European case Study

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The building of a United Europe is undoubtedly one of the greatest historical undertakings of the 0th century. It is a process grounded in the positive values with which our civilization identifies the preservation of peace, economic and social progress, respect for the person and the predominance of right over might and, over nearly 50 years for which the process has been under way, there have been some moments of crisis but also major successes. Six countries originally rallied to the concept of a united Europe; now there are fifteen, while more than ten others feel drawn to towards the ideal and have applied to join the European Union.

The Birth of the European Monetary System

The economic crisis of the 170s led to the first plans for a single currency. The system of fixed exchange rates attached to the US dollar was abandoned. European leaders agreed to create a currency rope, tying together European currencies.

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Maastricht Treaty

In December of 11 the 15 members of the European Union, meeting in the Dutch town of Maastricht, agreed to set up a single currency as part of a drive towards Economic and Monetary Union. There were strict criteria for joining, including targets for inflation, interest rates and budget deficits. A European Central Bank was established to set interest rates. Price stability was identified as the paramount goal of the European Central Bank's monetary policy. To Enter the Euro-zone, a country must satisfy Convergence Criteria that are the following

· Low inflation

· Low long-term interest rates

· Stable exchange rate

· Small budget deficit (less than % of GDP)

· National debt cannot exceed 60% of GDP

The analysis of our case centers around the following questions

1,Why did members of the EC create the European Monetary System (EMS)?

The EMS was crated in 17 to stabilize foreign exchange and counter inflation among members. It was formed on the initiative of France and Germany for two reasons

Ø To defend Europe's economic interest more effectively on the world stage

Ø Also,due to an ambition to achieve greater economic unity among members.

A, Why did France bother to join?

France had long been the leading advocate of a centralized and independent monetary institution. The country joined to gain credibility from an institution modeled on the Bundesbank of Germany. The Bundesbank of Germany had a renown reputation as an inflation fighter.

B, Was this an easy sell? The idea for an EMS was not an easy sell.

The EMS worked for a while and then fell apart. This led to the creation of the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 18. The EMU was formed as the EMU members came to realize that a single EU currency will provide greater degree of European market integration than fixed rate by removing the threat of EMS currency re-alignments and eliminate costs to traders in the EU of converting one EMS currency to another. Some EU leaders also thought Germany's management of the EMS monetary policy was biased as it placed a one-sided emphasis on Germany's macro-economic goals at the expense of EMS partners.

C, How do you convince less prosperous countries to join?

You convince them to join by showing that the benefit of joining a fixed exchange rate area out weighs the cost. A major benefit of joining a fixed exchange rate is that they simplify economic calculations and provide a more predictable basis for decisions that involve international transactions than do floating rates. This advantage is known "monetary efficiency gain ". One of the costs of joining an exchange rate area is that the country gives up the ability to use its exchange rate and monetary policy for stabilizing output and employment.

, How well did the EMS work?

The EMS was made to stabilize exchange rate and reduce inflation by limiting the margin of fluctuation for each member currency to a small noticeable difference that is acceptable from a central rate. A common European Currency Unit (ECU) was introduced by which the central exchange rates could be set. The European Currency Unit consists of all the European Union Currencies weighted according to the economic importance of each country. When any currency reaches the limit of the margin fluctuation, which is set at .5 percent, the central banks of the respective countries must intervene by selling off the stronger currency and buying the weaker one. This helped to stabilize the currency from dropping too low by decreasing the amount of it on the open market. The European Monetary System also required member governments to take appropriate economic policy steps to prevent continued deviation from the central rate. The EMS helped lower inflation rates in the European Community and eased the economic shock of global currency fluctuations during the 180s. Between 17 and 181 parities within the European Monetary System remained in relative good shape. Two years of stability was a stun to member states, who anticipated sharp tension among members would occur because of fear that Germany may adopt restrictive monetary policy and stronger currency. In late 17, the German mark appreciated against the group member states and was realigned. Also in the late seventies, the German economy was booming when the oil shock hit. Oil prices rose sharply and this led to a rise in import costs and sent the German trade account into a deficit. Furthermore, the German economy lost momentum when the U.S Federal Reserve initiated its high interest rate policy. These events weakened the German Mark and in fact relieved pressure on the EMS. In 181, France elected a socialist president and a socialist majority to the National Assembly. The new government increased expenditures on housing, family allowances, health benefits, and increased minimum wages. These policies improved economic growth in the short run, while major trading partners in Europe were in recession. In 181-8 French prices rose by 1.6% compared with 4.4% for Germany. Frances balance of trade fell sharply into deficit, and severe downward pressure mounted against the franc. Despite realignments of the franc in 181 and 18, Frances current account deficit, inflation rate, and exchange rate all continued to deteriorate. France was under pressure to protect its position in the European Monetary System. The government adopted hard economic measures. Taxes were raised and public spending was cut. The government adopted tough policies because it did not want to weaken the European community. In fact, if France had withdrawn from the European Monetary System, the franc would have lost its value because the French central bank would not be able to stop the pressure on the franc. The European Monetary System didnt reach phase two of the creation of the European Monetary Fund, because Germany feared that the European Monetary Fund would limit its ability to shape national monetary policy and the other members questioned the value of a European Monetary Fund.

The European Monetary System countries had achieved exchange rate stability and some unification in national monetary policy. Nonetheless, wide differences in fiscal policies and national economic performance persisted among European Community countries. So overall the EMS worked fairly well in the early years of its formation but fell apart a few years after its formation.

,What are the forces working for and against the creation of a European Central Bank?

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the pivot of the Euro system. It guarantees that the tasks delegated to it are performed either by its self or via the participating national central banks.

In pursuit of its primary objective, price stability, the ECBs main missions are to

Ø Define and implement the monetary policy of the euro zone;

Ø Conduct foreign exchange operations, hold and manage the official exchange reserves of the countries of the euro zone;

Ø Issue notes in the zone euro;

Ø Promote the smooth operation of payment systems.

Advantages of the ECB

Ø Elimination of foreign exchange transactions costs with other euro-zone countries.

Ø Elimination of exchange rate uncertainty of each countrys currency against the euro, which should improve the quality of information on which consumers and firms base their decisions.

Ø Greater price transparency when all goods are priced in euros may lead to increased competition in the Single Market.

Ø Participation in integrated market-based European financial markets as the result of the elimination of currency risk. This Leads to a more efficient European financial market.

Disadvantages of having the ECB

Ø The country can no longer conduct monetary policy on its own behalf.

Ø The country may have to substantially limit its use of expansionary fiscal policy under the Stability and Growth Pact.

Ø The ECB must keep inflation in check, and contributes to economic efficiency in order to show credibility of the central bank.

Ø The exchange rate is no longer available to cushion asymmetric shocks

Ø Pursue the main objective of the Euro system in maintain price stability in the euro zone, thus preserving the euros purchasing power.

A, Is EMU desirable?

The adoption of a common monetary policy in Europe eliminated the possibility to use monetary policy for the stabilization of country-specific shocks. This is generally considered as the main cost of forming a monetary union.

As monetary policy can no longer address country-specific shocks other solutions need to be found. One possibility would be the adoption of a system of cross-border fiscal transfers to countries hit by exceptionally bad shocks.

Another solution instrument in the hands of national authorities capable to stabilize local macroeconomic conditions is fiscal policy.

B, Is the EMU feasible?

In order to bolster its monetary union with democratic legitimacy, it needs to develop a fully-fledged political system. The present system is a European Union that makes monetary and economic decisions with far-reaching impact on the daily lives of citizens, but at the same time it lacks electoral parliamentary legitimacy creating a democracy gap that is not sustainable in the long run. Therefore, the temptation for Europe is to find the motion to build more or less a federated, political entity closing the democracy gap.

The constitutional convention basically needs to achieve two major objectives in order to reform the EU into a political union. A transparent and efficient vertical sharing of power between the EU and its member states and a horizontal sharing of powers between the three EU-institutions - the Commission, the Council, and the European Parliament.

The EU has tried to reform its institutional set-up ever since the Treaty of Maastricht, which set up EMU without achieving political union. The struggle between an intergovernmental approach and a more federal approach has endured for more than a decade now.

C, Is EMU unavoidable?

Given the facts presented before us and the important role that they play in order to ensure that the requirements are met, for example the % inflation rate. I would have to say that The EMU is not unavoidable.

