"Did Captain Cook Discover Australia?"

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When analysing the comment "Captain Cook did not discover Australia" the obvious question immediately arises, "Who did discover Australia?" In attempting to answer this question we must first ask other questions; What exactly do we mean by 'discover'? Do we the first set foot upon the territory in question or do we mean those who first 'settled' it or those who first 'civilised' it? Does discovering require a higher level of interaction with the environment? What also do we mean by the concept of Australia, do we refer to the real Terra Nullius that the first aboriginal discoverer would have encounted, do we mean the Terra Australis Incognita of 15th century European Romance, the Dutch's New Holland, Cook and Phillip's settled Australia or perhaps the Australian nation created at Federation.

It will be shown that depending on how one answers the above and other questions will determine whether they consider the above comment valid, partially valid or invalid.

If we consider the discovery of Australia to have occurred the first time a descendent of the Homo Sapien to have set foot on what we know as the Australian continental land mass, the date was around ???????????? and it is generally believied they came form across the sea at PNG. The information is provided by archaeology and anthropology and is beyong the realm of the historian there being no record for historians to interpret. If we consider the aboriginal culture to be a non-civilisation and Australia Terra Nullius we would perhaps see the discovery of Australia as occurring with the first European discovery of Australia, which provides much written record for interpretation.

The romantic notion of Terra Australis Incognita was driving European expeditions for the seach of the great unknown southland and although many sailors glimpsed it and spotted it, it is the Dutch arounf 1606, who can probably claim the first mapping of extensive boundaries of it. Calling the new found land, New Holland, the Dutch mapped much of the coast from the Gulf of Carpentaria West and south along the coast to Broome or so. Documentary evidence includes (KeerWeer).

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Australians, having a predominantly Anglo background, may give the disacovery of Australia to the first Englishman to visit the shores. William Dampier may also be given credit by some due to the higher level of interaction he had with the environewment, compared to the Dutch. This is evident in his Diaries.

Even higher levels of interaction by Cook who came with an extensive scientific party, including the reknown Botanist, Joseph Banks. Cook can also be seen as the first person to land on the East coast of Australia, thereby practically settling the question of the physical boundaries of the great south land. Cook's observations can also be seen as some of the grounds for the settling of Australia. Through these arguments, it can be argued that Cook discovered Australia.

As can be seen, it depends on how we interpret the words discover and Australia that will determine the answer we come up with to the question "Who discovered Australia?" A sound argument can be established to support the statement the Captain Cook did not discover Australia'; however, a perhaps equally credible argument could be raised to support that he did indeed discover the Australia as we know it today. Just as an argument could be supported that Australia as we know it today was not 'discovered' until 101 with Federation. Just like the evidence, the question is also up for interpretation.

Blainey, G. 175 Triumph of the Nomads, Macmillan, South Melbourne, VIC Ch "The Discoverers"

Bolton, G. 1 Spoil and Spoilers, Allen and Unwin, North Sydney, Ch 1

Victorian Historical Magazine database

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Malcolm X

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The assassination of Malcolm X made headlines in almost every newspaper, magazine, and broadcast. Every different piece of media chose different ways to distinguish the story by allowing the reader to experience the assassination as if it was right in front of them. Each of the five newspapers that were chosen used their own word choice, tone, and information for their audience in order to get their point across. The New York Times and the New York Post were two of the newspapers that seem to have different views on the events of February 1, 165.

The New York Times portrayed Malcolm X as a "Negro Extremist" who was the leader of a Black Nationalist movement. The New York Times made clear that this assassination wasn't a racial feud between white supremacist and the Negro race. The newspaper gave clear notice of who the killer was and what race as they noted from a police spokesman saying the -year-old Negro, Thomas Hagan was being held on charges for the murder of Malcolm X. The New York Times added in their article gruesome details of the event , stating that Malcolm was struck with seven bullets from Hagan's weapon, which was not listed. The article also featured a eye-witness account of about thirty other shots were fired during the carnage as men, women, and children were trying to escape the flying bullets by plunging under tables. The newspaper article once again letting the audience know that the assassination was a result of a feud between the Black Muslims and Malcolm X and his followers.

The New York Post used a first person viewpoint in their article dated on February , 00, a day after the assassination. The New York Post felt that by publishing their article in first person they would without a doubt allow the audience to experience the event first hand. This newspaper portrayed Malcolm X as a "savior" who wasn't holding this gathering in the Audubon Ballroom to be an aggressive leader who ready for war with whomever firebombed his home the week before. The article portrayed all the Malcolm X followers as loyal people who had a grudge against the white race. The article states that one man was quoted as saying, "Malcolm is our only hope. You can depend on him to tell it like it is and to give Whitey hell." The New York Post gives clippings of what Malcolm X began to say as he was ready to speak to his supporters. The eye-witness account noted that in the beginning of the speech two men began arguing, while a scuffle broke out in the back soon after. An in-depth detail the eye-witness account tells, that all hell broke loose as he heard stifled shots from a un-identified weapon and saw Malcolm X fall lifelessly over chairs from gunshot wounds. The account also adds that people were screaming from all sides of the ballroom with words like, "Don't let them kill him." The eye-witness doesn't leave out that the men with the weapons didn't go away without any wounds. The men were reported as being slaughtered by the bodyguards of Malcolm X.

The two newspaper articles that published the events on that day did use a small amount of pieces of information that was relevant in both articles. Both articles gave a brief location of where the assassination took place even though they didn't use the same context. The ways the newspapers went about stating the information of the terrible tragedy were somewhat alike, only having their own perspectives sound different.

