He played instruments such as the lute, viol, cello, recorder and drums. Although it was an age primarily of secular and domestic music, it was also an age in which some of our great Church music was composed (Halliday 1). There were also great operas, quartets, and choruses, and many people enjoyed song and dance. Literature and poetry evolved with graceful and delicate lyrics. The theatre was also amazing; this period was one of the most memorable in the history of English drama. Many new tragedies, comedies, and romances were brought to the stage for those who enjoyed dramatic arts. There were plenty of people who admired architecture and gardens as well.

No Renaissance man was complete without athletic ability. With all of the other qualities said to make up the ideal man, there was very little emphasis put on athletics. However, humanists did add physical games and exercises to the seven liberal arts. Men evolved their military skills. They had to become skilled riders and swordsmen. The courtier was involved in all manly exercises. He did much running and practiced their wrestling.

Patrons of the arts and very powerful, the Medici family ruled in Florence and became active in politics. Lorenzo de Medici was the most famous member of the family. In expanding the university in Florence, he gave young people an opportunity to study classical literature. Lorenzo hired many different types of artists to create works for his palace. He became known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. (Its Mr. Longo the Magnificent if you ask me). A scholar, skilled architect, talented poet, financier, statesman, economist, and strategist, Lorenzo de Medici was definitely a universal man.

Another universal man was Niccolo Machiavelli. A diplomat in Florence, he wrote The Prince, a political guidebook on how a ruler can gain power. According to his book, morality is irrelevant. He tells that a ruler should do whatever necessary to gain power, even if he has to lie, kill, or break treaties. (Ah! Its after 400am, I am so tired. This cant be good for my health). He also claims that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. Machiavellis Prince was a cold exercise in logic; Castigliones Courtier was a warm, living portrait of the ideal man (Thompson 75). Machiavelli may have been a cynical political thinker, however he was also a diplomat, patriot, poet, and historian.

Leonardo da Vinci was a remarkable artist with true genius. He was rather unusual, however gifted with intellectual and technical skills. His restless mind had a thirst for knowledge. He believed painting was a science because it is based on mathematical perspective and on the study of nature. Da Vinci left over 5,000 pages of notes and drawings in his notebooks filled with his brilliance (Leonardo da Vinci). This incredible man spent his days painting, engineering, designing, sculpting, inventing, writing, sketching, building, dissecting, and contemplating. No other artist of the Renaissance made such close and detailed observations of nature, including anatomy, as did Leonardo (Thompson 16). Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man.

Upper-class women, like men were charming and well educated. They were far better educated than the women of the Middle Ages. It was a characteristic of humanism to pay almost as much attention to the education of ladies as of gentlemen (Johnson 41). Young ladies studied poetry, languages, and music. Unlike men, women were not to seek fame. They inspired art, however, never created it. Women were expected to make use of their talents at home. They often entertained their husbands.

Castiglione describes in The Courtier specifically the qualities of courtly ladies. Women were to be occasions of beauty and delight. No court however great, can have adornment or splendor or gaiety in it without ladies; in the same way, no courtier can be graceful or pleasing or brave, or do any gallant deed of chivalry, unless he is moved by the society and by the love and charm of ladies (Thompson 85). Similar to the gentleman, the courtly lady should be well born, naturally graceful, well mannered, clever, prudent, and capable. There are also virtues which are distinctively hers. If married, she should be a good manager of her husbands property, house, and children, and possess qualities that are requisite in a good mother. Beauty is a necessity, for truly that woman lacks much who lacks beauty (Thompson 86). Above all, a Renaissance woman must be charming and a stranger to boorishness. Her kind manner is agreeable, witty, and discreet. In her ways, manners, words, gestures, and bearing, a woman ought to be very unlike a man; for just as he must should a certain sturdy manliness, so it is seemly for a woman to have a soft and delicate tenderness, with an air of womanly sweetness in her movement….which shall always make her appear the woman without any resemblance to a man (Thompson 86).

Isabella dEste was one of the admired women during the Renaissance. She was the daughter of the rulers of Ferrara and sister of Beatrice, her rival in fame. DEste mastered Greek and Latin, the signs of serious scholarship. She was also skilled at lute playing, dance, and witty conversation. Married to the ruler of Mantua, she exercised much political power. She studied maps and astrology, and designed the allegorical schemes. DEste brought many Renaissance artists to court and acquired a famous art collection. (Almost done, almost done, just a little bit more).

