The Alchamist by Paulo Coelho

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CORPORAL PUNISHMENT

We live in a society where we let our children do whatever they want. We spoil them

them rotten, and they live in the most prosperous country in the world. And how do we punish them

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when they do something wrong? We give them a time out. Oh yeah that¡¦s really going to hurt them

and prove to them they are not the princess and kings they think they are. In today¡¦s world the

timeout system is not going to cut it, we need to let the parents decide whats the best way to discipline

their child.

As a child my parents used corporal punishment as a mean of discipline. At the time I felt it

was unfair but looking back at it, it was good for me in the long run. I made me realize what was

right and wrong, provided boundaries, gave me discipline and respect to my elders. My brothers as

well are better people because my parents used corporal punishment. They would not respect any

type of punishment unless it was a spanking. Now every time I go to the store I see these kids running

around, grabbing everything at stores, throwing tantrums, you name it they do it. The worst part is

watching how the parents respond; some start counting others put them on a time out. It¡¦s

ridiculous; if the children respected the punishment the parents would give them then they would not

do those things in public domains.

When I say we should spank our kids I am not saying just go and hit your kids. Spanking

should not be over used but done in times where it is appropriate. If your child responds better to

other forms of discipline then they should use that form instead. Spanking is one of those last resort

options. Some children respond better to other forms, so if you can discipline your child by another

means other than spanking than by all means do so. People are always misinformed on what

spanking is, they think you just pull down their pants and whale away. It is just a mild slap on the

butt ox region.

Many critics of corporal punishment make unlogical arguments against it. Spanking

children is not only tantamount to child abuse but also fosters a more aggressive society at large by

teaching children that violence is an acceptable way to settle problem.(Samuelson) This point is one

many from his side use over and over. I am just wondering if he lives in the same country as I do.

Most people would agree that a higher percentage of parents today don¡¦t spank than say 0

years ago. Many child-development experts cite studies linking corporal punishment to higher rates

of adolescent delinquency, adult depression and even lover intelligence among children.(Samuelson)

So kids that are spanked are less intelligent that those who are given time outs. These two things are

in no way linked together as a cause and affect problem. How could you prove that, you can¡¦t prove

something like this. But yet many people use it but not on the spanking issue.

The part about children disrespecting adults is the key in this quote. How could a kid who

does whatever he wants at home have respect to adults outside his home. They would do the same

thing everywhere because they know they will get away with it. A time out will make a kid think

twice before doing something bad, and by emphasizing that point they will grow up knowing what¡¦s

good and bad. And spanking is the only way some kids will learn.

Both sides of the debate want to be associated with being morally right, and you cannot be

more morally right than have the bible on your side. Do not withhold discipline from your children;

if you beat them with a rod, they will not die. If you beat them with the rod, you will save their lives

from hell. This passage is in the bible; know how can you be morally wrong in this country if you

Have the bible on your side. It says that the parents have the right to spank their kids as a form of

discipline. No one will argue that the bible is morally wrong or will they, especially since most things

that we consider if they are morally right or not are defined by the religious part of us.

Spanking among younger children for whom reasoning is less effective can instill a sense of

right and wrong. Spanking a toddler who touches the stove, for example, can send a clear and

morablemessage about the physical dangers of the youngster¡¦s actions. A lengthy, rational

explanation about why stoves are dangerous, by contrast, would likely be incomprehensible to a child

and therefore ineffective.(Chiusano) Its true sometimes a simple slap to the butt compared to along

speech is better. The kid will know right away not to do it again. You will not be hurting the kid, its

just a little slap to let him know don¡¦t do it again.

There is also a misconception that corporal punishment is inhuman while verbal discipline

isn¡¦t and there fore corporal punishment is dangerous. Any type of punishment if taken to the extreme

can be dangerous as well; a verbal scolding is as painful as a physical one. People see it as in humane

because they perceive the parents doing it out of rage. But a proper spanking is the exact opposite,

you just hit the child calmly to say yeah you did something wrong but it¡¦s for you own good.

Many parents feel it is the school systems fault their disciplinary tactics are being looked at

as a bad thing. The problem is the schools are becoming far too liberal. Many moral values that are

taught at home are contradicted at school. One of them is corporal punishment; I am not saying the

teachers should spank their kids.