D, IS European Monetary Union (EMU) unavoidable?

The quest for European monetary unification became a reality on January 1, 1, by the introduction of a common currency, the euro, the establishment of common tariff, the reduction of interest rate and inflation, and the creation of a central bank. The road leading to this day has been momentous and challenging due to the history of Europe and the political establishment who has been longing for a currency to counter the effect of the US dollar in the foreign market. By 185 Europe had seen a temporary upswing economic, which led to the drive for the EMU to expand memberships to 15 countries and developed common monetary and fiscal policy toward GDP such as low interest rate and inflation.

In addition, supporters of the EMU believe that any country located near the euro block will find economically advantageous to become a member. Other argues, that EMU will generate better macroeconomic performance and other economic gains for it members such as major labor market reform and agricultural reform. Even countries are waiting for their membership seen to find the EMU or the euro unavoidable. Today Country such as Greece, Turkey, the former Soviet's States even England want to be a member because of it market value share. One reason is that EMU creates a market of close to 00 million consumers serve by a common currency, 10% more than the US. On the other hand country such as Britain at the beginning, which has been an advocate against the EMU for fear of lost of economic sovereignty, is so wary of the idea that it has not joined the euro.

D, How necessary are budget controls?

By the 10s Europe saw a rise in public debt, inflation and unemployment, which has forced most government to expand public employment and interest rate. The increase in unemployment rates led to a large and constant budgetary drains. First, Finland, France and Germany have reduced both categories of government consumption, although simultaneously taxes have been risen and capital outlays. Second, wage payment has actually risen in France, but public finances benefited from falling interest rates. Third, to offset increase in social benefit and interest payment they have mainly raised taxed. Other countries have so far benefited from lower interest rates, but they have to follow a rigid monetary and fiscal policy. Nevertheless, some countries might be deterred from fiscal expansion by the fear of appreciating their currencies. However, it is not surprising that some countries are finding it difficult to meet the requirements of EMU. "Fiscal tightening in preparation for EMU has tended to raise unemployment and thus benefit payment, leaving a diminished net positive effect on government budgets. Countries where unemployment has come down since the 0s (Finland, the Netherlands, and Ireland) are in relatively good fiscal shape. Countries, where unemployment is high and rising (France, Italy, Germany), are having a hard time adjusting" (1). High unemployment couple with the rigid monetary policy such as such reducing inflation by 1.5% and reducing the government's budget deficit to no more than % of GDP makes budget control difficult to attain in those countries (See chart and Graph in appendix). France and Germany were the countries that were hit the most countries.

E, Why did the EC find it easier to create a common market in goods than in currencies?

Post the Second World War European's leaders envisioned a globalize economy and further enlargement of the union to counter the position of US dollar. The effect of exchange rate and the monetary autonomy made no differences between markets. By 18 Mr. Delors head of the ECU presented the three stages leading to the EBC and the operation of the euro. "Germany served as the anchor state much as the US did in the Breton Woods system… The Delors Report raises the question of fiscal independence" (). The Bundesbank became the leading contender of the EBC. Germany envisioned and designed the ECB as a replica of the Bundesbank because of it volume and it place in the world. For instance Germany's politic dominate the EMS. They set interest rates to suit its own economy, and most other Europeans were then obliged to adapt. In 17, due to the inflexibility of the EMU the community "adopted the snake an exchange rate agreement requiring fluctuations of no more than +/- .5% against the dollar in the currencies of both the member states and some countries that had not yet acceded to the community" ().

F, Will Economic integration drive political integration?

Unlike the US, Europe is not a coherent continent. For the first time Europe's small states see the EU as a guarantee that the continent will be run by law rather than force or military. Each member has the same voting right unlike the United Nation. As the tension between big and small countries emerge, the smaller state see the EU contemplates how to run itself in the future. The head of each countrys central bank has an equal voice in making European monetary policy; the governor of Germanys Bundesbank, for instance, has no more say than the governor of Greeces central bank.

Franco-German Alliance was the center stage for the collapse of EMS. Smaller states fear the their alliance and they will lose control over the vision of the group. By 17, Germany " accounted for the bulk of the group's GDP and the only significant world currency. The Bundesbank was proving itself the economic power in Europe a chastening realization France which had longing itself the senior member of the Franco-German partnership" (4)

4, What are the economic implications outside of Europe

One of the most obvious implications of the start of EMU for the United States--as well as for the world community--was the coming into existence of a new currency, the euro, which is intended to function as a major international currency alongside the U.S. dollar.

It is quite true that the euro may quickly become the currency of choice in the invoicing of trade between companies in the European Union and their foreign counterparts. Companies in regions with strong links to the European Union, such as those in eastern and central Europe, North Africa, and the CFA French franc zone, may also choose to invoice trade in euros. More generally, the euro may well expand its importance in world trade beyond the relative trade weight of the European Union countries, following a path similar to that taken

The economic effects of these potential changes in invoicing practices are likely to be limited. The re-denomination of a significant share of world trade into euros will mainly represent a shift in invoicing practices from the use of former European currencies to euros. The current role of the dollar should not be taken for granted. Once the euro comes into existence, the simple conversion of the EMU countries outstanding securities into euros will contribute to the immediate creation of a major securities market.

This development alone will create a critical mass for a market in euro-denominated securities. It will bring down the costs of conducting transactions, issuing loans, and trading securities below those currently seen for European national currencies--possibly to levels comparable to those for dollars. Since banks are the main intermediaries of cross-border transactions, the banking sector will bear the brunt of the costs associated with the changeover to a common currency. At the same time, however, the larger single market will create new opportunities for banks, particularly in the areas of investment banking and the cross-border sale of deposits, mutual funds, and other savings products.

Moreover, a well-developed market for euro-denominated capital would encourage institutional investors from the United States and elsewhere to acquire diversified European portfolios offered in a single currency. EMU may cause a short-run glut of dollars in the international capital markets, leading the dollar to depreciate and the euro to appreciate, with resulting undesirable effects on trade flows. The reason there could be a dollar glut, is that EMU would eliminate the need for intra-European intervention, reduce the importance of exchange rate management, and allow national central banks to pool reserves for external intervention, thus generally reducing the European central banks need for dollar reserves.

But should a different international monetary system ultimately emerge in which other currencies, such as the euro, play an increasingly important role alongside the dollar, there would be benefits for the United States as well. A common U.S. currency, it is important to note, has many advantages beyond simply reducing transaction costs. It also simplifies choices for households and corporate management, enhances the efficiency with which financial institutions and the payments system function, and promotes competition across the whole productive spectrum.

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We're parents too

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on We're parents too. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality We're parents too paper right on time.

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I am a member of a club. A club I never thought I would have to join. I was forced

to join this club seven years ago. I barely even knew this club existed until I became a

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member. I would love to drop my membership altogether, but I can't-the decision is not

mine. My fellow members are all men who have lost court battles, personal struggles,

money, time, professional standing, and peace of mind fighting for the right to be part of

their children's lives. Yet, we all still fight on because we continue to believe we are doing

what is right. We are all fathers who have been cut off from our children. The degree of

alienation we suffer varies from father to father. Some of my fellow members haven't seen

their children for years, others are only allowed to see them a few times a year. Many of

them have been accused of being child-abusers, sexual deviants, drug addicts, alcoholics,

or "dead beat dads." However, most of us are good honest men who have done nothing

wrong except having ex-wives that would like to see us drop off the face of the earth.

Dr. Ira Daniel Turkat did a study in his article, Divorce Related Malicious Mother

Syndrome and according to his research , over half of all marriages end in divorce, which

is rising at a dramatic rate. Therefore, the number of children involved in divorces is also

growing at a dramatically fast pace. Forensic psychologist Dr. Richard Gardner states in

his book, The Parental Alienation Syndrome, that between eighty and ninety percent of all

custody cases exhibit some form of child alienation. (p.)

Vocke

Dr Turkat and Dr. Gardner both define child alienation as any parent who unjustifiably

punishes the divorcing or divorced parent by attempting to alienate their mutual children

from the other parent, involves others in malicious actions against the other parent,

engages in excessive litigation against the other parent, regularly interrupts visitation with

the non-custodial parent, inhibits telephone access to the non- custodial parent, or

interrupts parental participation in the children's school life and extra curricular activities.