Renaissance is the French word meaning rebirth. And for its time in history, this meant a flowering of art, scholarship and literature. It only makes sense that the ideal Renaissance man would symbolize the era in which he lives. In other words, the characteristics of a Renaissance man in a nut shell. The same holds true for any other era as well. It is because the Renaissance period was so focussed on celebrating the classical civilizations and living a beautiful, up lifting life that the Renaissance man tends to receive more publicity than men of other eras. People are, today even, fascinated by those well-rounded people who lived during the Renaissance. To have such skill in the many different fields-education, charmed personality, music, art, poetry, and athletics-is truly phenomenal. The people of the Renaissance who played the part of the universal man or woman deserve much respect and admiration. (Phew!)

Works Cited

Chamberlin, E. R. Everyday Life in Renaissance Times. Portman Square B. T. Batsford Ltd, 167.

Halliday, F. E. An Illustrated Cultural History of England. New York The Viking Press, Inc., 167 11-1.

Introduction to the Sixteenth Century. The Renaissance

Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance, A Short History. New York Random House, Inc., 000.

Leonardo da Vinci. Renaissance Art 7 January 00 http//intranet.gouldacademy. org/ Teachers/manningr/Renwebpage.htm

Rabb, Theodore K. Renaissance Lives, Portraits of an Age. New York Pantheon Books, 1 1-18.

Renaissance 8 January 00 http//www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/renaissance.html.

Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance. Chicago Charles Scribners Sons, 171.

Thompson, Stephen P. The Renaissance. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 000.

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Blood Covered Words

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The sun is shining brightly. Streams of gleaming heat penetrate his face. His

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He stands in front of one of the many cornerstores on the block. Leaning

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as she tugs down on her black, lace-covered top, and fixes the array of black and silver

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matching hoodies, jumps in, and speeds off down the street.

The next afternoon, Natalie walks to the park, in search of anyone with a

cigarette in their hands. She walks slowly, paying careful attention to peoples hands.

She has given up on buying packs for herself lately, because of the increase in the taxes,

which she doesnt think is worth it. Instead, she just looks around for nice people that

seem like they would understand someone who needs a cigarette. The breeze hits her

face harshly. The day is cold, and even though the sun is shining, the air overpowers the

heat of the sun. And, there is nobody walking by her that seems to be smoking. The brisk

air hits her so strongly that she swears to herself that at the corner of the next block shell

turn around and go home. But as she approaches the corner, she sees billowing clouds of

smoke up ahead. Walking faster, she realizes who it is, and is satisfied with her luck.

Finally reaching the corner, Natalie stops in front of him, and stares into his big,

brown, expressive eyes. She wants to run her hands through his short, wavy, dark brown

hair. She wants to touch his soft looking skin, and caress his tan complexion. He flashes

her a mischievous grin, and she feels both of their worlds suddenly collide. She feels as if

her dreams have just become reality. All these feelings are too strong, and she tries as

hard as she can to not let them affect her. She asks him for a stoge, so he passes her one

out of his pack and his red lighter. Once thats all over, she walks away as quickly as she

can. All she can do is think about his hypnotizing intrigue. She walks away, hoping

desperately that he doesnt notice all the silly emotions, of her sudden infatuation with him,

that were swimming around in her head.

As she gets into her house, and closes the door, Natalie hears the distant ringing of

the telephone from her basement. She runs down to pick it up. She is bored, and has nothing

to do on her Friday night, so she runs in anticipation of it being someone who also has nothing

to do on a nice Friday night. When she picks the phone up, she instantly knows that it is her

best friend, who always has something to do. Darla, a punk-rock stoner that has been friends

with Natalie since elementary school, with blonde hair covered in hot pink streaks always

wearing her plaid skirts mentions to Natalie about a show later that night. Natalie is always

up for a show, especially when shes bored and has nothing else to do.

She pays her $10 at the door, waits for her hand to be stamped, and walks on in.

The club is so packed, and all the different kinds of smoke fill the air. She has to push her

way through the crowd to get anywhere. Walking past the bar, she approaches the stage.

The chaos around her is getting her excited, and she begins to focus on the dancing, instead

of protecting herself from the swings coming her way. Before she knows it, she is pushed

against a wall, and with nothing to keep her up, she stumbles tothe floor. Scrambling as fast

as she can, so as not to get trampled, Natalie is pulled up by a warm helping hand. The

rugged fingers caress her palm gently as she gets to her feet. Face to face with her hero, she

can not take her eyes off of him.

Standing there speechless, they realize that everything around them begins to calm

down, as the music fades, and the lights are turning back on. He opens his mouth, as if to say

something, but before the words escape his mouth, small petite hands, with black painted nails

and bright green streaks in her jet black hair, take him by the waist, turn him around, and

takes the heart that was Natalies only a few seconds ago into the palm of her hand and

crushes it until the blood seeps out of it, laughing all the while.