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From the viewpoint of the writers of the two articles, they both had different feelings toward Malcolm X and how he went about everyday life. However, if reading one article or another, the audience would get two distinctive ideas about the whole tragedy. If questioning the different audiences, it would be easy to tell how diverse the articles truly were. In terms of how the article was portraying Malcolm X and the awful tragedy that led to his death., the audience would tend to believe discrete stories and come up with unique outcomes of the true events that really went down on that horrible day.

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Flying comfort

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on flying comfort. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality flying comfort paper right on time.

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Feeling Safe Again? PJ

677 words

In the wake of recent tragedy, millions of people still are hesitant to step on a plane again. Due to the events of September 11th, the airlines in America have upgraded and intensified airport security at least 10-fold. There are Military personnel strolling through the terminals with heavy artillery. So far no acts of terrorism have occurred but some people are still afraid of flying, because of the events that happened over a year and half ago. However, more and more people are flying again because they have an expectation that they will be safe.

Security is the main factor that determines the comfort level of the customer. Before September 11th, if going through customs at an airport, one would most likely find two people working the metal detector. Then after you get past the metal detector, you would find a person that would check your boarding pass. Nowadays, there are military officers walking around making sure that there is order in the airport.

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"The airport security is a lot more strict but some of the time it gets ridiculous" Declared senior Tony Quach '0. That statement isn't without concrete evidence. The airport security workers now search every part of the customer's body. Some people who carry Swiss Army knifes are subject to questioning because it can be seen as a weapon. Also people that work for technology companies, who carry a lot of electronics can be seen as terrorists that have the technology to blow up a plane. However, when all this is going on people who have terrorist objectives can slip by because the workers are so focused on the minor details. So the people that work for the airline miss the bigger picture.

There has always been an issue that many people disagree on, that is racial profiling. As of right now, the stereotype of a terrorist is a middle-eastern man that is dressed in a turban. The airport security will search ever orifice of his body to make sure that he is not a terrorist. However if an American man was to posses terrorist objectives, he could pass through quite easily because he does not fit the American view of a terrorist. "Airport security has tightened up quite a bit, however there needs to be a consistent level that all people have to go through." John Seo '0. After September 11th middle-eastern people have been subject to unnecessary search and seizures because of their ethnic background.

According to Victor Nichols (a frequent business flyer) the airport security people have been warned and told to search individuals more intensely if they fit a certain stereotype of a terrorist. "It doesn't seem fair for these people, but America has to be on their guard. Despite the injustice towards these individuals, it is necessary because we as a country are now a target in the eyes of the Middle East.

Now Americans feel a more safe because of all the security precautions.

"Because of all the airport security, my family and I feel it is safe to fly again" Senior Charlie Cook '0 said.

Even with the shortcomings and inconsistencies of the American airport securities, people for the most part feel comfortable flying again. Racial profiling is an unfortunate outcome of this security check, however it will still happen and middle-eastern people will continue to be searched. However, most people in America do not disagree with having middle-eastern people been extensively searched. Racial profiling is unjust but we, as a country cannot deny that a stereotypical shadow has been cast upon all those who look middle-eastern. Is this unjust? For the most part it is, however racial profiling is not without some truth. Afghanistan declared that America was its prime target because it stood against what the Al-qaeda believed in. So since there are people in the United States that believe in what the Al-qaeda is saying, they will pose a threat to the people of this country. However, it is not just Afghanistan that poses a threat, people in this very country can produce the same results.

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Red badge of courage

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All people seem the same in many ways. They all evolve and forgo changes with experience. Henry contains human like qualities even though being a character in a novel. He lives, laughs, and breathes like anyone else. In the novel The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, the transition from youth to manhood creates a difference in Henrys courage and perception of war, yet it also obtains similar honesty beliefs.

As Henry works his was onto the battlefield for the first time, his regiment portrays him as nothing but a youth. Henry displays his youth qualities in a sense of lacking courage. His weakness exhibits as Stephen Crane writes, "The second phase has begun. It is too much. The youth throws down his riffle and runs" (14). As the rush of the opponent tests his courage, it is too much for him to handle, as he feels obligated to run showing little courage. Next Henry's perception of war indicates his inexperience. Yet to establish himself on the battlefield, Henry, unaware of the reality of war believes it should create and opportunity for him to inspire and be recognized as a hero. "Don't go a-thinkin' you can lick the hull rebel army at the start . . . I know how you are, Henry." (Crane 5) states Henry's mother before he leaves for action. That statement displays Henrys mentality towards things without being verified of the truth. War appears to Henry as an easy time where he can take charge. Finally a youthful aspect conveys through his honesty. Henry spits out a blatant lie when he cries out, "An' b'jiminey, I got shot-I got shot" (Crane 58). Stephen Crane shows the immaturity of a young boy through his lies. Henry's initial behavior to war provides efficient evidence on why his regiment identifies him as a youth.

Eventually Henry progresses his advised youth into manhood. The upgrade from youth to man creates an unknown level of courage. Stephen Crane displays Henrys courageous when he writes, "Once the line encountered the body of a dead soldier. He lay upon his back staring at the sky. The youth could see that the soles of his shoes had been worn to the thinness of writing paper" (16). Henry shows courage at that time in not being afraid and realizes the death presents itself many times throughout a war. In addition to courage, Henry's perception of war now makes him realize the unimportance of a single soul. "I don't believe many of your mule drives will get back." displays the lieutenant's view of what few soldiers mean to this war (Crane 108). Henry now knows that one man cannot make such a difference in becoming a hero. Equally important, is the effect manhood has on Henry's honesty. Though one reaches manhood, that does not mean that their honesty will now seem different. "What's the matter Henry? Are you ok?" his fellow soldier asks as Henry refuses to answer the truth displays his honesty (Crane 141). After the final battle that day, Henry still thinks about lying about getting shot in the head and running away though he will not tell the truth. Manhood does not just come to one, he must earn it. In many ways Henry has done that.

