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Identify The Main Directions of Athenian Foreign Policy during 47-440 BC
Word Count 07
Between 47-440 BC, Athenian foreign policy was centred around the following areas
· Athenian organisation of Greek states under Athenian leadership. Athens was to "Snatch the hegemony" from Sparta and form the Delian league with Athens as the Leader.
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· Expansion and preservation of the Delian League, through aggressive military campaigns against foreign states. Policy of conquering states and repressing rebellion of Athenian allies.
· Athenian aggression towards Persia under Kimon Propaganda informing allies that this ensured "security from Persia" .
· Athenian independence from Sparta. Athens abandoned alliance with Sparta and formed alliances with enemies of Sparta Argos and Thessaly.
· Further aggression towards Persia War in Egypt reflecting "Kimonian" policy towards Persia. Athens attempting to assist with rebellion against Persia in Egypt.
· Athenian alliance with Delphic amphiktiony.
· Truce with Sparta in 451BC.
· Peace of Kallis Athenian peace made with Persia, reflected by "Athenians dedicat[ing] an altar of peace"
· Athenian attempts at prevention of Spartan invasion of Boiotia. "Athenians marched out against them." Fought at Tanagra and Oinophyta.
· Athenian intervention with Sparta taking control of Delphi "handed it back to the Phokians."
· "Athenians made a thirty years peace with Sparta" and returned states that they had taken from the Peloponnesians.
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The primary objective of Athenian foreign policy 57-440BC was to expand the Athenian Empire through the Delian League. Thucydides suggests that Athens gave her allies the excuse that Greece was "retaliating for what they had lost" in the Persian Wars. Hornblower explains that the role of the Delian League was not to offer protection from Persia, but for Athens to "impose their will on the allies" and create an empire. He argues that Athens probably "consciously and cynically planned their empire from the first." The Athenian Empire was established by taking over land such as Eion and Skyros, and suppressing rebellious states like Naxos. Athens also attempted to prevent Spartan invasion of Boiotia, as Athens could not allow this large amount of land to be in Spartan control, creating an increased risk of invasion into neighbouring Attica. Hornblower suggests that the motivation behind Athenian aid in the Egyptian revolt from Persia was not to follow up Kimon's aggression towards Persia, nor to cut off the Persian supply of corn from Egypt. Hornblower proposes that this "ambitious foreign policy," including much of Athenian expansion, may have been in order to seek new, guaranteed corn supplies. Conversely, he suggests that Athens may have expanded because of a "desire for abundant shipbuilding timber in south Italy."
Hornblower suggests that the Athenian campaign in the south-eastern Aegean may not have been motivated by a desire for aggression towards Persia but was a "response to allied discontent at the way the league was turning into a machine for policing it's own members." This indicates that the campaign was just a façade to remind the allies that "subservience to Athens included security from Persia." However, Hornblower argues that protection from Persia was "at most times no more than propaganda." The campaign may have been simply further propaganda to gain allied support.
The Athenian alliance with Sparta was dissolved after Sparta refused Athenian assistance to help suppress the Helot revolt after they requesting aid, as the Spartans feared Athenian "subversive tendencies." Athens was "offended, not considering it right that she should be treated like this," removing her alliance with Sparta. It was at this time that Athens created alliances with Spartan enemies Argos and Thessaly, created, as Hornblower suggests, as part of an ongoing process in which the qualities that Sparta most feared "were gradually manifesting themselves" in Athens. The true Athenian enemy at this time was not Persia but Sparta, and Athens was allying herself against this.
Influence over Delphi was another focus of Athenian foreign policy. The Athenian alliance with the amphiktiony allowed maximum influence at Delphi and ensured oracular support for the growing empire. Hornblower explains this as "a religious focus for Athenian Imperialism," and shows that Athens could not allow such power to lie in Spartan hands. Athens ensured Sparta did not have control of Delphi.
Athenian foreign policy continually evolved, as the various treaties indicate. Hornblower explains that the truce made with Sparta in 451 "need not have been motivated by more that a commonsense desire to deal with enemies one by one." Hornblower acknowledges that a peace may have been made with Persia in 4. Plutarch states that the peace with Persia was created following Athens' "glorious victories" that overwhelmed the Persian King. The reason for the Thiry Years Peace in 446 is not explained by many ancient sources, however Hornblower argues that Athens had lost territory and Sparta had invaded Attica, leaving Athens with no choice but to make peace.
Athenian foreign policy centred on expansion, however the exact reasons for this policy is widely debated. A desire for Athenian hegemony and imperialism, suppression of Sparta and Persia, and corn and timber supplies may have all contributed to the Athenian desire to expand.
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