They should not teach the kids that it is morally wrong if a kid gets spanked at home. And

that is happening all over the country. This practice is probably contributing thought that by

spanking your kids you are doing wrong. The schools should not tell the parents how to parent.

The Supreme Court ruled the 14th amendment specifically the part that say no person shall

be deprived of liberty. Well liberty the courts ruled also gave the parents the right to establish a

home and bring up children the way his own conscious feels fit. So if the parent feels the child would

be better served being spanked than they could spank. As long as the child is not abused, this means

bleeding, bruising... Case closed the constitution says we can use corporal punishment so I think

that¡¦s good enough for me. Especially since the United States citizens live by the constitution.

A major concern of parent¡¦s rights opponents is that parents could abuse their children

4

legally under measures that allow parents the right to the discipline of their children. Thomas

Birch, the legislative counsel for the National Child Abuse Coalition, expressed concern in January

16 that the language of most state parental rights amendments could tie the hands of child

protection agencies by making it more difficult to investigate abuse, even when a child

complains.(Appleborne). But proponents of parents of parents rights say that those fears are

unfounded.

They cite cases in which social

workers have removed children from their parent¡¦s homes merely because parents spanked children

or because children did not agree with their parents house rules. Parents rights measures are

carefully worded, they say to ensure that no true case of child abuse will be tolerated. Parents

judgement in discipline their own children should be respected.

If you as a parent can discipline without spanking all the power to you. But the fact is not all

kids are like that, many need spankings to grow up and have respect for others. No one is saying its

goodto spank, its a necessity. I dont want to be the guy in the store who cant control his kid. I just feel that the

parents should be given more lee way on how to raise their own kids. They shouldnt have to fear that

by spanking social services might take away their kid. Spanking if done right is harmless and there is

no diciplinary device before it.

In my opinion if its in the bible i do not see anything wrong with it.

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Man or Metaphor: Who is the Inspector in Inspector Calls and how does Priestley present his character?

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Man or Metaphor Who is the Inspector in Inspector Calls and how does Priestley present his character?

The play 'An Inspector Calls', was written in 145 just after the Second World War but is set before World War One (in 11). The time span between the dates used (11-145) is intentional and encourages the reader to reflect on the mistakes of this era. The choice of this date is significant because it was a time of complacency prior to one of great turmoil. Priestley skilfully produces a play that may be viewed at a number of different levels. The story may be just an inspector investigating a murder or a subtle use of metaphors to discuss reasons why the World went to war twice within three decades. The central figure is the inspector and he may be viewed at a number of different levels.

At one level the play is very neatly constructed. As a murder mystery, it has an apparent ending (we know each character is going to be implicated), apart from the final twist. However, this rather obvious construction actually supports the view that the Inspector is not intended to be viewed as 'real' but rather a vehicle for a moral message, to represent truth and be a representation of justice. There could also be a logical/practical reason behind Eva's death and the Inspector could be viewed as a super-natural force. His name, Inspector Goole (compare with ghoul) suggests this, as does his melodramatic way of arriving at the house of Mr and Mrs Birling. His words are very prophetic and this could explain why all the suspects are compelled to answer questions instantaneously. He is moralistic as exemplified in the middle of Act One

Birling Rubbish! If you don't come down sharply on some of these people, they'd soon be asking for the earth.

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Gerald I should say so!

Inspector They might. But after all it's better to ask for the earth than to take it.

The reader has to decide whether the inspector is unusually moral as a policeman or is Priestley using him for metaphorical purpose to discuss the intolerance of society. Priestley presents the inspector's personality as inquiring but also emotional. A real police inspector may not get so involved. Is this the emotion of a man or is Priestley trying to use the inspector as a metaphor to describe how moral views can produce unexpected passion? Here is an extract from the play (end of Act )

Inspector (Birling tries to protest, turns on him) "Don't stammer and yammer at me again, man. I'm losing all patience with you people…"

It is likely that a real police inspector would have more respect for Mr and Mrs Birling, especially as Mr Birling is a friend of the chief of police! This extract is from the beginning of Act

Sheila (urgently cutting in) You mustn't try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. If you do then the Inspector will just break it down. And it'll be worse when he does.

Mrs B I don't understand you. (To inspector) Do you?

Inspector (very plainly) Yes. And she's right.

Mrs B (haughtily) I beg your pardon!

Inspector (very plainly) I said yes I do understand her. And she's right.