When Stephen Crane writes the novel The Red Badge of Courage, he shows a difference as Henry goes from youth to manhood in his courage and perception of war, yet he also shows a similarity in his honestly beliefs. As Henry becomes a man his courage elevates to another level rather than when he runs away from a battle as a youth. When Henry enters the war, he believes he can perform well enough so he produces an image of a hero that can be known nationwide, but once his childish thoughts went away he realizes that one man cannot make a difference in a war of that magnitude. Though he shows many differences from youth to manhood, Henry also stays the same in ways. Henrys honesty stays completely the same as he refuses to tell the truth about the wound upon his head and him running away from battle. Henry, in this story, quickly passes through some of the natural process of growing up.

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Japanese Relocation order

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The Japanese Relocation order Executive Order 066

Japanese Americans, both first generation of Japanese in the U.S. and second generation of Japanese in America who were U.S. citizens by birthright, were evacuated from their homes after the empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 141, which was said to be "a day we will live in infamy". On February 1, 14, the order was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who felt pressure from Lobbyists from western states who represented competing economic interests or nativist groups, and was acted upon on March 1, 14. In the next six months 1,000 men, women, and children were moved to the relocation centers by the U.S. Army because the Department of Justice representatives raised constitutional and ethical objections to this case. All Japanese-Americans who lived in California, Oregon and Washington were evacuated to relocation centers in the west except for Arkansas; Heart Mountain in Wyoming, Tule Lake and Manzanar in California, Topaz in Utah, Poston and Gila River in Arizona, Granada in Colorado, Minidoka in Idaho, and Jerome and Rowher Arkansas. There were no charges against these people; however, Americans were already envious of the Japanese-Americans economic success and distrusted their cultural separateness, so when the Japanese empire attacked Pearl Harbor it gave the U.S. an even better reason to not like and to later on get rid of the Japanese that lived on the West Coast. The U.S. was very frightful and would do anything they could to secure their country which is why the Japanese were sent to relocation centers. The government didn't view relocation centers as Internment camps or places of confinement, but instead were established so that evacuees could live and establish a home and find security and it also served as wartime home. However, many Japanese-Americans didn't believe this. One man who was in an internment camp said, "If this is supposed to be a place for security then why are men with guns on the inside rather than on the outside." The government assumed responsibility for those that were placed in these relocation camps and wanted to help them get back on their feet after they took them from their homes. So President Roosevelt issued the Civilian War Relocation Authority, which would assist in the relocation of any person who was forced to move by the army for military security. These relocation camps however where nowhere near what you would call home. A family of about five or six would live in a single barrack of about twenty to twenty-five feet. Inside the barracks were cots, blankets and small heating stoves. There wasn't any type of furniture or anything in the barracks that made the place look lively. A bathroom, a toilet, and laundry were available for each block of barracks, which was shared by about 50 people. Every day meals for each person were no more than 45 cents. Many of the Japanese-Americans by birthright who were called nisei, were still encouraged to serve in the armed forces, many were drafted. Over 0,000 Japanese-Americans served during WW II in segregated units. In December of 144, President Roosevelt canceled the executive order 066 and in six months the internees were released and all the camps were shut down. By 145 the war was over. After this event, many internees sought compensation for what they lost. As a result, The Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act of 148 and the amendments in 151 and 165, provided payments for what was lost. In 15 people who were born in Japan but now resided in the U.S. were able to become naturalized citizens. In the early 80's the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians was established and as a result, Public Law 100-8, which spoke of the injustice of the internment, apologizing for it and providing restitution, was passed. Japanese-Americans who were placed in internment camps were given 0,000 each to suffice for what they faced.

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John

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on john. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality john paper right on time.

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In life everyone has a mentor or mentors that have guided him or her through life in some way or another. I consider my dad a mentor, I feel this way because I have gained much knowledge from being around him. Some of this knowledge is good but some I believe isn't good at all. I now understand in my life why we have had so many differences in our opinions. I also now know how to act around people and how to act in life. This knowledge I feel will help me in the long run in life and be able to guide me through it. I believe this because kids are the master of their own destiny.

My dad has given me a better understanding on how I should act in life. He has shown me to love and cherish my family, this he didn't show me directly but indirectly by not acting this way. By him not acting in this manner I have understood more what the consequences can be by acting in the wrong way. I feel that this has helped me to give me a better understanding on life. I also feel that another act in life that he has chosen to do incorrectly in my opinion is to not discuss problems but to keep them balled up inside. This is another lesson I have learned not to do in life. I learned that by keeping problems inside it only causes for more problems to occur. I feel that the true reason for me being able to understand this is because parents help their children by leading by example. But in my case I believe that he should learn by my example. Also by my father giving me a better understanding of how not to act in life I feel that it has given me a true coming of age.

I have had a real loss of innocence with my father. I now understand this because recently we have had opposite opinions on most topics. An example would be that he would rather work than be at home with his family. I believe otherwise, I think that family should be first priority and because of this difference it has caused for some grief. I also feel that we have had these problems because I don't exactly want to live the same lifestyle as him as I get older. I believe that this has caused for me to have a loss of innocence because I have changed dramatically, I don't just want to have fun with life anymore but I want to be able to enjoy my work and have a loving family and be able to in all enjoy life to its fullest.

Another reason for my coming of age is that my dad doesn't exactly believe many things that I say about what my lifestyle is going to be like when I get older.