While the media correctly portrays the difficulties imposed upon women and

children by the " Dead Beat Dad." The media has yet to capture the warfare waged by a

select group of mothers against honest, child support paying, law abiding fathers that just

want to be a part of their children's lives. Everyday, attorneys, therapists, and judges hear

the horror stories in which vicious behaviors are lodged against innocent fathers and their

children. Yet, nothing is done to change a court system that is biased against men.

In their studies Dr Turkat and Dr Gardner give several examples of different

forms of alienation. One mother lied to her children and said that she could no longer buy

food because their father spent all their money on women at topless bars. A doctor's ex-

wife forced her ten year old son to apply for federally funded free school lunches so she

would have more of the child support money for herself and to delude the boy that his

"father made them poor." Another woman asked a very close friend of hers, who was

close to her children, to join with her in malicious acts against the father. When the woman

refused the mother's request, the mother falsely informed the children that their father was

having an affair with the woman.

Vocke

These types of behaviors lead to a child not only hating the father but perhaps going years

without seeing him. The goal of any alienator is to deprive the other parent, not only of

the child's time and affection but also, of that time of childhood. (Journal Of Family

Violence Vol.10.)

Another example of this behavior is when the mother attempts to punish the ex-

husband by manipulating others to engage in malicious acts against the ex-husband.

Some examples of this behavior pointed out in the studies were an Ex-wife that lied to a

therapist during a custody battle about the father's behavior. The therapist had never

spoken to the father but appeared as an expert witness for the mother in court, trying to

keep the ex-husband from seeing his children. The therapist informed the judge that the

mother should be primary residential parent and the father should be required to go to

therapy. Then there was an ex-wife that manipulated her teenage children to leave

threatening notes at the ex-husbands home, and an ex-wife, who lost legal custody of the

children, then manipulated a secretary at the children's school to help her in kidnapping

the children. (Journal of Family Violence Vol.10.)

There is little question that both parties in a divorce or custody proceeding is

entitled to legal representation, but individuals that engage in alienation attempt to punish

the divorcing husband by engaging in excessive court litigation. Some of the examples of

this in the studies were a belligerent and unreasonable mother who verbally attacked her

ex-husband whenever she saw him. Overtime, his response was to ignore her. She then

took him to court and requested that the judge require him to talk to her.

Vocke 4

Another mother lied to the judge and tried to convince the court that her daughter was not

the divorcing father's biological child. Another ex-wife refused to stop attacking her ex-

husband through the courts despite numerous attorneys voluntarily withdrawing from the

case. The ex-wife went through seven different attorneys over a period of three years.

( Journal of Family Violence Vol. 10.)

Denying regular visitation is another form of alienation pointed out in the studies.

Some of the examples of this were a mother who would attack her ex-husband during

visitation transfers, then refused to provide the children when the ex-husband had the

police attend the transfer. Another mother arranged for her children to be elsewhere when

the father came to pick them up, so that the father could not see his children. One mother

even had her physically intimidating boyfriend assault her ex-husband when he came to

pick up his children for visitation. Experts all agree that regular and uninterrupted

visitation with the non-custodial parent is the most desirable and beneficial for children.

(Journal of Family Violence Vol. 10.)

Denying uninhibited telephone access is yet another form of alienation Dr Turkat

and Dr Gardner point out in their studies. A few of the examples of this type of behavior

are a mother that told her ex-husband, when he telephoned, that the children were not at

home even though he could hear their voices in the background. A mother that put her ex-

husband on hold and left him there, when he called to talk to the children.

Vocke 5

A mother that encouraged the children to leave several messages on her ex-husbands

answering machine begging him to call them back, even though the mother knew her ex-

husband was on vacation. Most fathers usually find these alienation attempts so painful

that they are eventually discouraged from even calling the children, they simply give up

because they are placed in a no win situation. The father's abandonment then achieves the

precise goal the parent engaging in the alienation was trying to accomplish. ( Journal of

Family Violence Vol. 10.)

Denying participation in extra-curricular activities is another form of alienation

talked about in the studies. An integral part of the process of maintaining a parent's bond

with a child is to participate in extra-curricular activities with the child. School plays, team

sports, and religious events are just a few examples of this type of activity. Parents that

alienate frequently engage in maneuvers designed to prevent participation in these

activities. Some examples of this type behavior pointed out in the studies were a mother

who deliberately gave her ex-husband the wrong date and time for one of the child's

activities The mother then asked the child, " I wonder why your father didn't want to

come and see you today?" Another mother refused to provide the ex-husband with any

information about of the children's school extra-curricular activities. Another mother told

many of her son's soccer team mate's parents falsehoods about her ex-husband. When he

came to watch his son's soccer game the other parents looked at him with angry eyes,

refused to speak to him or sit next to him, and made rude remarks to him when he tried to

talk to them.

Vocke 6

Parents who engage in alienation rarely have to face the penalties for their

actions. Judges, attorneys, and police cannot involve themselves in every instance of

alienation, the courts are just simply to busy. Furthermore, most ex-husbands can't afford

the financial burden involved of going back to court all the time.( Journal of Family

Violence Vol. 10.)

Malicious lying to the children is yet another form of alienation pointed out in the

studies. When one parent decides to attack the other in a divorce situation the children

are vulnerable to psychological damage depending on their development. Some of the

examples given in the studies were a mother that told her daughter that the ex-husband

was not her biological father even though the ex-husband was in fact the girl's father.

Another mother forced her eight year old daughter to hand unpaid bills to her ex-husband

then told her daughter that the father had not provided them with any economic means of

support. Another mother falsely told her children that their father had repeatedly beat her

up during their marriage. ( Journal Of Family Violence Vol. 10.)

Individuals that engage in alienation often engage a wide range of other individuals

in their attacks against the other parent. However, those that engage in this type of

behavior usually engage in malicious lying to others. They specifically lie to other

individuals belligerently against the other parent to gain support for their position. Some

examples of this are a furious mother that called the president of her ex-husband's place of

employment, claiming falsely that he was using business property for personal gain and

abusing their children. Another mother falsely told state officials that her ex-husband was

sexually abusing their daughter.

Vocke 7

His parenting rights were immediately taken away from him and any further access to the

daughter was denied. Another mother falsely informed the custody evaluator who was

investigating the parenting skills of each parent, during the course of a custody dispute,

that the father had physically abused her during their marriage. A skilled liar can be a

compelling witness in the courtroom. However, usually seen in borderline personalities,

pathological lying is not restricted only those particular personality disorders. ( Journal Of

Family Violence Vol. 10.)

Individuals that engage in alienation have few boundaries they won't cross in their

campaign against the other parent. Violating the law to attack the other parent is

common in many cases, although in some cases the laws broken are relatively minor, but

in others the law violations are quite serious. One woman in the studies deliberately drove

her automobile into the house of her ex-husband. Another woman, in the midst of a

custody battle, broke into her ex-husband's home and stole important business papers and

court documents. Another angry woman called a Christian evangelical television station

and pledged a thousand dollars then gave the name, address, and telephone number of her

Jewish ex-husband as the person who pledged the money. Another ex-wife burned down

her ex-husband's home because he gained custody of their children. ( Journal of Family

Violence Vol. 10.)

I went through my divorce seven years ago. My ex-wife engaged in most of these

types of alienation mentioned in Dr Turkat's and Dr Gardner's studies at some time, either

during or after our divorce.

Vocke 8

I learned from my own personal experiences dealing with a person that alienates, that my

daughter's fate was decided long before she was ever born. It has been the courts position

for years that the children belong with the mother, no matter what the situation. To fight

this, I would pay out thousands of dollars and fight a fight I can't win. I would also be

forcing our daughter to chose one parent over another and take the chance of ruining our

relationship. Therefore, I was forced to surrender the most precious thing in my life, my

daughter. I have never felt right about doing this, but it was a decision I was forced to

make.

One of the greatest factors that contributes to parental alienation is our family

court system. Attorneys in custody and divorce issues believe they are obligated to work

in the best interest of their clients. In doing so they often unnecessarily exaggerate their

claims, which serves to add fuel to an already potentially hostile environment. The courts

contribute to create a fear-and -anger atmosphere that pits parent against parent. They

foster destructive elements which run contrary to what is in the best interest of the child.