Mrs B That, I consider to be a trifle impertinent, Inspector.

Again the reader can decide whether the inspector is an exceptional individual or this may be a metaphor for being decisive when faced with difficult decisions. Sometimes appeasement may not be the brave decision.

The character of the Inspector is described as creating "an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness…" He speaks carefully, weightily and has a habit of looking hard at the person he is addressing. This increases the dramatic tension and the reader anticipates the person being questioned will tell something important about the death of Eva Smith. There is little background information about Inspector Goole but he seems to be very knowledgeable about the issues relevant to the death of Eva. Priestley may intentionally give little background about the inspector because World history between 11 and 145 is well known. Perhaps he wants to concentrate on the reasons relating to this time rather than the facts. The lack of description about the Inspector gives him an eerie air and increases the feeling of mystery. The reader instantly anticipates dramatic tension. With the mixture of lighting and the Inspector creating an impression of massiveness, one can start to relate back to the possibility that the Inspector is more than just a man. Much of the Inspectors speech is highly prophetic and this is present when he says, "I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish." The inspector may be preaching or this may be a metaphor relating to the First and Second World Wars. Priestley uses the dates very cleverly because the play is set in 11 but written at the end of the Second World War. Priestley was writing at a time when many people in the world had been traumatised by the effects of the two wars and were looking for an explanation for why the wars had started and how they might be prevented in the future.

The prophetic speech and the very demanding, very cutting, incisive manner in which he cross-examines each character draws a reaction from the reader.

Gerald (showing annoyance) Any particular reason why I shouldn't see this girl's photograph, Inspector?

Inspector (coolly, looking hard at him) There might be.

Eric And the same applies to me I suppose?

Inspector Yes…

The INSPECTOR is watching BIRLING and now BIRLING notices him.

Inspector I think you remember Eva Smith now, don't you, Mr Birling?

The inspector may be just questioning a suspect or the metaphor may represent the lying or denial of murderers after the wars.

Another example for the Inspector's prophetic manner is when he says

"But just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say and do. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish…" (Relating to the First World War that will soon come). This again is linked to the title and supports the view that the Inspector is used as a vehicle for a moral message. With the above points in mind, the play can be seen as metaphorical. The Birlings represent bad qualities in humanity e.g. Greed (Birling), lack of charity (Mrs Birling), Jealousy (Sheila), Lust (Gerald) and drunkenness (Eric). The family is used as a metaphor in the same way as the Inspector is and this reminds us what people can be like.

The Inspector helps Priestley show us how the middle class people act in society and the way in which they regard lower citizens. He hopes we will realise how the younger generations are the ones who can change the society in which we live. He shows this when Mr and Mrs Birling learn nothing from their mistakes while Eric and Sheila reflect and change. The inspector brings the play to a close, summarising Priestley's message when he says, "We don't live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other", exactly the opposite of what we are told to believe by Mr Birling, that everybody should look after himself or herself. Priestley conveyed his message well, showing us how the situation can be changed and who to depend on to change it. This play is more than a simple murder story, it questions the values of Priestley's society in 145.

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THE JURY MIGHT BE OUT, BUT THERE IS ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO CONVICT

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THE JURY MIGHT BE OUT, BUT THERE IS ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO CONVICT

In the "rational" 0th century, many people truly believed that christianity had been proved inaccurate by science. Certainly, there have been those in that field who have consistently tried to portray that as the case, but, on the other hand, there are many across the scientific community who are proud to call themselves Christians. In the 1st century, rationalism is still part of the scene, but there is an increasing number of people for whom evidence, even if there should be some to support Christianity, is irrelevant. We can call these people "neo-rationalists" or even "relativists." Their belief is that there is truth in all creeds and whatever you believe is okay.

So who is correct? Is Christianity out of date, or doesn't it indeed matter?

The truth is it does indeed matter if Christianity is wrong, or inacurate, or based upon false premises. If it is wrong historically, says the Apostle Paul, then we might as well close up shop and stay at home. Paul, one of the chief proponents of Biblical Christianity and the author of much of the New Testament, believed in the historicity of the claims of Christianity. So did Jesus, himself. Jesus wasn't just concerned with saying nice things and being nice to people. He claimed to be the Truth and the only way to God. He called upon people to trust Him for salvation. If we are to trust someone, they must be telling the truth. If not, it is not good to follow them it could even be disastrous. It is not enough to say well, the teaching is good. It must be okay. Hitler's followers thought that and look what happened. Pol Pot's followers believed he was right, and nearly destroyed the Cambodian nation. The founder of any creed must be found trustworthy and we must be sure that what we have written of his teachings represents his words, not those collected by people hundreds of years later, nor teachings supposedly based upon his words.