An example is that I believe strongly that I will achieve a lot in life including a loving family, nice house, being an orthodontist, and having money. When I say these things though he always laughs, I find this offensive as if he is mocking me and it seems that we never see eye to eye on this topic. I now understand through my coming of age that he doesn't agree with the way I feel I will live my life. He feels betrayed in a sense though because I don't want to follow in his footsteps and be more interested in his job and his lifestyle and essentially his likes and dislikes. One example of why I feel he doesn't approve of my lifestyle is because I have never enjoyed going out to our farm. This has always baffled him, but the main thing is that he just doesn't understand and doesn't want to understand that I am completely different than him.

In my life I have had one mentor that I feel has changed my life dramatically. He has given me a better understanding on how not to live my life. This person is my father. I have gained much knowledge from him on the way to live my life. I now feel that he doesn't exactly approve of the lifestyle that I want to live and this has caused for many disagreements. But what he doesn't understand is it is my life and that I should live it the way I see fit. These disagreements essentially are the cause for my coming of age. I believe that I am beginning to grow everyday and become more mature because of this. In essence this mentor has given me a loss of innocence. But with this loss of innocence I have really gained knowledge on life in total. He has also truly shown me that I should enjoy life because if I don't I will end up having a lifestyle like his. One that I wont find enjoyable or interesting.

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Paying my dues

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"Paying my dues"

At the age of eight Kile Hanold looked up at his mother at the local Smith's grocery store, and asked "Why I'm I not in commercials or modeling?" Kile Hanold also known as Kile Vandem(that's his stage name) knew what he wanted to do since a young age. He had the drive and passion for the film industry since he can remember. The only problem being that he lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico, not exactly the acting capitol of the world. He had a life there, and some tough decisions to make in order to try and fulfill his dream.

Kile was born and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Kile was always fascinated by the film industry, and it was an avenue he wanted to explore. Unfortunately he was stuck in New Mexico. He was attending the University of New Mexico; he was one year away from completing his bachelor's degree. He also had a two year old daughter Avery, who was his whole world. Moving to Hollywood to pursue his acting career was not something that he thought could happen or would happen because of the obstacles in his life.

Kile had attended a photo shoot with his then girlfriend in April of 00, and he met a man named Marin Writer. Martin thought that Kile would be great on camera, and he could set him up with some work in Hollywood. He offered to fly out Kile and his girlfriend to Hollywood. Kile was in a tough spot, he wanted to go pursue his dream, but he didn't want to not complete college, and leave his daughter. "After a lot of thought and talking to family members I decided I needed to take this opportunity because it may have never come again." Good friend Heather Cohen said "Leaving Avery was an extremely tough decision for Kile, Avery is the one person that his heart is completely open for." Heather adds with a smile "It just might be the only thing that humanizes him". Kile and his girlfriend took the opportunity and moved to Los Angeles. They took this giant leap and were thrown in a world they have never experienced. When they arrived in Hollywood they realized that Hollywood life wasn't as glamorous as it seemed. Kile couldn't find a job for months. "I came out here with a large savings which quickly dwindled, because I had no job for months. My girlfriend and I used to sit on the couch and eat bread, peanut butter and milk out of pure boredom, and lack of money." He finally found a job as a valet guy which wasn't the reason why he came out to Los Angeles, but it was a job. "I got to see a lot of L.A. The job itself was very humbling, I was making minimum wage, and had to wear a red suit." Kile decided to work at what he came to Hollywood to do, act. He started to take acting classes. He met many aspiring actors like himself, and he became very good friends with a man named Rob Crawford. Rob had a company called 1Iota productions which deals with casting audiences. They pitched an idea for The Jimmy Kimmel live show, and they needed a solid team of four people. Rob Crawford said "I knew Kile really needed work that had more to do with the entertainment industry, and I wanted people that I knew could create a strong team. So I asked Kile to work for me." Kile took the job with 1Iota in January of 00, and currently works at The Jimmy Kimmel Show in the audience department. Courtney Bivona, a co-worker said " Kile is such a strong person. He has so much pressure from many people since he moved to Los Angeles. He deals with it all so well." All of Kile's co-workers seem to agree with this. Kile still goes on his auditions, and his trying to make his acting dream become a reality. Kile said "I am here for acting, and that is it." Kile has had some acting jobs since he has moved to Los Angeles. He has appeared in Dragnet, and the movie Bruce Almighty.

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Kile still struggles with the fact he left so much behind, but he is glad he left because he said "If I would have stayed, I would be stuck at some nine to five job that I hate." Kile is getting more acquainted to the Hollywood lifestyle, and his happy where he is ate, but wants to continue to move forward. Kile said "I no longer eat peanut butter, bread, and milk out of boredom. I now eat chips and salsa. I'm living the good life!"

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Transformational Leadership

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Abstract

A transformational leader is a term used to describe a person who posesses qualities that can change a situation by influenecing the thoughts and ideas of other to create a predetermined outcome. The mojor role or a transformational leader is to become a mediator between two individual parties, and in business it's usually management's responsibility to create a well balanced environment.

The definition of a transformational leader can be translated in so many different ways, yet somehow all the interpretations remain the same. Clearly there are quite a few commonalities associated with its definition that all the articles can inter-relates with each

other. "Hines defined transformational leadership as the ability, willingness, and courage to influence change within the fundamental core of how people think and

behave"(Varricchionne, 001). She then states that a problem cannot be resolved if it isn't properly define ,so she categorize them distinctly as a situation, behavior, impact, and an action. "By clearly defining a problem, we are better able to identify the actions needed to achieve a desired outcome. Hines repeatedly reminded the participants that each component of the model must be stated in five words or less"(Varricchionne, 001).