He turns back around, giving Natalie a very desperate look, and is about to introduce

both girls to one another, but not knowing Natalies name, she has to fill that in for him. The

green-haired, black-nailed girls name is Melissa. Natalies heart shatters. After the introduction,

she walks away, flashing them a fake smile as she leaves. She notices that he doesnt seem to

want her to leave, but she figures it is just her imagination. She walks away, trying to talk to

people to get her mind off what just happened. She tries to make herself believe that she doesnt

care, even though she knows it is breaking her heart apart, sucking all the emotion out of each

and every drop of blood.

A few days later, Natalie is invited to a party, and she sees it as the perfect opportunity

to get her mind off of what had happened to her a few days ago at the show. She goes, hoping to

have some fun. All she wants to do that night is enjoy herself. Beer in one hand, a thick joint in the

other, she walks around greeting her friends, and introducing herself to the people she doesnt

know. She walks to the smoke room, where all the other potheads are gathered around hookahs

and bongs. The lights brilliantly flash around her eyes. Shades of blue, green, yellow, and red

swim around about her, seeping through the clouds of smoke trying to find their way into Natalies

body. When she sits down, and grabs one of the hookah tubes, taking her hits of the herb, she

feels at home and comfortable. But as she sits there, staring at the nearby strobe light, all she

can do is think about him. And once she thinks about him, she cant forget about the girl. She

takes another few hits to try and get that green hair out of her mind.

But trying to get her mind off that guy wasnt going to happen tonight. Coincidentially, he

was at the party too. He walked into the smokey room, and at first not realizing that Natalie was

there, sits on a chair and waits for his turn using the big glass bong on the table. He seemed to be

alone tonight. The moment that Natalie finally spots him, is the same moment that he sees her. He

happily brings himself over to her, big grin on his face and all, and Natalie is speechless as their

bodies lessen in distance from one another, until they are face to face.

His name is Ivan. Even his name is beautiful. He takes Natalie by the hand, and pulls

her outside, where the stars are twinkling in the amazing black night sky. The moon is smiling

for Natalie and Ivan. They were finally together, and alone. The way his hands caress her hair,

gives Natalie chills. When their lips finally meet, they both feel as if they are in another world,

another dimension. She takes in every word he says, concentrating on his beautiful voice, and

watches all the movements he makes in adoration. She feels an unbelievable rapture of emotions

just being by his side. He tells her that he feels the exact same way when he is with her, and

that he could sense it from the moment that they first met, when she approached him, and asked

him for a cigarette. But the whole time, Ivan makes no comment about the girl he was with a

few nights before. This keeps Natalie wondering.

Making their way back to the party, Natalie spots Melissa who flashes her and Ivan

a big smile. She makes her way over to him, and makes it seem as if nothing has changed

between them tonight, from the few days ago at the show. Natalie, disappointed, and feeling

used, walks away, not noticing the distressed look in Ivans face, and ignores him for the rest of

the party.

When she is finally home, Natalie checks the messages on her answering machine. Her

roommates boyfriend called twice, and Ivan has called about three times, telling Natalie to come

to his house. He wants to share something with her, is all he says. Natalie, though still mad about

Melissa, is curious of what this might mean and makes her way over to his house as soon as

possible.

On her arrival, she sees that all the lights in the house are off. There is no sign of anyone

inside. She approaches the door and knocks but there is no answer. To her surprise the door is

slightly open, so she walks inside. Before she knows what hit her, she is struck to the floor. She

cannot see who, or what it is that is hurting her, but she knows that it is not good. Then, she feels

a sharp blade slide against her arm. All she had to her defense were scissors on the table next to

her. She runs for it, grabbing the scissors on the table. When her perpetrater is near, she takes the

scissors in her hand and plunges it deep into the flesh of her attacker. She feels the scissors break

the skin, and before she knows it, she can feel her hands soaked with blood. She continues to

plunge the scissors into the bloody flesh, until there is no longer any movement. All she can do

is lay down on the floor, to think about what had just happened.

As she lays there, not knowing what to think of such an incident, the lights are turned on.

To her surprise, she sees Melissas bloody corpse sprawled out on the floor. She admires the

beauty of her nemesis. Small, petite body, beautiful flowing hair, a complexion color so brilliant it

almost seems to glow, At the door, she sees his face once again. Only this time, he is in shock,

shock so great no words come out of his slightly ajar mouth. After getting over the sight of the

bloody mess, he begins to smile. Natalie is confused as to what this means, and begins to get

frightened. But he comforts her. Pulling it out of his pocket, Natalie notices that he has a gun.