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History is important. Very important.

So what historical evidence have we for Christianity?

Firstly, the text of the New Testament which we have today is what the first Christians had in front of them. There have been no additions or subtactions or changes of belief to suit the changing circumstances Christians found themselves in in later centuries. How do we know this?

We do not have the original manuscripts of the New Testament documents (yet!!!), but we have such a collection that the accuracy of the text can be .% ascertained. Scholars, both christian and non-Christian have at their disposal manuscripts of every NT document, some from within a generation of the originals. And not just one or two, but thousands. It seems that in the first few centuries after the resurrection, Christians were in a flurry to disseminate the words of Christ and his apostles and were furiously copying the originals.

But, could that not lead to inaccuracies as documents went from hand to hand? That is a possibility. But the early Christians came out of the Jewish tradition, which had developed copying methods to limit mistakes long before the NT period. These methods included counting words, columns and letters and constantly cross-checking. There have been mistakes, but they are so minor so as not to concern the accuracy of the text. Most errors were spelling errors, missing lines or substituting one word for another with the same meaning (eg king-ruler).

We also have the writings of early church leaders, such as Clement. Clement quoted copiously from the NT writings, so much so that almost the entire NT can be reconstructed from his letters alone!

There were, in 180, over 5000 NT manuscripts in Greek alone (because the NT was written in Koine Greek), but then there are also the translations. Christianity, in its early years, had not settled into the "sacred language" fixation possessed by Roman Catholicism,and so, translated the NT works into the languages of peoples to whom the Gospel was brought. Within a short time, translations into languages such as Latin, Coptic, Assyrian, and Persian were available and eventually the Greek Christians moved into the Slavic lands. It was the Christians who first gave the Slavs an alphabet, and the first book written in Slavic was the Bible. So also, the first written Germanic text was the Lord's Prayer. The list of languages goes on and on. By comparing the translations with the Greek texts, we can see, even more, the accuracy of the received text of the NT. In the 180's, there were over 0 000 early translations still in existence.

If we compare the NT with other books from the ancient European/ Middle Eastern world, we can see even more, how historically accurate the NT is. Euripides wrote between 480-406 BC, but the oldest manuscript of his works is from 1100 AD, over 1500 years later. Only manuscripts exist of his works. Catallus, a Roman author, wrote in 54BC, but the earliest surviving manuscript of his works dates from 1550 AD! Homer wrote the Iliad in 00 BC, and the earliest manuscript dates from 500 AD. He is the best represented of the ancient authors, with 650 manuscripts surviving. The NT, written between 40-100 AD, has over 5 000 surviving manuscripts, the earliest written within 50 years of the originals. Yet few question the textual accuracy of the ancient authors! Why, then, with such evidence for the NT, do people continue to question the accuracy of the received text?

The second area of accuracy is whether what the authors wrote was true, even if it has been transmitted accurately. No one believes the writings of Homer these days, even though we may have an accurate transmission of his manuscripts, so why believe the NT?

It was a 1th century game to constantly and publicly doubt the historicity of the Bible. This lost impetus in the 0th century as archaelogical and literary evidence for the NT piled up (don't even start me on the OT!). Excavations of Jerusalem have unearthed the Pool of Siloam where Jesus healed the lame man, a slab with the name of Pontius Pilate on it and the burial box of Caiaphas, the High Priest. There is even a possibility that the sarcophagus of Jesus' brother, James, may have been found, though the jury is out on that one for the time being. Since Jerusalem was razed in AD 70, the distinctive features of the city at the time of Christ were unknown to later writers. That the NT accurately describes the life and times of pre-destruction Jerusalem, shows that the NT was written by people who were there and who were concerned to relay the truth to those reading and listening.

When Luke, quoting the Apostle Paul, writes of the apostle's sea voyages, his narrative is so accurate that it is used as the major text on seafaring in the Mediterranean in the first century. His use of titles for various rulers and officials is spot-on, and shows a man who is a stickler for detail. Could such a person have misreported the words of Jesus in the Gospel account he also wrote? Not likely.