Thousands of parents end up in the family court system every year engaged in

divorce and custody battles. With the rapid increase in the divorce rate in our country so

has been the ever increasing numbers of "messy" divorces. In most of these court cases the

issue of custody is not settled with the best interest of the child in mind. They are usually

settled from the ruling of a previous case. All children are different, all situations are

different, and every case should be fully heard. Our children are our most valuable

resource and deserve our most careful considerations.

Vocke

If the courts are to decide custody, then custody should be awarded to the parent

that exhibit's the most co-operative approach to parenting, and who demonstrates a clear

understanding of the child's need to have both parents involved in their lives. Custody

should not be given to any parent who promotes practices that alienate the children from

the other parent.

The rights of children to be able to have both parents as part of their lives should

be recognized by the courts and our current legal system. The child should be allowed to

have equal time with both parents without the interference of the other. Shared parenting

should be enforced for the long term protection of our children, after all they are our

future.

House Majority leader Tom Delay of Texas testified before the House

Government Reform Committee that "the current Family Division in the Supreme Court,

as it exists is a failure. Its current organizational structure simply does not place the

highest priority on our children. The best interest of our children are not their first

priority. The current system fails its most basic responsibility our children."

Divorced fathers are usually devastated by the loss of their children. For example,

the case in San Diego California where a distraught father struggled with overdue child

support payments and not being allowed to see his children shot himself on the steps of

the court house. A New York City Police Officer, a Medal Of Honor recipient, hung

himself after being denied access to his children because of frivolous charges filed by his

ex-wife.

Vocke 10

A father in Massachusetts that had been prevented from seeing his daughter by a

protection order based on false accusations, committed suicide after he had been jailed for

telephoning his four year old daughter and failing to pay child support that was twice take

home pay. Another divorced father was kept from seeing his fourteen year old daughter

because of false accusations committed suicide. The girl later wrote in a letter, " This

country's court system has robbed me of one of the most precious gifts in my life, my

Father"( San Diego Tribune 1/11/0).

It is commonly known that divorce is the most traumatic experience that can

happen in a child's life. Yet, over half of all children will witness the breakup of their

parent's marriage. Studies suggest that children from divorced families tend to be more

aggressive, disobedient, anxious, inattentive, and angry. The majority of studies also

suggest that a child's adjustment to a divorce is dependent upon the quality of the parent's

Relationship with each other during and following the breakup of the marriage. Parent

who are able to maintain a cordial and civil relationship contribute more to the child's

emotional adjustment.

Every child from a divorced family should have the right to openly and without

fear of any kind be able to express their love and affection for both their mother and

father. They should have the right to never be blamed for their parent's divorce or

separation. The right to be listened to and accepted as a person with feelings and needs.

They should be informed of important decisions affecting them and the reason's for the

decisions. They should have the right to never be placed in a position to have to choose

between either parent, or to be made feel they need to take sides.

Vocke11

They should be able to heal the wounds from the divorce properly, without undue

additional stress and suffering. They should be properly educated about divorce and

helped to understand that their parents are human too and are experiencing great personal

hurt, anger and pain along with them. They have the right to remain active in both parent's

lives, to have as much physical and emotional contact with both parents as reasonably

possible, and to be loved by both parents unconditionally.

Children need their divorced parents to encourage them to have a positive

relationship with the other parent, even if it would be simpler to have that parent to drop

off the face of the earth. Divorced parents should always reassure their children that they

do not have to take sides and can enjoy the company of both parents. Communication and

cooperation between both parents is the key to the child's emotional well-being. Children

who witness such interactions between parents are less fearful and learn how to better

cope with their own problems.

Divorce is not a solution it is an amputation, which is always how it feels like to a

child. It takes both parent's to deal with the hurt the children feel, which comes from

loving them more than you despise each other. Children are sponges and they take in even

the subtlest displays of emotionally charged interactions between parents. Parents should

prioritize the needs of their children over their own desires to retaliate against their ex-

spouse, regardless of how good it might make them feel. Pride needs to be swallowed,

tongues need to be bitten, and an occasional kind word about the other parent in the

presence of the child can go a long way to heal the wounds.

Works Cited Page

1. Turkat, Ira Daniel Ph. D. " Divorce Related Malicious Mother Syndrome." Journal of

Family Violence Vol. 10. , p.5-664, 15. 1Mar 00,

http //fact.on.ca/Info/pas/turkat5.htm

. Gardner, Richard Ph. D. The Parental Alienation Syndrome. New Jersey Creative

Therapeutics, 1.

. Vestal Anita " Perspectives on Parental Alienation, Child Custody, and Dispute

Resolution Systems" American Bar Association Section of Dispute

Resolution. 1 Dec 17. 15 Mar 00

http// fact.on.ca/info/pas/vestal.htm

. " Testifies on the DC Court System's Family Services Division" Majority Whip Tom

Delay. 6 June 001,0 Mar.00 http//tom delay.house.gov/issues.htm

4. Sacks, Glenn. "Distraught Father's Courthouse Suicide Highlights America's male

Suicide Epidemic" San Diego Tribune 11 Jan. 00, 5 April 00

www.glennsacks.com/distruaght_fathers.htm

Vocke 1

Works Cited

1. Gardner, Richard Ph. D. The Parental Alienation Syndrome. New Jersey Creative

Therapeutics, 1.

. "Testifies on the DC Court System's Family Division" Majority Whip Tom Delay. 6

June 001, 0 Mar.00 http//tom delay. House.gov/issue.htm

.Turket, Ira Daniel Ph. D. " Divorce Related Malicious Mother Syndrome" Journal of

Family Violence Vol. 10.,p5-664,15. 1 Mar 00,

http//fact.on.ca/info/pas/turket5.htm

4. Sacks, Glenn " Distraught Father's Courthouse Suicide Highlights America's Male

Suicide Epidemic" San Diego Tribune 11 Jan. 00, 5 April 00

www.glennsacks.com/distraught_fathers.htm

5. Vestal Anita " Perspectives on Parental Alienation, Child Custody, and Dispute

Resolution Systems" American Bar Association Section of Dispute Resolution. 1

Dec 17.15 Mar 00 http//fact.on.ca/info/pas/vestal.htm

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Andyy

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Andy Warhol

(18-187)

Andy Warhol began as a commercial illustrator, and a very successful one, doing jobs like shoe ads for I. Miller in a stylish blotty line that derived from Ben Shahn. He first exhibited in an art gallery in 16, when the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles showed his Campbells Soup Cans, 161-6. From then on, most of Warhols best work was done over a span of about six years, finishing in 168, when he was shot. And it all flowed from one central insight that in a culture glutted with information, where most people experience most things at second or third hand through TV and print, through images that become banal and disassociated by repeated again and again and again, there is role for affectless art. You no longer need to be hot and full of feeling. You can be supercool, like a slightly frosted mirror. Not that Warhol worked this out; he didnt have to. He felt it and embodied it. He was a conduit for a sort of collective American state of mind in which celebrity - the famous image of a person, the famous brand name - had completely replaced both sacredness and solidity. Earlier artists, like Monet, had painted the same motif in series in order to display minute discriminations of perception, the shift of light and color form hour to hour on a haystack, and how these could be recorded by the subtlety of eye and hand. Warhols thirty-two soup cans are about nothing of the kind. They are about sameness (though with different labels) same brand, same size, same paint surface, same fame as product. They mimic the condition of mass advertising, out of which his sensibility had grown. They are much more deadpan than the object which may have partly inspired them, Jasper Johnss pair of bronze Ballantine ale cans. This affectlessness, this fascinated and yet indifferent take on the object, became the key to Warhols work; it is there in the repetition of stars faces (Liz, Jackie, Marilyn, Marlon, and the rest), and as a record of the condition of being an uninvolved spectator it speaks eloquently about the condition of image overload in a media saturated culture. Warhol extended it by using silk screen, and not bothering to clean up the imperfections of the print those slips of the screen, uneven inkings of the roller, and general graininess. What they suggested was not the humanizing touch of the hand but the pervasiveness of routine error and of entropy...