"A transformational leader is a person with the ability to create or facilitate the creation of an organizational vision of an idealized state"(Ackoff, 1). Every leader has to have an idea of what their role is in order to have a sense of direction. A leader must be prepared in order to have a sense of control and aurtoity when a situation happens to arise. "Leadership consists of guiding, encouraging, and facilitating others in the pursuit of ends by the use of means, both of which they have either selected or approved"(Ackoff, 1).

After a leadership role has been acheived that person must now guide the way, so others can follow and have a better idea of what the over all goal is and how to acheive it.

"According to Jan Carlzon, the transformational leader of SAS Airlines, a leader must encourage and facilitate formulation of an organizational vision in which as many stakeholders as possible have participated The leader must create an environment in which employees can accept and execute their responsibilities with confidence and finesse. He must communicate with his employees, imparting the companys vision and listening to what they need to make that vision a reality. To succeed . . . he must be a visionary, a strategist, an informer, a teacher, and an inspirer" (Ackoff, 1). He further adds a leader cannot be taught and therefore can only be trained in that role but, that doesn't include catergorizes like management. There is a difference between leadership and management and in the work force respect is often overlooked. In the work force ther are a few qualiteis that employers look for and expect to find in aleadership role, "(1) recruitment and diversity, () core competencies, () the advanced learning institute, and (4) accreditation and certification"(Calhoun, Davidson, Griffith, & Sinioris, 00).

Although these qualities doesn't neseccarily define what transformational leadersip is it does define the qualities they need. Leaders expect problems and great leaders solve them. Every problem has a solution and every situation has an outcome. People have different ideas , thoughts and perspectives on everything. A leader has the ability to focus everyone's effort and sense of dedication or loyalty to accomplish a common goal. A great leader can create an environment where their work can inspire others.

References

Ackoff, Russell L.(1) Transformational Leadership [Electronic version].

Strategy & Leadership. 7, 0

Calhoun, J.G., Davidson, P. L., Griffith, J. R., Sinioris, & Marie E.(00)

A framework for evaluating and continously improving the NCHL transformation

leadership initiative [Electronic version]. Quality Management in Health Care.

11,

Varricchionne, Laura (001 ) Session examines transformational leadership skills

[Electronic version]. Nation's Cities Weekly. 4, 1

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A Feminist Perspective: From A Male

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Joan Morgan captured the aspect of misogyny from hip-hop artists in a compelling way. When she explained about her semi-abusive relationship with her boyfriend of many years, I felt how she might have been feeling. I felt this way because I caught myself doing the same things that he was. Not that I just outrageously or belligerently disrespected my girlfriend, I unconsciously say things that I do not mean, but not meaning them how they are said. What I am explaining is that the words I say like, "well I guess you're just being a punk" or "shut up cry baby" when she is upset when I've done something is harsh, but I don't mean it how it sounds. I understand how women feel when they say that men have no emotions towards "little things," however; I just don't understand how most of these "things" are relevant. Ms. Morgan also hit topics such as how men see women as just sex tools. This statement is true; nevertheless, there is a vast majority of men in every race (not just black) that degrade women on television and in real life situations. Myself, I do not fall into the category of chauvinism because of the love I have for all women. These rappers that are up and coming and in the industry now are all into the misogynistic approach to rap. The reasons are because of how the women that are behind the scenes with the rappers act. What I mean is that most of these girls that are doing this are young in age, and out to get some money from rappers. Rapper Guru of Gang Starr said it best when he wrote "A yo fellas you gotta be careful today / Watch out for games that these females play / cause some break the rules and some don't play fair / You might get caught out there / If you're not aware" - Games (The Big Picture - 000) written by Big L & Guru. The realization of this has given rappers opportunity to place women in the "bitch, ho" category. Being a rapper and a producer also, I do not see how I should position my style to fit the mainstream audience's favorable characteristics. It seems that now if a person wants to sell any units in the rap industry, said person would have make a record that has some formal correlation of misogyny in the music or it will not sell. A very few of the elite, platinum rappers, such as Jay-Z, Eminem, Lil' Flip, or even Nas cannot say that they have not written a song that has not fell into this category. However, artists such as Common, Mos Def & Talib Kweli, and Jurassic 5 have not been given all the praises from the mainstream because of their afro-centric lyrics that do not condone the actions of their constituents. Because of this these rappers have not received their statuses as "great emcees." While I object to the commercialism that rap has seen over the past ten years, one the most influential emcees that I highly respect is a semi-misogynist. Nas's material has a base of greatness that hits me with inspiration. I believe that his feelings towards women come from the way he was treated by them while coming up. However, there is no excuse for his words, but he tells of how young women in life are exploited, "A young wild beautiful love child / You like them thug style/ link rockin / then mink coppin / Hit you on the sink a hundred dollar / drink poppin / The headll make him take you shoppin' / a foul doctrine" - Black Girl Lost (It Was Written - 16) written by Nas & Jojo Hailey. I understand how Ms. Morgan believes that men do not respect women, but some women destroy the mentality of men when they do most of these extreme actions. I believe some women are rebellious, but the vast majorities are respectable. Joan Morgan has a profound respect for her female counterparts, knowing their flaws, and maintains her feminist state of mind. I believe in her words and people should take heed to them. Nevertheless, I still believe that famous quote by Cee-Lo Green "Well I say/ youre my, beginning my end / Youre my sista lover and friend/ God is your light from within / It shines through your beautiful skin / What they say bout you aint true / Theres no me if there is no you / I hope that you understand / you got to respect yourself before I can" - Beautiful Skin (Still Standing - 18) written by Goodie Mob.