If so, then not only is the NT historically accurate, and not only is it textually accurate, but, if Jesus said "I am the Way, the Truth and the Life no one comes to the Father but by me", then those words must be spiritually accurate. Jesus believed he was God's Son, the Saviour of the world. There are only three possibilities that he was a lunatic, a liar or the Lord. Even the most relativist people in the 1st century would never say that Jesus was a lunatic or a liar at the least they claim he was a good spiritual teacher. Jesus says you don't have that choice. I didn't come to teach goodness and niceness. I came to teach Truth. And I am that Truth. Either you accept it or reject it. If you accept it, then the consequences are phenomenally good. Reject it and you will regret it eternally.

So, while the jury may be out on James' funeral box, there is enough evidence to convict Jesus of being who he claimed to be the Lord of All, the coming Judge of the world, the Word of God.

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The industralisation of the U.S.S.R under Stalin

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Stalin stated"…those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her because of her backwardness, military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness…" (Internet Site ). If Joseph Stalin had not introduced measures to rapidly industrialise Russia before Nazi Germany invaded in June 141, Russia would have completely defeated and its army swiftly destroyed as it would not have had the military weaponry or hardware to fight back against the superior Wehrmacht. Historians argue that if Stalin, the brutal leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, had not of implemented serve industrial reforms to dramatically bring Russia from a mainly agrarian market to an industrial power, Nazi Germany would have inflicted a severe defeat on her in World War . Therefore, Stalin implementing his policy of 'socialism in one country' led to the introduction of the Five Year Plans thereby creating a colossal Russian industry, saved the nation after a bitter war.

When Lenin died there was period of competition between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin as both had conflicting views on communist ideology. "Trotsky favoured 'world revolution'…The USSR should push on with the task of encouraging other proletariat masses to overthrow their capitalist masters. (Cowie, 14, p158). Trotsky believed, continuing with the teaching of Karl Marx, a world wide revolution of Communism should take place with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics leading the way. Stalin thought that Russia was industrially too weak to carry out a proletariat revolution in other countries and if attempted the capitalist nations would destroy Russia and communism. "The policy that Stalin advocated and pursued came to be called 'socialism in one country'" (Cowie, 14, p15). Stalin argued that the socialist system of government should be first consolidated in Russia by making the country militarily and economically strong enough to resist a war with the capitalist nations. For that reason, when Stalin gained complete control of Russia he implemented his policy, scrapped the New Economic Policy established by Lenin, brought all areas of the economy under state control and went about industrialising the USSR to make it powerful.

"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed" (Internet Site ).When Stalin came to power, Russia was almost completely an agrarian economy or an economy totally driven by agriculture. Stalin realised this and became infatuated with transforming Russia into an industrial super power as he was certain the western nations in the next decade would attempt to destroy the Soviet Union. "Joseph Stalin, in 18, launched the first Five-Year Plan; it was designed to industrialize the USSR in the shortest possible time... The plan, put into action ruthlessly, aimed at making the USSR self-sufficient" (Internet Site 5). Stalin modernised industry through a system called the Five Year Plans. Millions of Russians set to work to build new cities, dams, transport and communication facilities, railway lines including the Moscow underground, farm machinery and power stations to increase electricity. The first Five Year Plan ran from 18-, but was officially declared over in 1. The second Five Year Plan ran from 1-7 and the third Five Year Plan continued from 18 but was interrupted by the invasion of Nazi Germany. "By 1, Russia had passed Britain as an industrial nation and was bettered only by the USA and Germany" (Mills, 186, p108). Industrial output was massive during the Five Year Plans such as coal, increasing from 5 million to 145 million tonnes, Oil, increasing from 1 million to 40 million tonnes and Pig Iron, Increasing from 6 million tonnes to million tonnes (Mills, 186. p10)(see Appendix A). Thus the Five Year Plans Stalin introduced to modernise Russia, created the industry possible to create mass amounts of armaments to engage in a war and fight against the invasion of the German forces.

