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It is hard-pressing to think of many organizations in America that are fighting for the benefits of the entire population. In every instance, even with organizations as seemingly good-natured as one that, for example, converts abandoned warehouses into parks, certain groups will not be happy with the result. Perhaps a private firm had plans to build a shopping complex in the area. From this, it could be inferred that there is no such thing as a public interest group, only individual groups fighting for private causes. This is not the case, however, as will be evident when I define understanding of a public interest group, and compare this public interest group structurally to the format of a regular interest group, noting differences in funding, membership, and motives.
For an interest group to be public, it must seek some collective good, but not selectively and materially benefit members of the organization. This is not to say that every public interest organization has to be fighting for the betterment of the entire population. It just means that the end results of the organizations work must not be subtractive to its non-targets. If, for example, an organization receives a grant from the federal government to increase funds for technology in all public high schools in the state of Kentucky, there has been a depletion of public resources in order to benefit the Kentuckian teens. Thus the organization is not a public interest group. If however another organization receives a grant to increase technology at public libraries across the country, public goods are increased remains intact and the interest group is public.
Because those affected by public interest groups receive the benefits whether or not they support the organization, funding must come from a third party. This third party is usually a foundation or collection of foundations that believe in the cause the organization is fighting for. With the foundations providing the monetary backbone, these P.I.G.'s must be careful not to succumb to the pressures of these foundations seeking restitution, while at the same time keeping them happy enough to continue sending in money. Interest groups, on the other hand, depend more on the support of individual members. Successful interest groups are able to offer selective benefits to members in order to encourage support. Giving discounts or sending out newsletters and magazines are all examples of selective benefits. These benefits serve not only as a way to continually receive money from long-time members, but also put pressure on non-members to join in order to join in on the benefits. Because public interest groups don't have this option, they rely on media coverage and mass mailings to encourage public participation.
There is controversy over whether the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Foundation, or MALDEF is a public interest group or not. MALDEF hires high-power attorneys to fight Mexican American causes like improved schools in heavily Chicano-populated areas. Under the laid out definitions, it appears to be a public interest group. The cost of membership is zero. If you are a Mexican American citizen, then the organization is going to be fighting for your interests no matter if you send them money or not. It can be argued that since MALDEF is targeted at bettering the lives of Mexican Americans and not the rest of the population, the collective good is not met. However, the goal of MALDEF is to erase past discriminations of Chicanos, like bringing their education up to par with the rest of the population, not giving them superior facilities. Even though MALDEF targets only a certain ethnicity, equal education benefits the population as a whole.
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Both public and non-public interest groups, no matter what they say or do, are not going to make everyone happy. As David Hume puts it, "Men fight for their interests, but their interests are up for interpretation." This is due to our self-interested tendencies. Often our vision of the public good is clouded by our own interests. Public interest groups manage to remain by not interfering with our self-interests by remaining non-subtractive. This way progress can be made without ruffling the feathers of the status quo.
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