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Offer or an invitation to treat:

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When considering this case, the most relevant and key question to answer is whether or not a contract is in existence between the two parties. When advising Quentin, the claimant, I have looked at many key issues within the case that could pivot the outcome in either parties favour. Firstly, we must determine whether Quentin's advert is an Offer (Something firm and definite that is capable of being accepted). Or an invitation to treat ( where one party is inviting another to make an offer). Generally speaking, an advert is classed as an invitation to treat, an offer to the world at large, if this advert was to be an offer, you must look at whether there is anything firm and definite and anything that could indeed be accepted. Quentin's specifications are clear, yet states no fee or any other particulars and therefore requires further negotiation.

Julian's response on the second of January also must be dealt the same scrutiny, is this an offer or simply or simply the opening of negotiations. Julian may well have stated an initial price of the services of his client Lesley Hash, but stipulates there will be a price increase to be agreed in the 'usual way'. should Julian and Quentin have had consistent dealings prior to this, then it would be viable to form a binding, bilateral contract. It would include consideration, intention to be legally bound, and upon acceptance of Quentin, would form contract. However, with no previous dealings, the terms would be too vague to form contract.

Julian went on to stipulate that if Quentin wishes to accept, then he must be 'notified in writing within one month'. Here Julian has issued Quentin with a mandatory method of acceptance that Quentin must oblige by or no contract can be made.

In Quentin's acceptance of Julian's offer, Quentin stated 'I assume you will accept payment by cheque', this could be viewed as a counter offer but is distinguished from this due to the fact that Julian does not have any concerns or demands to change the contract. Therefore this question must be seen as a request for further particulars, this could be seen as a request for further negotiations, but in Quentin's favour can also be considered to be …..

This therefore brings me to the next key issue, the postal rule, and can it be applied in this case. For the rule to apply, there must be seen to be reasonable and appropriate circumstances. The fact the response has to be in writing would fulfil both of these desired factors. Notice in writing is usually found within a letter and it is reasonable to post a letter as a means of making the notice reach its destination. Should the postal strike have been expected, then this would have forbidden the rule to be applied. It would be unreasonable to expect the letter to reach its destination, within the time limit, during a strike period, however the strike was unexpected and therefore provides strong argument the rule could be applied. When considering these points, it could be viewed that Quentin had accepted Julian's offer, he obliged by the mandatory acceptance stipulated by Julian and due to the postal rule, the moment Quentin posted the letter in the box, he accepted the offer. However, Julian had also posted a letter a day prior to Quentin's acceptance revoking the contract due to a better offer. However, Julian opted to use a private postal service, and as the royal mail is the only service that falls within the boundaries of the postal rule, then his revocation would only come into action upon reaching Quentin. This would be too late to revoke, Quentin's acceptance, that was posted using the royal mail, would have come into action as soon as the letter was released into the mailbox and therefore disqualifies Julian's revocation, as revocation can only occur any time up until acceptance. However, in Julian's offer to Quentin, his use of language and wording could argue the postal is not acceptable in this case. He clearly stipulated that he wanted to be 'notified' in writing. In the case of Howell sec ltd v Hughes, Lawton L.J stated, 'a notice is a means of making something known, a notice that never arrives makes nothing known'. Even though Quentin's letter did arrive, it was after the set deadline date and after the700 revocation made by Julian, and therefore if found to be the case, the contract offer would indeed be revoked and withdrawn.

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Kids and Condoms

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Critical Assessment of Myths in Social Behavior and Society

Why do kids need accessibility to contraceptives? How many kids really wait until they marry to have sex? Should adults make condoms and other contraceptives available in schools and other places where kids gather? It is a myth to assume that kids will abstain from having sex and that the availability of contraceptives somehow promotes and encourages kids to engage in sexual activity.

If we make condoms available in our public schools, children will likely engage in sexual activity. Society's conservative leaders and groups will argue this point until they are blue in the face. Is it true? It is highly unlikely that providing condoms and other contraceptives will encourage sexual activity in teens. From the post WWII era and well into the new millennium, teens routinely engage in sexual activity. It is a fact of life. Sexual self-discovery is a natural part of becoming an adult, a proverbial right of passage, if you will. Nature provides teens with the necessary mechanics for reproduction, and hormones provide the drive. Curiosity eventually sets in, and teens inevitably begin to wonder what all the hype is about, so they have sex. More often than not, the experience is less than ideal. It is an awkward time in their body's development for both boys and girls. Many kids learn about sex from friends, siblings, and sexual education classes. It seems like classrooms would be ideal places for teachers not only to educate, but also to provide adolescents with the protective tools necessary for their inevitable journey.

More and more teens are abstaining from having sex, so making condoms available to them is not necessary. This myth does not address the point that although more teens practice abstinence, the masses still engage in sexual activity, and they are active at younger and younger ages; therefore, condoms are more necessary than ever. Without the availability of contraceptives, rates of teen pregnancy would increase substantially. What happens when teens get pregnant? Pregnant teens are often required to attend special schools for teen mothers so that other public school students do not assume that teen pregnancy is acceptable. Administrators feel that this sort of separation is effective, and perhaps it is, but all of this could have been prevented with the use of a simple latex condom. Without it, teens gamble with their lives. With youth comes the ignorant notion that teen pregnancy happens to other people. It probably will not happen to me. The numbers prove otherwise. Who bears the burden of raising these children? Typically, the teens themselves are too young to provide the basic necessities. It is usually the teen's parents who opt to shoulder the responsibilities, financial and otherwise. It is a substantial price to pay, and more importantly, it is preventable.