"In 141, Hitler unleashed the might of the German army in a massive invasion of the U.S.S.R. The world held is breath at the scale of this invasion, expecting the Soviet regime to collapse" (Cowie, 14, p16). On June nd 141 'Operation Babarossa' was launched with million soldiers, 550 tanks, 7 184 guns and 815 aircraft crossing into Russia (Internet Site 1) (see Appendix B). Initially the Germany army had huge successes, advancing rapidly and destroying the Red army phenomenal rate. For a long time it looked as though the Soviet Union would be conquered as the Wehrmacht had advanced 50 miles sieging Leniningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad. "A million Soviet soldiers were drafted into the Stalingrad area. They were supported from an increasing flow of tanks, aircraft and rocket batteries from the factories built east of the Urals, during the Five Year Plans. Stalins claim that rapid industrialization would save the Soviet Union from defeat by western invaders was beginning to come true" (Internet Site 4). As the Russians had basically unlimited manpower and could constantly bring new military material to the front, they fought on very stubbornly until they wore the German war machine down. "The Red Army drove the Nazi armies back, out of Russia, and then penetrated into Germany itself…." (Internet Site ). At he cost 0 million Russian Soldiers, unknown civilian lives and most of the country being decimated, Stalin's Red army finally defeated Germany by the end of 145 (Mills, 186, p115). If Industrialisation had not of taken place Russia would still have had an ill equipped World War 1 army and would have been obliterated by the well equipped and extremely well trained German forces. Thus Stalin industrialising Russia years before 'The Great Patriotic War', the Russians were better equipped with tanks, fighter planes and so forth to sustain a war against the Wehrmacht and in the end defeat them.

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In conclusion, at the end of World War in 145 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics captured Berlin and was victorious over Nazi Germany. "Yet the military victory over Germany could not have been won without the industrial base achieved through Stalin's Five Year Plans. In twenty years this hitherto relatively backward nation had produced the tanks, guns, aeroplanes and support structures that made it possible for their leaders to outfight and outgeneral the professional army of German" (Cowie, 14, p16). The west of Russia lay in complete ruin from the horrendous war and monumental battles that took place on the Eastern Front, but never the less it was victory due to its industrial reforms and the fact that the Soviet Union was able to fight a modern war and in the end inflicted the same carnage on Germany. Therefore if Joseph Stalin had not introduced measures to rapidly industrialise Russia before Nazi Germany invaded in June 141, Russia would have completely defeated and its army swiftly destroyed as it would not have had the military weaponry or hardware to fight back against the superior Wehrmacht.

Internet Site 1 http//srm.racesimcentral.com/il/barbarossa_history.shtml

Internet Site http//www.sparknotes.com

Internet Site http//artsci.shu.edu/reesp/documents/Stalin--industrialization.htm

Internet Site 4 http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm

Internet Site 5 http//www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A081881.html

Mills, H (186) Twentieth Century World History in Focus London Macmillian Education Ltd

Cowie, H.R (14) The Modern State, Nationalism and Internationalism Melbourne Thomas Nelson Australia

Morcombe, M & Fielding, M (18) The Spirit of Change Russia in Revolution Roseville McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Limited

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The Sacco- Vanzetti Case

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The trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for the Braintree, Massachusetts payroll robbery and murders is the politically charged murder case in the history of American law. Many people in America stated their beliefs that Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty of the 11 South Braintree murders and robberies. The judge Webster Thayer of Worcester ruled, and he executed them in August 17. The question still remains today whether they were guilty or not guilty of the murders and robberies. Everyone may have their own opinion of guilt or innocence in this case. In my opinion, Sacco and Vanzetti did not and they could not have committed the crimes for which they were put to death.

On April 15, 10, on Pearl Street in South Braintree, Massachusetts, a paymaster named Parmenter and his guard, Berardelli, were shot to death in front of the Slater and Morrill and the Rice and Hutchins Shoe factories. These were the murders for which Sacco and Vanzetti were later executed. As the shots were fired, an automobile parked in front of Slater passed the scene of the crime and stole the money and then they escaped fast. According to a witness, there were "two men in the car, the driver and a man we cannot describe, in the back seat" (Ehrmann1). Then two days later the investigators found an abandoned car that looked similar to the getaway car in the woods near Cochesett.

On May 5, 10, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested on a street car. Sacco was a shoe-worker and Vanzetti was a fish peddle. Neither of them had ever been accused of crime prior to this date. At this point the police did not have any specific evidence to accuse them but they were arrested because they had called for Bodas Overland (car) at a

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West Bridgewater garage with their friends Orciani and Boda. The car was suspected in connection with the crime, and at the trial was ruled out as evidence. Both Sacco and Vanzetii were accused for the south Braintree murders on September 11, 10, and convicted on July 14, 11.