Biography

The American artist and filmmaker Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola in 18. There has for years been quite a bit of confusion to where and when Andy Warhol was born, but according to Andys two older brothers and the birth certificate that was filed in Pittsburgh in 145, he was born on August 6th in Pittsburgh. Whether or not this is the day he was born hasnt been proved, but it was on this date he would celebrate his birthday. However, there is no doubt that he died at 61 A.M. on Sunday, February nd, 187, at the New York Hospital after a gallbladder operation. He is considered a founder and major figure of the POP ART movement. A graduate of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 14, he moved to New York City and gained success as a commercial artist. He got his first break in August 14, when Glamour Magazine wanted him to illustrate a feature entitled Success is a Job in New York. But by accident the credit read Drawings by Andy Warhol and thats how Andy dropped the a in his last name. He continued doing ads and illustrations and by 155 he was the most successful and imitated commercial artist in New York. In 160 he produced the first of his paintings depicting enlarged comic strip images - such as Popeye and Superman - initially for use in a window display. Warhol pioneered the development of the process whereby an enlarged photographic image is transferred to a silk screen that is then placed on a canvas and inked from the back. It was this technique that enabled him to produce the series of mass-media images - repetitive, yet with slight variations - that he began in 16. These, incorporating such items as Campbells Soup cans, dollar bills, Coca-Cola bottles, and the faces of celebrities, can be taken as comments on the banality, harshness, and ambiguity of American culture.

Later in the 160s, Warhol made a series of experimental films dealing with such ideas as time, boredom, and repetition; they include Sleep (16), Empire (164), and The Chelsea Girls (166). In 165 he started working with a rockband called The Velvet Underground formed by Lou Reed and John Cale. Andy introduced them to the model and moviestar Nico and she sang on their debut album from 167 The Velvet Underground and Nico. Andy would travel around the country, not only with The Velvets, but also with superstar of the year Edie Sedgwick and the lightshow The Exploding Plastic Inevitable.

On June rd, 168, Valerie Solanis, a rejected superstar, came into The Factory and shot Andy three times in the chest. He was rushed to hospital where he was pronounced dead, but after having his chest cut up and been given heart massage, he survived. Valerie Solanis turned herself in that night and was put in a mental institution. She was later given a three year prison sentence. After recovering Andy Warhol continued to work. He founded inter/VIEW magazine in 16 (they changed the name to Interview in 171), published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again in 175 and continued to paint portraits until his death in 187.

Biography

Out of the tumultuous atmosphere of the 160s came an artist who became the icon of the free spirit. Andy Warhol introduced the world, and particularly an artistically fertile America, to the idea of life as an art. Gone were the days of portraiture and classical sculpture -- this was the era of the movie star, the celebrity, and consumerism. Warhol looked at the life surrounding him and portrayed it on his canvases and in his films, stating that if you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. Theres nothing behind it. Yet, to critics, the most intriguing aspect of Warhol was his private life, an indefinable mixture of artistic creativity, mystery, and sexual scandal. It is this very inexpressibility that comes through in the artists work, giving Warhol an aura of cool acceptability and ambiguity.

Born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 18, Warhol was one of three boys in a Czechoslovakian immigrant working-class family. Growing up during the Great Depression in Forest City, Pennsylvania, Warhol faced an unstable household, further complicated by the death of his father in 14. Three years later, Warhol dropped out of high school and enrolled at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he received his B.A. in pictorial design in 14.

After graduation, Warhol moved to New York, living in a co-ed basement apartment. He was a strange one to the others, being very quiet, young, and having an unusually white pallor. Angry with Warhol for not speaking to her, one of the female occupants of the apartment once threw an egg at him, which hit him in the head. The quiet young artist spent most of his time drawing and taking his work around to agencies in a brown paper bag, as he did not have enough funds for a portfolio.

Intrigued by the odd character who walked into her office holding a brown paper bag, Glamour art director Tina Fredericks commissioned Warhol to design shoes, inadvertently launching him into the world of commercial arts. Gaining the attention of exclusive shoe store I. Miller, Warhol was soon offered an appointment in their art department.

In 14, Warhol changed the spelling of his name because of a credit that mistakenly read Drawings by Warhol for the article Success is a Job in New York. Around this time, his eyes began to bother him, and Tina Fredericks urged him to go to an oculist. Having been told he had lazy eyes, Warhol wore opaque glasses that had a tiny pinhole for him to see through -- these became his signature accessory, even though they were hideous. Warhol dyed his hair a distinct silver, showing a flair for the dramatic that set him apart from other artists.

With the name change and his position in the commercial field, the intrepid artist soon created a niche for himself, becoming known for his exploration of the shoe as a reflection of the person. Warhol captured the essence of various people in his shoes, creating the likeness of celebrities and friends on paper. It did not matter if the shoe features were in the right places -- I. Miller loved his drawings. He received the Art Directors Club Medal for his shoe designs in 157.

Earlier, in 15, the artist had his first solo exhibition, showing pictures drawn for Truman Capotes short stories; unfortunately, the exhibit did not make much of an impact in the art world. By this time however, Warhol had an agent, Fritzie Miller, who got him contracts with big magazines such as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar. He worked with Eugene Moore to create window displays for Bonwits, a department store. The introspective artist, who wore only old clothes, radiated a charm and mystery in both his manner and work that began to be noticed by people in the business.

During this period of development in his life, Warhol came into contact with other cultures, both local and abroad, that were to have an influence on his later artwork. In the mid-150s, he was part of a theatre crowd that focused primarily on the plays of Franz Kafka and Bertolt Brecht; Warhol especially admired Brechts idea of realism and would later apply the philosophy to his work. Influences from abroad came through his six-week tour of Europe and Asia, where he began his own collection of modern art, buying works from artists such as Joan Miró and Larry Rivers.

In the 160s, Andy Warhol combined all of these early influences and experiences into a style that was distinctly his own and yet allowed others to be involved in the creative process. This came to be known in art history as American Pop art, a movement against the original as the bastion of the elite. Warhols outlook on artwork focused not on the end result, the original work of art, but on the creative processes that produced the work of art. Reflecting this philosophy was the artists use of the silkscreen, a process that allowed multiple identical images to be produced by anyone Warhol liked to have his friends create prints using his silkscreens.

Most of Warhols creative work at this time took place in his studio, which he called the Factory. This work, done between 16 and 164, ranged from portraits of friends and celebrities to car crashes to electric chairs to consumer products. Perhaps the most famous of his Factory work -- consumer product images of Campbells Soup, Brillo boxes, green stamps, and Coca-Cola -- distinctly point to Warhols fascination with Americas growing identification with brand-name labels.

In 16 Warhol had his first show in the Stable Gallery. It was a huge success, widely reported in the press and fully sold out. His paintings, manufactured in the Factory, were bought almost as soon as they were shown. People stood in lines at exhibit openings to look at his work. A trendsetter, Warhol and his work were definitely a hot commodity. But in 165, Warhol declared Pop art dead and decided to retire from painting; his last gallery exhibition at Leo Castelli in 166 consisted of Cow Wallpaper and Silver Clouds.

From 166 onward, Andy Warhol concentrated on making films, initially intent on studying the lives of the people surrounding him. The first films for which he gained recognition were shot between 16 and 164, a total of eight hours, with the titles of Sleep, Kiss, Haircut, Eat, Blow Job, and Empire. Awarded the Independent Film Award by Film Culture, this series of films translated Warhols philosophy on painting to the screen the focus was not on the finished product (indeed, most of these films could never be mass-marketed), but on the creative processes that went into the work. Just as Warhol emphasized the fact that others could use his silkscreens and create paintings, so his films underscore the truth that anybody could take subjects and film them. Not only could the subjects be ordinary people, but Warhol also made this often-quoted prediction In the future everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes. Those made famous in Warhols pictures included Baby Jane Holzer, Edie Sedgwick, Nico, Ingrid Superstar, Ultra Violet, and Viva.

Warhol began working with a rock band called The Velvet Underground in 165, introducing them to the chanteuse Nico; to the music of the band he orchestrated an interactive show consisting of images and lights and called it The Exploding Plastic Inevitable. The mixed media showcase created an international sensation when it opened at the DOM nightclub in New York City. It was an onslaught on the senses, and it described in music and art the feeling of young America.

Much has been speculated about Andy Warhols sex life. He featured both men and women in his artistic endeavors, and his entourage was a mingling of the two sexes. Most people tend to think Warhol was gay, and he did have boyfriends. However, it is a mystery as to whether or not he actually was intimate with these men; Warhols attitude was more asexual than homosexual.