Our son or daughter would never engage in sexual activity without first considering all the implications, so condoms should not be made available to him or her. As much as we would like to believe the aforementioned statement, it is not true. Many teens experiment with alcohol, drugs, and other mind-altering substances within their peer groups. It is likely that during one of these more relaxed moments in life, he or she will engage in sexual activity. This is all the more reason that teens should be provided with condoms to limit teen pregnancy and to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Many working parents have less than ideal relationships with their teens. The proverbial birds and the bees talk usually takes place after it is too late, if at all. Besides, many teens would rather not discuss sex with their parents. This is why condoms should be made available in school.

It is a myth to assume that contraceptives somehow promote and encourage kids to engage in sexual activity and that kids will abstain from having sex until they are 18. One thing is clear. Teens will have sex whether we provide them with condoms or not. Parents are naturally inclined to want to protect their children. So why not provide them with an extra layer of protection to shield them from the potential hazards of inevitable sexual promiscuity. We are in the midst of a new era, and these new times call for more pro-active measures. Contraceptives do not promote. Contraceptives protect. Parents, conservatives, and religious groups should not be fearful of teens having access condoms. As Roosevelt said, "We have nothing to fear, but fear itself."

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Self directed woprk teams

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In recent times, the structural trend within organisations world wide has been towards self-directed work teams. These consist of a varying number of employees forming a team or work group, who then combine their efforts to work towards a common goal or purpose, which can generally be broken down into smaller, interrelated segments. The defining difference between a self directed team and a normal work group, is that the team will perform the task or process with a considerable amount of autonomy, lacking the traditional managerial supervision and taking on the roles of management within the team. There is a clear connection between self-directed work teams and increased productivity, that is the overall outputs which the teams are in control of, in relation to the inputs used to generate that outcome. In particular the information sharing and individual motivation which stems from this type of structure, has resulted in the organisations which have implemented self directed work teams increasing their productivity, and a notable difference in the productivity rates between these organisations and the organisations which are still more traditionally managed. There are inevitable problems associated with self directed work teams, especially in the implementation stage, which consist not only of the problems related to team working in general, but the more specific issues regarding the self-management within the self directed work teams. However, as the concept of self directed work teams is becoming more and more commonplace, research and experience has shown that there are various strategies which can be used to overcome these problems.

The organisational redesign which has been occurring in recent years has been triggered primarily by the managerial desire for work groups to have increased authority to deal with the problems and issues which they encounter. Although self directed work teams do not have the formal leader or manager similar to typical working groups or teams, they can select a leader within the group, interchange leadership depending on the task or they can choose to remain without a leader. However it is important to note that if the team does decide to elect a 'leader' within the group, that the leader is aware that their role r is not the same as the traditional role as a leader or manager and that they need to behave in a whole new set of ways. This leader must function more as an educator, coach and facilitator, and be there more as a resource for the team to use, than someone to take charge (Dyer 15). The team then has to take on all the roles which in a more traditional format, would be determined by management. These roles include areas such as setting the team work goals, which must be in sync with the organisational goals, training the employees within the team to ensure they can do what is required of them, agreeing upon a suitable work schedule and deadlines, hiring new employees and terminating members within the team that are not working effectively. The team is then responsible for a designated process, from start to finish. They are required to take an input and produce an output. The team is granted considerable autonomy in the way they go about getting from the input to the output, as long as they are completing the process accurately and promptly. For example, in the case of a power utility a self directed work team may be established to be in charge of repairs. In the case of an electrical fault, the team would be notified of the problem. Weather the team then decides to split the task into sections and assign a single employee to each task, or if they decide to assign three employees to work through the process of repairing the fault together is up to them, as long as the input, being the damaged or faulty equipment, is transformed into an output, being a properly functioning machine, in the required time.

Orsburn, J.D. (000) The new self-directed work teams mastering the challenge New York McGraw-Hill

Manz, C.C., Sims, H.P. (15) Business without bosses how self-managing teams are building high-performing companies New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.

McShane, S. and Travaglione, T. (00), Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, New South Wales McGraw Hill

Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter (00), Management, New South Wales Prentice Hall Australia

Accel Team.com (00), 'Section TwoEmployee Motivation in the Workplace' [Online], Accel Team United Kingdom, http//www.accel-team.com/motivation/ [1 October 00]

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Affirmative action

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The United States Constitution says that "We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator certain in alienable rights among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Affirmative action goes against the constitution upholds, the fact all men are created equal. If all men are equal, is there a need to place special emphasis on particular group? I oppose the resolution Resolve Affirmative action programs are justified in American Society. I will defend the resolution with the value premise societal welfare. My criterion is equitable treatment. Societal welfare is defined by the Social History website as communities and institutions in a society taken action to provide certain standards and opportunities. My contentions to support the resolution are affirmative access,

reverse discrimination, and preferential treatment.

My first contention is Affirmative Access. Affirmative Access is a policy implemented in Texas, Florida, and California that guarantees admission to any state University for seniors graduating in the top ten percent of the class in Texas, the top twenty percent in Florida, and top ten percent in California.

In 17, the last year before race was banned in California, 18.8 percent of that class consisted of underrepresented minorities. In 001, that number 1.1 percent in statewide. Affirmative access avoids quotas. Quotas are a set number. Affirmative access is better that Affirmative action because it is only based on a students academic ability rather that their race. Affirmative access has the society's welfare in mind by treating all equal.

My second contention is reverse discrimination. Merrian-Webster's dictionary defines reverse discrimination as discrimination against whites in employment or education. Affirmative action is nothing more that discrimination sanctioned by law. Programs such as the Michigan point system promote reverse discrimination. The Michigan point system allots 0 points for minorities while a white person can only receive 1 points for a perfect SAT or Act score. Proponents for affirmative action would like you to believe that college selection without regard to race amounts to unfair discrimination against oppressed people. By this logic, subjecting innocent whites to unequal treatment is not unfair or discriminatory. Wrong. Discriminating against one group for a good cause is still discriminating.