Many people said Judge Webster Thayer of Worcester ruled this case with prejudice against the defendants, because Sacco and Vanzetti were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. At this time, many Americans were antiforeignists. They were against the immigrants and against those people who go against their government. "Under the Massachusetts law one man and only one man could grant Sacco and Vanzetti a new trial and that man was Judge Thayer" (Ehrman, 10). However, Judge Thayer had not show any mercy on Sacco and Vanzetti.

Many people wanted a second trial, but Judge Thayer denied a second trial. From July 11 to May 16 many people were unsuccessful to obtain new trials for Sacco and Vanzetti. As I do some research on the Sacco-Vanzetti case, I came up with a question. "Why did Judge Thayer deny Sacco and Vanzetti a second trial?" This is a question that came into my mind. Assuming that Sacco and Vanzetti were as guilty as Judge Thayer believed them to be, then a second jury would not hurt Judge Thayer's choice. If the first trial convicted them as guilty, then a second trial would surely have found them guilty, but why didn't Judge Thayer agree to have a second trial? This made the public go against him more.

Another thing that came to my mind was that I do not think Sacco and Vanzetti had such a special skills to organize a successful plan of the dangerous and complicated

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crime. There is nothing in the record or elsewhere to indicate that Sacco and Vanzetti knew their way around in this crime. I do not think they knew how to find the partners in crime that they needed. Remember that they were Italians and rarely spoke English. They did not know how to speak English well, and this was one of the disadvantages they had in court. Some questions that they answered were misunderstood. Although they were allowed to have interpreters, it did not help them much because during the trial the prosecution emphasized the men's radical political beliefs. If this is a case of murdering, then why didn't the court focus on the main issues, instead of on their radical political beliefs.

During this time there are many disadvantages for Sacco and Vanzetti. They were anarchists and Americans feared that they would bring corruption to the United States. Another disadvantage is that they were arrested "in a period of wild anti-Red hysteria" (Russell 5). They both had no knowledge about the crime and they were executed for a murder that they did not commit. I think the prosecution and the police knew that they were innocent but they indicated they were murders because Americans were against foreigners and radicals.

But what happened if a different person confessed to be a murder? Did the authorities and Judge Thayer allow to investigate the confession made by this person? In 15, Celestino Madeiros confessed to being a member of the gang that killed Frederick Parmenter and Alessandro Berardelli. He was a Portuguese immigrant. There were also four other men, Joe, Fred, Pasquale and Mike Morelli, who had taken part in the robbery. The Morelli brothers were well-known criminals who had many similar robberies in the

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area of Massachusetts. However, the authorities refused to investigate the confession made by Madeiros. The question is why. Why did the authorities refuse to investigate the confession made by Madeiros? The real question now is were they really being fair to Sacco and Vanzetti? I think the answer is no because they did not give Sacco and Vanzetti a chance to recognize their innocent.

After the World War, the United States criticized "radical" foreign ideas and did not let immigrants to come in to America anymore. They feared Communists from Russia and saw the immigrants as radicals who might stimulate revolution. They were antiredists and antiforeignists and led the Sacco-Vanzetti case "called into question some of the fundamental assumptions of American society" (DAttilio). The case had little knowledge about who did it, Sacco or Vanzetti. Most people who supported Sacco and Vanzetti said that Chief Justice Thayer executed them because they were philosophical anarchists, common criminals, working-class martyrs and communist campaigners. However, there was not any evidence showing that both of them were guilty. People in

the jury did not have the "true" evidences or proofs to convict Sacco and Vanzetti guilty.

There was not enough evidence to show that Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty. Although there some witnesses saying that they thought the murderers and robbers were Italians, why did the police arrest Sacco and Vanzetti? During this time, there many thousands of Italians who had immigrated to the United States, and the murderers and robbers could have been different people, not Sacco and Vanzetti. The case did not show us the real proof of whether Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty and it was ridiculous to execute both of them. To me, I think the United States was just prejudiced against the

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immigrants at this time and they did not want to loose their face by ruling the anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti innocent. The Sacco-Vanzetti case will never be allowed to be forgotten because "it involved the death penalty and involved a divided public opinion with one half of the people convinced of guilt, and the other half equally convinced of innocence" (Ehrmann 15). The liberals regarded this case as a "judicial lynching."