On June , 168, Valerie Solanas, the mentally unstable founding member of SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men), shot Andy Warhol two times in the stomach; she had mistaken him for a kind of god, telling police that he had too much control over my life. Warhol spent two months in the hospital recovering from the wounds. This shooting was the inspiration for the 16 film entitled I Shot Andy Warhol.

In 168, Warhol tackled the next level in the artistic medium and wrote a novel called a. a demonstrated the philosophy Warhol had expressed previously on canvas and reel -- it did not take an accomplished author to write a paper. In order to prove his idea, Warhol recorded twenty-four hours of conversation that occurred within the Factory and entitled it a. In 16, he founded the magazine inter/View, and in 175 he published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again. Warhol died in February of 187 from gall bladder surgery complications.

For almost two decades, Andy Warhol had maintained the position of an infamous media icon, notorious for his parties and respected for his artistic taste; he backed young and upcoming artists, lending his support to the development of modern art in America. He had lived for 58 years, helping to develop a new scene for American art and a new ideology in the artists lexicon. Andy Warhols impact on the art world cannot be overlooked, and his influence lingers to this day, from Brain-juice.coms soup can logo to the cinematic techniques behind The Blair Witch Project.

Answers

1) Where and when was Andy Warhol born?

Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 18, on 7 Orr Street in Soho, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents, Julia and Ondrej Warhola, were from a village called Mikova in the north-eastern corner of the former Czechoslovakia, but they immigrated to America before Andy and his two older brothers Paul and John were born. Andys birth date has for years been a topic of discussion and since his birth certificate wasnt filed until 145 there doesnt seem to be any final proof, but most sources say he was born on the 6th of August and it was on this day he would celebrate his birthday.

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) When and how did Andy Warhol die?

Andy Warhol was pronounced dead at 61 A.M. on Sunday, February , 187, at New York Hospital, while recovering from a successful gallbladder operation. He was buried at Holy Ghost Byzantine Rite Catholic Church in Pittsburgh and a memorial service was held at Manhattans St. Patricks Cathedral on April 1, 187.

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) When was he shot?

Andy Warhol was shot three times in the chest on June , 168, by Valerie Solanis. She then shot a visitor at the Factory and tried to shoot Factory employee Fred Hughes, but the gun jammed. Andy was rushed to a hospital and was at one point pronounced clinically dead. Valerie Solanis, who had appeared in the Warhol movie I, a Man, shot Andy, because she felt he ignored her. She turned herself in the same night and spent years in prison.

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4) Was he an albino?

No, Andy Warhol was not a albino. He may have been lacking pigment, but he was not considered an albino.

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5) Was he gay?

Most people tend to think so. However, he was often perceived as asexual. He definitely had boyfriends, but whether or not he actually had sex with them is difficult to say.

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6) What is the exact wording of the 15 minutes quote?

Andy Warhol has been quoted and misquoted on numerous occasions, but no quote has been misused as often as his 15 minutes quote. According to the entry on Thursday, July 7, 178 and Thursday, June , 18 in The Andy Warhol Diaries the quote is In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.

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7) When did he start wearing wigs?

There are different opinions on this subject, but as far as I can see he started wearing a toupee in 15 and then this evolved into the famous silver wig in the mid-sixties. He had dyed his hair silver for some years, but one day he just showed up at the Factory with a huge silver mop on his head and since he didnt act like it was anything unusual, neither did anyone else.

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8) Where did he go to school?

Andy Warhol graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh in 14.

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) When did he change his name?

Andy Warhol drew shoes as an assignment from Glamour Magazine in August 14 for an article called Success is a Job in New York, where the credit mistakenly read Drawings by Warhol.

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10) When did he paint the first Campbells Soup Can?

Andy Warhol talked to the interior designer Muriel Latow in December 161, who told him to paint the thing he loved the most in the world (that being money) and to paint something so common that everybody sees it everyday and that everybody would recognize ... like a can of soup. He started painting these two objects the very next day.

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11) When did he paint the first Marilyn Monroe portrait?

Andy Warhol started working on the Marilyn portraits as soon as he heard about her suicide on August 4, 16. He used a publicity still from the 15 movie Niagara.

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1) When did he start making movies?

Andy Warhol bought his first camera in July, 16 and soon started making silent movies. The first movie he started making was Sleep and after that followed Tarzan & Jane Regained, Sort of.

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1) What was his connection to The Velvet Underground?

Andy Warhol met The Velvet Underground at a club and later hired them to play live to some of his silent movies. They then became a part of The Exploding Plastic Inevitable, which was a multimedia show with movies, music, dancers and a light show. When they released their first album The Velvet Underground & Nico. Andy Warhol received producer credits and painted a banana for the cover.

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14) Did Andy Warhol ever appear in the TV show The Love Boat?

Yes, he did. He shots some scenes in March 185 and theres quite a bit about it in The Andy Warhol Diaries. For more information, please check The Internet Movie Database and search for Andy Warhol.

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15) Did Andy Warhol appear in Tootsie?

Andy Warhol is not credited anywhere for an appearance in Tootsie, because he doesnt act in the movie. However, he does appear on in a photo shoot with Dustin Hoffman in the movie. He is seen for a second with Tootsie, and the rest of the scene is just pictures of the two together. He describes the filming of Tootsie like this in his diaries

Friday, August 6, 18

Ran into Robert Hayes and he said that Greg Gorman the Interview photographer had called and they wanted me over on 18th street near Fifth to be in a publicity photo with Dustin Hoffman who was in drag filming Tootsie, and I thought that sounded like fun. But when I got there, they said, All right, well be shooting your scene soon. They actually were putting me in the movie.

Saturday, December 4, 18

I invited Curley to see Tootsie. We couldnt get in first, they were giving us a hard time, there werent tickets for us that Charlie Evans was supposed to leave. And if I had known at that time that I was actually in the movie which I didnt get paid for - that I appear on the cover of People magazine with Tootsie when she gets famous - I would have been pushier and said that I could take in as many people as I wanted.

16) What did Andy Warhol have to do with the movies Andy Warhols Frankenstein and Andy Warhols Dracula?

He is credited as producer different places, but according to Victor Bockris book The Life and Death of Andy Warhol, Warhol wasnt involved with those movies at all. Bockris uses a quote in his book to prove this

Audiences are laughing at Frankenstein, his sexually repressed bug-eyed assistant, and the doctors sister wife who makes the fatal mistake of seducing a zombie, noted Paul Gardner in The New York Times. When asked what he does, since Morrissey receives credit as writer-director on their films, Warhol says, I go to the parties.

17) Who was Andrea Warhol?

Andrea Warhol was the name Andrea Wips Feldman (148 -7) used for a period of time. On several occasions she introduced herself to people as Mrs. Warhol, but there was no actual relation between Andy and her besides friendship.

18) What is The Factory?

The Factory (or The Silver Factory) was Andy Warhols studio. In November 16 Warhol started working in an old factory building on 1 East Forty-Seventh and in January 164, he asked Billy Name to decorate the whole building in silver. According to Victor Bockris book The Life and Death of Andy Warhol Billy Name explains how it got its name like this One day, Ondine, Andy, and I were trying to think of what to call his studio. We said, well call it either the Lodge or the Factory, and since it was a factory before, lets call it the Factory.

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1) What is Silkscreening?

Ive found an explanation, which might be helpful

Silkscreen printing uses fabric stretched on a frame to hold the stencil designs and to carry the ink easily onto the paper. Open areas allow paint to pass through, and areas blocked by the stencil material screen out the paint.

(Feldman/Schellmann Andy Warhol Prints)

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0) Who shot at the Marilyn pictures?

Im not sure. According to an interview with Ondine in Victor Bockris book it was someone called Dorothy Podber who one day asked Andy if she could fire her gun at a stack of Marilyn Monroe paintings. He said it was alright and so she fired her gun at the paintings. However, in Jean Steins book about Edie Sedgwick he says that it was someone called Harriet Teacher. The rest of the story is the same, and so is the name of the dog, she brought with her to The Factory. The dogs name was Carmen Miranda.

Here are the two quotes

Edie American Girl, page 08

Ondine Do you remember Harriet Teacher? She was one of the queens of the avantgarde. Very weird girl. Very small. Intense. Controlled. She always had a dog with her - a huge dog called Carmen Miranda. One day she came up to the Factory with Carmen Miranda and asked Andy if he would mind if she shot his Marilyn Monroe paintings. He said no, it was okay.