Attack On Affirmative Case

In conclusion, the only way to protect the society's welfare is through equal treatment. Equitable treatment can not be achieve through affirmative action, but through affirmative access. Affirmative Access is currently implemented in three states Texas, Florida, and California. Since the program has been implemented, college admission for minorities has risen. Reverse discrimination is a cause of affirmative action programs. Equitable treatment is not being promoted through discrimination. As I stated before, the only way to look out for societal welfare is through equitable treatment for all people.

Thomas Sowell states in his article "Dirty Secrets about Affirmative Action states that

Hysteria-mongers may claim that there would be no blacks in our leading academic institutions without affirmative action. But lets check a few facts. The first black man graduated from Harvard a hundred years before there was affirmative action. The first black man to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard did so just over a hundred years ago. The first black woman graduated from Oberlin in 186. Blacks were attending Hillsdale College before the Civil War -- even though Hillsdale has opposed affirmative action to this very day. Most blacks were of course in no position to achieve things like this, because they did not have the opportunity to get a decent education. That is what they have always needed -- opportunities, not preferences and quotas. School vouchers will do more for blacks than affirmative action has ever done

In the United States, preferences and quotas can have negative effects on the groups supposedly benefiting, as well as positive effects. Since only the positive effects are likely to be publicized, the negative effects are seldom counted. For example, the ease with which a discrimination lawsuit can be made against an employer for not having employment statistics that match the local population provides incentives for employers to locate away from minority communities. That can easily cost members of these communities more jobs than they gain from preferences or quotas. But few people even think about trying to weigh the net balance of gains and losses, because it is arbitrarily assumed that there can only be gains.

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Fighting a Two-Front War

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The United Food and Commercial Workers union has been fighting a war on Wal-Mart's expansion efforts from the time of Wal-Mart's conception in Bentonville, AR. The reason being that according to The San Diego Union-Tribune, "Wal-Mart typically pays many its new employees less than $10 an hour, and doesn't immediately offer health benefits to new workers. That compares with wages of up to $5 an hour and a wide range of health and pension programs guaranteed to employees under the current labor contract between the United Food and Commercial Workers union and major supermarket chains such as Albertson's, Ralphs, Vons and several smaller companies."

This poses a problem to not only the 11,000 unionized grocery workers in San Diego, but to the rest of the unionized workers across the country. "With revenues of $18 billion in 001, Wal-Mart is the country's biggest company and largest retailer." And since Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the US, its "newest growth vehicle" , the Neighborhood Market, threatens to drive down sales in the major supermarkets already operating in the US.

The Neighborhood Market is Wal-Mart's version of a free-standing [sic], full-service supermarket. These stores range in size from 40,000 to 55,000 square feet and have all the specialty departments that regular supermarkets have plus a drive-through pharmacy. As of mid-year 00, Wal-Mart only operated 4 and just a few in Safeway's geographies. Current projections however estimate that by year-end 008, over 1500 Neighborhood Markets will be in operation.

According to retail analysts, "these powerful stores [are expected] to achieve dominant market positions wherever they operate. Experts say that, in order to remain competitive, conventional food and drug retailers like Safeway and Vons may be pressured to reduce employee wages and benefits to the lower prevailing levels established by Wal-Mart."

How does this affect the unionized workers? Well in November of 00, the UFCW local 106 based in Camarillo, CA voted to increase member's dues to help fight Wal-Mart in order to show the owners of Safeway, Kroger, and Albertson's that their employees are taking action to help stop Wal-Mart. Because come this October of 00, the union contract with Safeway expires and both organizations go to the negotiating table. Steve Burd, CEO of Safeway has been quoted as calling the practices of Wal-Mart "the new standards for the industry." And has made it clear that he believes Safeway needs to

ɨ freeze wages or offer lump sum payments;

ɨ establish a market-based rate for new-hires;

ɨ offer voluntary buyouts to senior employees;

ɨ reduce health care benefits;

ɨ limit pension increases;

ɨ And demand work rules that give managers authority to exercise their powers arbitrarily.

This is the second front of the war that the UFCW is preparing to fight. What it does in October when negotiating this new contract will be seen by the owners and CEOs of Kroger (Ralphs) and Albertson's and will set the precedent for new contracts in the future.

If Safeway gets what they want, Vons checkout clerks like Kristy Mundt who has worked for the company for 0 years worry about their careers. Kristy has a condominium in El Cajon for which she puts / of her monthly pay towards the mortgage. If her wages were suddenly dropped from $17.50 to $10 an hour, her annual pay would decrease from about $6,000 to $0,000. "I'd be right on the edge," she said. "I wouldn't even be able to go to a movie anymore." Karen Stratton, a -year veteran grocery clerk at Vons, has been quoted as saying, "We could lose our homes, our cars, and everything else we've worked so hard for" in response Wal-Mart's announcement of plans to move into the grocery business in her area of San Diego County.

Most disheartening of all though, is the affect all of this will have on customers. While prices may be lowered by retail supermarkets to compete with Wal-Mart, how will the quality of food and standards of work fare? Are we as consumers still able to trust our produce clerks to supply us with the freshest fruits and vegetables when their wages have been lowered so drastically if indeed, Safeway gets what they want at the bargaining table?

"For the last year and a half, the United States has been engaged in a war on terror that clearly is still in its early stages. At the same time, preparations have been going on for months for an all-out war against Iraq. Success tends to favor the prepared in any war, be it armies or labor unions."

As the UFCW local 106 prepares to mount its largest campaign in the local's history, we can only sit back and wait until the dust settles to see who is the victor.

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