Doubtful of what that gun could be for, Natalie remains motionless on the floor, but Ivan drops

the gun and runs over to her, taking her into his arms. She returned the embrace, and felt at ease

once again. All the problems of the world seemed to fade away when she looked into his loving

eyes, only this time it was forever.

All he could do was look into her eyes and say , Thank you.

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Music and culture

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Introduction and background information.

For every kind of music there is a culture behind it. Rarely does music develop out of nothing. Culture means the general way of life of a particular people. This includes how they led their lives, how they related to each other, how they related with their neighbors and the like. It also includes what they infer about religion, the supernatural and also about their origin. All this reflects in the kind of music they create. Music just like culture is not static it is vibrant and dynamic and is in essence a cultural heritage.

In light of the above, a closer inspection of a particular people's music reveals that the music talks about nature- this is generally the people's environment- whatever is around them- the explainable and the un-explainable. It also talks about war and conflict be it intra- tribal or inter-tribal war and conflict and the like. Through a people's music one can infer their feelings towards any subject that concerns them and how they feel that things and situations should be. Also shown is the way the people think and in general their world-view this is how a given people perceive life and whatever it encompasses. Music also story-tells who the people concerned are. Their origin their migrations and settlements e.t.c

Music is rarely unaccompanied. Most cultures have their own unique instruments, some universally used instrument or a version of a universal instrument. These instruments accompany the music practiced and performed by these people and from them you can learn something about the people and their way of life. For example, the people might create instruments that produce certain animal sounds common in their region. These can be like horns and trumpets to produce elephant noises. The performers might themselves produce the animal sounds in their music, for example, chirping sounds in imitation of birds and the like.

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In this paper we are going to look at the kamba music and what it reveals about the kamba people as compared to other cultures and their music.

Kamba dances

Though now almost if not completely extinct is the kamba dancing. The dancing is the most spectacular manifestation of this people's culture. The dancing is characterized by awesome acrobatics that include somersaults leaps and high jumps performed to throbbing polyrhythmic drumbeats. These vigorous dances have themes and not surprisingly military ones. These arose from their huge participation in the in the country's armed forces where they fought in the first world war in India under the British government. The kamba were opposed to colonial occupation and rule and therefore included this in their music.

Kilumi dance

One of the enduring dances is the "kilumi" dance. Formally the kilumi was performed by old women showing that kambas had different dances for different age groups and genders. Nowadays the dance is performed and danced to by even men. Just like most kamba dances drums, mostly two that accompany the ululations and singing, are used in kilumi dances

Mbeni dance

This is a dance performed in celebrations by young unmarried people. It is very short mostly because of its tiring pace. This dance is performed in pairs and gets vigorous as it nears the climax, which is when the male dancer (Anake) makes a high jump and somersaults.

The instruments used in this dance are a set of four drums and three whistles.

Nduli dance.

This is a dance for strictly circumcised teenagers. It is very popular because it is in this dance that most youths choose their life partners. The performance of this dance shows that circumcision is highly regarded by the kamba people. Being circumcised gives the young man the right to marry and own property. The uncircumcised boys are often looked down upon by those who've already undergone the right. This comes out clearly in their exclusion from this dance. It is also a drum dance.

Kisanga dance

This is a dance for all community members. It is mostly performed after the community has had a good harvest. During this celebration, a goat is slaughtered, it's blood poured under the holy "kitutu" tree and it's meat left under the tree for their God- "Mulungu". This celebration and dance shows that the kamba are religious people and recognize that there exists a supernatural being who created them and the universe. They recognize that he is the one who gives them rain to grow their crops. The kamba value their relationship with their God and that's why they perform this rite to him. This dance also involves the drum.

Mwasa dance.

This is a relatively young. It came into existence during the Second World War when the kamba and the Giriama served together in the colonial army. The dance is performed as an accompaniment while elders enjoy beer made from honey. The dance is not primarily for dancing. The instruments involved are two drums, one small and one large. From the performance of this dance shows that the kamba had different leisure activities for different age groups. In this case the elders take beer that is made from honey. It also shows that most probably only elders are allowed to take beer.

KAMBA SONGS

There are many different types of songs in the kamba community. The songs are composed on a wide range of topics affecting the community. All types of songs have names

Mbathi sya kivalo

These are songs commenting on the general society. They rebuke the social misfits and outlaws. These are accompanied by dance and mostly instrumental music. Whistles, jingles and shakers feature prominently when it comes to instrumental music. The distinguishing factor in these songs is the steps performed and the drum used. Some songs are also unaccompanied. These songs show that the kambas value good social and moral conduct.