The Life and Death of Andy Warhol, page 14

One day, one of the mole people witches, Dorothy Podber, arrived at the Factory with her dog, Carmen Miranda, and asked Andy if she could shoot his Marilyn paintings. When he said he didnt mind, Dorothy put on a pair of white gloves and pulled a smal German pistol out of her pocket, aimed at a stack of Marilyn Monroe paintings, and fired.

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1) Did Andy Warhol create the Rolling Stones tongue logo?

According to the Rolling Stones FAQ the infamous tongue logo was not created by Andy Warhol, but by a John Pasch.

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) Did Andy Warhol have a wife and/or kids?

No, he never married and he never had any children.

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) Is there a link between the so-called Beat Generation and Andy Warhol?

Not really. But Allen Ginsburg and Jack Kerouac did appear in Warhols movie Couch and Ginsburg also appeared in Fifty Fantastics and Fifty Personalities.

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4) Did Andy Warhol ever win any awards?

According to Bob Colacellos book Holy Terror he won an Art Director Club Award in 157.

And according to David Bourdons book Warhol Andy also won the Art Director Clubs distinctive award in 156 and 157. He also won Art Director Club awards in 160 and 161 for the I. Miller ads he did and an award from the Chicago Tribune in 161. He also won an Independent Film Award presented to him by Film Culture in 164.

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The Rift Between a Constant Constitution and a Changing Society

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The Rift Between a Constant Constitution and a Changing Society

CC Mark R. McDowell

Throughout early American history there was a direct correlation between national interest and national identity, but with the changes of the 0th century regarding America's status in the world came changes regarding America's nature. American national identity has shifted away from alignment with the creed and vision of the Founding Fathers while American national interest has strived to continually act in accordance with that creed and vision. This shift is most evident when comparing America in the 10s with America in the 170s. By analyzing American national identity and American national interest in the 10s, and then comparing the two to the America established and sought after by the Founding Fathers, it will become evident that American national identity has truly deviated from the path which the founding fathers had hoped for and America had strived to walk for nearly two centuries. It will also become evident that American national identity affects national interest, but national interest does not derive from national identity as Samuel Huntington suggests (Erosion 1).

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In order to approach these issues, two questions must first be answered. What are national identity and national interest? How do these two terms apply to America? The answers to these two fundamental questions provide a foundation on which numerous other questions may be asked, analyzed, and answered. It can be seen that the first question is itself two questions which must be answered separately. Only then can the connections between the two be distinguished. So, what is national identity?

National identity provides a basic description of the oneness that a nation has and what provides that oneness, where oneness is a semblance of consistency in character which distinguishes the object in questionthe nationfrom others in an objective frame. In simpler terms, a national identity can be considered to be the matters that unite a given nation and separate it from other nations. In order for a country to have a national identity, it must first be a nation and more specifically have a general consensus of oneness to which the people subscribe. Secondly, the people may or may not have a unified conception of their oneness. When this definition is applied to America, the conclusion can be drawn that Americans' desire to do good, to find and provide the concept of freedom for all, to live in light through the institutions in place, through our democratic legal tradition, is the American national identity. This identity distinguishes America from every other country in the world because the desire to do good is so rooted that America feels obligated to rid the world of pure evil and in turn finds itself involved in the affairs of countries around the globe. Having defined national identity and applied it to America in a basic sense, the question of national interest must be resolved.

In "The Erosion of American National Interests," Samuel Huntington argues that a national interest is "a public good to all or most" people in that nation (6). The Commission on America's National Interests seems to agree with Huntington in stating that "national interests are conditions that safeguard and enhance…survival and well-being" of the people in that nation. Specifically, America's national interests stem directly from the fact that the purpose of the American government is to act for the greater good of the people. American government also has an obligation to do what is right and true. At this point, it is important to note that the terms "greater good," and "right and true" are relative to the morals of the people involved. One person may not consider the government to be acting on their behalf and on the side of truth if their moralstheir worldview coupled with their perspective on the hierarchy of what is important, right, and truediffer from those of the government. It shall be the purpose of the remainder of this paper to illustrate that the heart of American national identity is the morals of the American people which can be referred to as the creed that the people believe in, that the morals of the people have become unaligned with the creed of the government, and that this misalignment has led to the confusion of American national interests.

Having defined National identity as a onenesssomething common that distinguishes one nation from anotherAmerica can only contribute its national identity to the American creed, which in the time of the Founding Fathers was a belief that there are laws established by Nature's God which govern how humans ought to live, and that these laws were not debatable. In the Declaration of Independence, the Founding Fathers call upon "the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them" to justify the decision of the thirteen colonies to break apart from England. This justification reveals the belief of the Founding Fathers in a standard, a moral code, which was right, true, and above all others. The people of that age apparently believed the same, for that is the platform on which colonists took a stand for in fighting for freedom from England. Some may argue that the colonists and Founding Fathers believed that there was this higher code because the majority of people were of Christian heritage and that people of different religions may believe that a different set of moral laws are governed by Nature's God. C.S. Lewis, who has a "reputation as one of the leading writers and thinkers of our age," disagrees with this line argument (). In his book Mere Christianity Lewis argues that what he calls the "Law of Human Nature" has been evident to everyone throughout history and that this law is consistent. On the subject he writes

But in the case of Man….The Law of Human nature, or of Right and Wrong, must be something above and beyond the actual facts of human behavior. In this case, besides the actual facts, you have something elsea real law which we did not invent and which we ought to obey (1).

What is of critical importance of Lewis' argument is that he comes to this conclusion, not by reading the Bible, or being a Christian, but by looking at the world around him and stating conclusions that are evident. Ironically, the first chapter of the book of Romans makes this same basic argument. Never-the-less, it is this line of logic which the Founding Fathers used as well, for they saw the goal of the government of a free people to be to search for the truth, which nature has provided, and apply that to every decision.

This line of logic contrasts strikingly with the line of logic which many Americans adhere to today. Moral relativism is a theme that pervades American society, but in all practicality disagrees with the foundation on which America was built. An encyclopedia of philosophy defines moral relativism in the following manner "Moral relativism, as opposed to other forms of relativism, is the view that moral standards are grounded only in social custom" (1). There are many arguments for and against moral relativism, but the point is that American culture has lend itself to a belief that nearly any action or decision is justifiable if seen in the proper moral light. Francis Beckwith writes the following on the issue

In moral debate in the United States today, many people resort to moral relativism. They argue that there are no objective moral values which help us to determine what is right or wrong. They claim everything is relative. In order to defend this position, the relativist puts forth two arguments (1) Since people and cultures disagree about morality, there are no objective moral values; () Moral relativism leads to tolerance of practices we may find different or odd. These two arguments are seriously flawed. In addition, the moral relativist has a difficult time explaining moral progress, moral reformation, and clear-cut cases of moral saints and moral devils (1).

Even more important is the realization that moral relativism is one way in which the American people have turned away from the teaching of the Founding Fathers. This turning away from the Founding Fathers has had serious implications for American society, one of the most apparent being the degradation of the American family.

On March 8, 165, Rev. Martin Luther King spoke from the pulpit on courage and said

Deep down in our non-violent creed is the conviction there are some things so dear, some things so precious, some things so eternally true that they're worth dying for. And if a man happens to be 6-years-old, as I happen to be, some great truth stands before the door of his lifesome great opportunity to stand up for what's right (1).

Rev. King had an understanding of the things that are "eternally true" and he stood up for them just as the Founding Fathers had done years before. In 1, President Bill Clinton saw the turmoil that America was going through in regards to the truth and justice which the Founding Fathers had sought and which King died for. In Memphis, President Clinton addressed this issue and said

"'But,' [King] would say, 'I did not live and die to see the American family destroyed. I did not live and die to see 1-year-old boys get automatic weapons and gun down -year-olds just for the kick of it…. That is not what I came here to do….I fought for freedom,' he would say, 'but not for the freedom of people to kill each other with reckless abandonment for the freedom of children to impregnate each other with babies and then abandon them, nor for the freedom of adult fathers of children to walk away from the children they created and abandon them, as if they didn't amount to anything'" (1).