Maio songs

These are mourning songs performed by unmarried girls at a newly married girl's home to "mourn" the loss of one of their colleague. They are mostly sad, mournful and unaccompanied songs. These songs show that the kambas esteem marriage.

Myali songs

These songs are neither danced to nor accompanied. They are sung during the interlude between dances, at weddings or after work. These songs covered events, experiences and attitudes of the kamba, conserving traditions and defending customary norms. They also conveyed the people's hopes, aspirations and fears. The language used is highly figurative with metaphors, similes and innuendos using imagery common to the people and their surrounding. They challenged people to decipher their meaning. They denounced deviant behavior and helped discipline wrongdoers and rogues. The wrongdoers were exposed in public through the use of these songs.

Afro-American music and culture

In comparison we will look at afro- American music and what it reflects about the afro-American culture. This is because most African music and cultures are more or less similar to the kamba; therefore, for the sake of diversity we look at afro-American music. Afro-Americans are originally Africans who were sold as slaves to the Americas to work in the up-coming industries and plantations. With time and as they multiplied in numbers they needed to assert themselves and preserve their own history in the face of foreign land, language and culture. They performed songs that did this for them in more than one way. We will look at some of their compilations.

Spirituals

Spirituals are sacred songs sang in churches. They are mostly sang in unison and are usually unaccompanied. If ever accompanied, the instruments used are minimal and might include just the keyboard. Only recently are these songs being accompanied by drums electronic guitars and dances. These songs despite being sacred called attention to their plight and demanded equal treatment since God made them all equal.

Union songs

This was sung by labour organizers to call for and encourage collective action. It was a powerful symbolic response to their oppression under the new system installed by the Anglos thoughout the southwest. Afro-American music draws on the lived experiences of ordinary men and women who were and often are defined and limited by the cultural construction of race, class and gender

Afro-americans use music as a means of transcending racial segregations since there is no way of segregating airwaves.

Through music blacks and white could come together and transcend social limits imposed by segregation. It is pointed out that travelling black and white often come into contact and influenced each others' musical repertoires and playing styles. Responses to racism and social segregation were reflected in the American roots music. For the afro-americans there has been a long reciprocal connection between religion, song and the reproduction of "community"

Unequal power relationships, shaped by differences in race and class and often gender have characterized the development of "folk" music from its roots in local communities to wide and diverse audiences in their quest for rights.

From the above we can see that freedom has been a key theme in American music, both in terms of the ideas expressed by the music the uses to which the music is often put within the social change movements. The history of American roots is intricately woven with individual and collective struggle for social change and freedom from oppression. Afro-americans musicians mostly transform their harsh experiences into powerful musical expressions and embody the spirit of freedom and refusal of constraint. This is prominent in present day rap music that is dominated by Afro-Americans. What they sing and rap about is their demand for rights, fair treatment and equal opportunities.

The instruments used by these musicians have always been more advanced than those used locally. These include the piano, keyboard guitar and other electronic instruments. This is the only glaring difference between their music and the kamba music. Otherwise the themes incorporated are similar in more than one way. They both demand freedom and liberation, from the colonialists in the case of the kamba and their former masters in the case of the afro-Americans. They sing about the ills of society and how people should treat each other and their neighbors. Both sing about their origin and identity and also what they want to attain in future.

Conclusion

From the above we can see that music really does reflect a people's culture. This is simply because whatever music a people create is influenced by whatever is around them. Their environment, their general way of life and mostly, how they perceive the universe. The kamba had different songs and dances for different genders and age groups whereas in the case of the Afro-Americans anyone could join in the songs and performances. From this we can infer that Afro-Americans really wanted to be accepted as part and parcel of their new habitat. They showed the unity and accommodation they needed so badly, in their songs by making them inclusive for all.Idenity has always been the major crisis on their part and that is why it dominates most of their music. However, they also have music for entertainment and relaxation like the blues and jazz music. The kamba had none of this quest and instead wanted the colonialists out of their motherland. They sang about their neighbors, the hunting and cultivation this is what dominated their everyday lives.

Padison, Max, Adornos's Aesthetic of Music Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 1.

Hutnyk, John, Critique of Exotica Music, Politic and the Culture Industry, Archway road, Pluto press, London, 001.

Music of the world Readings for FAR000

Bent, Ian, Music Theory in the age of Romanticsm Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 16

Burns, Ken, The Story of America's Music(CD- ROM), New York, Columbia Records, 000.

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Please note that this sample paper on music and culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on music and culture, we are here to assist you. Your essay on music and culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!