President Clinton goes on to say that "it is our moral duty to turn this around" (). He realized that America had a moral obligation to do the right thing and that this moral obligation was not some idea of right and wrong that changes over the years and across cultures, but that it was the same laws of human nature as those sought after by the authors of the Constitution.

Americans' understanding and view of equality has also changed since the 170s. Since the establishment of the Constitution, America has continually strived to become a nation without racism, sexism, or any kind of prejudice. America had its struggles with slavery, with suffrage, and with racial discrimination, but all of these struggles have been in the hope that the American creed, the Protestant work ethic (Erosions ), and the foundations of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, would be adopted to the fullest extent by every American. In the 10s, there has been a move away from this hope as well, and it has come in the form of multiculturalism. In the introduction to his Government 158 class at Harvard, Professor Samuel Huntington argues that "In the decades before September 11th…. Multiculturalism was the rage in important intellectual circles….Race, which had been eliminated from the legal definition of national identity in the 160s, reappeared in law as the foundation of group rights. In academic and political circles, patriotism was denigrated" (1). In his "The Erosion of American National Interests" Huntington stated that "the ideologies of multiculturalism and diversity…question a central element in the American Creed by substituting for the rights of individuals the rights of groups." He also stated that America embodied "democracy, equality, republicanism" (4, ). If Americans' understanding of one of those three crucial underpinnings of American existence has changed and lost its original purpose, has America not lost the very thing that embodies it? It is here that there is the disconnect between American national interest and American national identity, for the American government strives to uphold the tenets of truth that the Founding Fathers provided, while the people have lost sight of that truth.

It is evident that the American national interest, embodied actively in the yearly release of the National Security Strategy, has in its interest those same tenets of truth that the Founders held so dear. The Preamble is quite clear about American interest.

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America (1).

The first line of the 16 National Security Strategy reflects this resolve which the American government is called to embody "Protecting our nation's securityour people, our territory and our way of lifeis my Administration's foremost mission and constitutional duty" (1). However, this straight forward objective is coupled with a vast array of objectives which seem to have no clear direction. This problem can be attributed to the ending of the Cold War and the lack of an enemy to stand up against on the side of truth and justice (Erosion 1), but it can also be attributed to an unfocused national identity in the sense that the people have lost sight of what is important.

This problem of establishing a clear set of national interests in the face of a changing national identity had to be addressed. The Commission on America's National Interests was established in order to help ensure that the US does not "lose its way" (1). This commission has come to the conclusion that US national interests are hierarchical and fall into categories of vital and less vital interests (). Their definition of vital national interests is "conditions that are strictly necessary to safeguard and enhance Americans' survival and well-being in a free and secure nation" (5). These are the elements which are necessary because they are required in order to uphold the objectives stated in the Preamble of the Constitution and discussed earlier. The elements which the commission have deemed vital are (1) to prevent, deter, and reduce threat of weapons of mass destruction; () to ensure allies' survival and commitment to developing a thriving international community; () to prevent emergence of hostile states; (4) ensure strength and stability of major global systems; and (5) establish productive relations consistent with national interest (Commission ).

These national interests are consistent with the interests and objectives discussed in the 00 National Security Strategy. They also comprise a sufficient group of national interests because if any one of these interests were to fail, the entire group would fail. If each aspect of the group is successful, America will continue to have the strength it currently enjoys. It is this group of interests which are vital because any other national interest, if compromised, would "not strictly imperil the ability of the US government to safeguard and enhance the well being of Americans in a free and secure nation" (6). Some examples of these interests which could be considered important to the nation, but not vital are (1) to prevent, deter, and reduce the threat of weapons of mass destruction anywhere; () to "promote the acceptance of international rules of law and mechanisms for resolving or managing disputes peacefully"; () to "prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon"; and (4) to "prevent massive, uncontrolled immigration across US borders" (Commission 6). Despite many objectives being national interests, only some are vital national interests, and most are interests which every first world country must incorporate into their objectives.

The 00 National Security Strategy is a crucial document for understanding the ties between national identity and national interest because it was released after the attacks of September 11th, but not so soon afterward that it reflects the shock of a nation. Instead it reflects a nation with resolve to return to its roots of moral truth in order to defeat the evil of terrorism. The National Security Strategy of 00 has more of a moral direction than that required by the general set of vital national interests already established. This moral direction is possible due to America possessing "unprecedented and unequaled strength in the world" (1). On top of the vital national interests, America has the opportunity to use its strength for decades of peace and prosperity as well as "championing aspirations for human dignity" (1). The National Security Strategy for 00 sees America as having a duty to the world to defend liberty at every corner of the globe and states that America will fight for "a peace that favors liberty" (1).

Samuel Huntington appears to have been correct in his "The Erosion of American National Interests" in arguing that it is in times of danger that people are truly able to reevaluate who they are and come together as a unified nation (1-). Despite the fact that America has been able to unify following the terrorist attacks, the issue still remains that American society and American national identity has changed over the years, but it is possible that the September 11th attacks provided an opportunity for Americans to consider whether their beliefs about the hierarchy of truth are consistent with the historic American creed upon which the nation was founded. In this light, it is possible that the attacks of September 11th were a blessing for the American nation despite at the same time being a tragic event in American history.

Having analyzed American national identity and American national interest, it has become clear that there is a tie between the identity and the interest, but that the national interest does not derive directly from the national identity. Instead, it appears that the national interest strives to stay aligned with the Constitutional teachings of the Founding Fathers, even when those who compose the national identitythe peoplehave lost sight of that truth and foundation. Since American identity is so tied to the morals, the belief, the creed of the people, it is essential that Americans come back to the realization of the Founding Fathersthat there are inalienable truths and America should be about the business of finding and establishing those for the good of mankind.

Works Cited

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America's National Interests." 18 Apr 00 www.nixoncenter.org

Bassani, Luigi. "The Bankruptcy of the Republican School." EbscoHost.

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Clinton, Bill. "Revives the Voice and Conscience of a Martyr." Memphis, TN. 1

November 1. http//www.pbs.org/greatspeeches.html

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Identity." Harvard. 11 Sept 0.

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"Animal Farm" by George Orwell is a perfect replica of Joseph Stalin's control of Soviet Communism. The following touches upon plot and setting, character description, and my reaction.

Old Major, an old and respected boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them about a dream that he had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. Three younger pigs named Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer turn his main principals into a philosophy called animalism.

They eventually revolt on the farmer and take control of the land. In the beginning Animal Farm prospers. Mr. Jones comes back to take his land back, but gets defeated in the "Battle of Cowshed." Snowball comes up with a plan to build an electricity-generating windmill. On the voting day, Snowball makes a wonderful speech and Napoleon only says a few words opposing the windmill. He gets very upset because his speech wasn't that convincing and he sends the dogs he's been training after Snowball. Snowball runs away and doesn't come back. Napoleon takes over the farm from that point on and declares the pigs will make all the decisions.

Soon after, Napoleon changes his mind on the windmill, and the animals start working on building it. He sleeps in a bed, drinks whisky, and engages in trade with neighboring farmers.

Mr. Fredrick, a neighboring farmer, cheats the animals out of their money and attacks the farm. The animals win the battle. However, Napoleon has sold his most loyal and long suffering worker Boxer to a glue factory in order to get money for whisky.

Years pass on the Animal Farm and the pigs start to act more like humans. They walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. Eventually, the seven commandments turn into one, "All animals are created equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Shortly after Napoleon declares his new motto "four legs good two legs better," he entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers. When the animals look through the window at the farmhouse, they can't tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings.

The main character is Napoleon. He is a pig who is probably very fat because he eats so much food and drinks so much whisky. Napoleon's strong points are his ability to lead. His weak points is how he never shows interest in the strength of the Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Napoleon portrays the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin.

A supporting character is Snowball. Snowball is a pig whose strong point is how he throws his heart and soul into spreading animalism worldwide. His weak point is that he basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. He portrays Leon Trotsky.

The other supporting character is Boxer. Boxer is an extremely strong horse. His strengths are that he exploits the best qualities of the working class- dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. His weak point is his inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Boxer is loyal to the farm, and has a dedication of waking up every morning and working all day.

The lasting impression the book left with me is how the animals could be so clueless in what the pigs were doing. This book reminds me a lot of the three most infamous figures of the 0th century- Stalin and Hitler. In conclusion, I learned from this book that the pigs deceived the animals, just like our government can deceive us.

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