Therefore, I disagree that both Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty because the evidence of the ballistics tests and reports that came from to a few Italian anarchists. I think they were innocent based on the views of Judge Thayer. There were many chances that this trial could repeat again but Judge Thayer did not allow these chances to go through. The Sacco-Vanzetti case still remains one of the most controversial cases in modern history. After they were sentenced to death, people still continue to disagree. Some say Sacco definitely and Vanzetti possibly guilty and others argue that both men were innocent victims based on the prosecutions knowledge with federal authorities, control of evidence, and manipulation of ballistics tests. Thus the Sacco-Vanzetti case will probably remain, in the words of attorney Herbert B. Ehrmann, the case that will not die.

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Analytical Review of:The Road To Wigan Pier

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Publication Facts

Title The Road To Wigan Pier

Author George Orwell

Date of Original Publication 17

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Authorship

What is the author's social background (e.g. class, ethnicity, gender)?

Eric Arthur Blair, who took the pen name George Orwell, was born in India in 10. His parents were members of the Indian Civil Service which put them in the lower half of the middle class. After receiving an education at Eaton College in England he joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma in 1. Following five years of service he left the police and began living in self imposed poverty for several years. He used these experiences to write several books detailing the lives of the poor in England. He fought for the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War and when the threat of communism arose he fought against its spread. This caused him to have to flee for his life. On Jan. 1st, 150 Orwell died in London, England.

Content Analysis

What is this book about? What happens in it? (Please limit your answer to seven sentences or less.)

The Road To Wigan Pier is essentially two books in one. The first part of the book is a biographical account of Orwell living in poverty along with the common lower class man. Here he attempts to blend himself with a lower class of people in an effort to see life through their eyes and live life in their shoes. This encompasses everything from going down into the coal mines, to living in the squalor of a lodging house, and surviving on the meager pay of about 0 shillings a week. In the second part of the book Orwell takes this new found knowledge and uses it as a means of promoting a Socialist society. He discusses the idea of Socialism from all points of view, both pro and con, and in the end he sums it all up into one sentence, "The fact that has got to be faced is that to abolish class-distinctions means abolishing a part of yourself."(161). The book ends with Orwell's personal feelings about Socialism, where he states that opposing Socialism is like suicide, especially when "…Fascism has conquered half of Europe"(1).

What genre of book is this (e.g. autobiography, political tract, novel)?

This book is written from a first person point of view. Orwell refers to himself as "I" throughout the entire book. He also draws upon other authors to either support his ideas or to discount any anti-socialist views.

Is the book didactic Does it have a message for its readers? If so, what? If not, why not?

I feel that this book definitely has a message for its readers. On the most basic of levels it gives the reader a first hand account of what life was like for lower class families in England in the early to mid 100's. However it also goes beyond that and gives the reader some insight as to how socialism would have helped these poor families. In The Road To Wigan Pier Orwell definitely got his main message across to all readers, and that is that socialism can only be positive for all parties involved.

What is Orwell's attitude toward socialism? What does he regard as the movement's strengths and weaknesses?

Orwell is definitely pro socialism and he states that under socialist rule even if we are deprived of all else at least everyone will have enough to eat. The one main strength that socialism has going for it is the majority of the population is lower class and is living below the poverty level. It is this class of people who tend to accept socialism more willingly and would welcome it into their lives. Despite the fact that Orwell is pro socialism he does a descent job of showing both sides, and he informs the reader of why the middle class and the upper class oppose it. Unfortunately the main reason he gives for their opposition to socialism is simply that they like being the upper class and they don't want to mix with other "undesirable" lower class people. This leads in to one of the weaknesses of socialism, which is that class lines would become blurred, and the upper class simply likes the status of being the upper class.

Contextual Analysis

What sources does the book draw on?

The first half of the book is written purely on Orwell's experiences in living with the poor of England. He also uses government figures when relating to the reader just how poor the poor really are by discussing cost of living expenses. The second half of the book is also based on Orwell's personal experiences, but in this section he includes excerpts of books by other authors to support his views or to discount theirs. A third source Orwell draws on is direct accounts of people of all classes living in England and in English colonies.

How does the book reflect the period in which it was written (e.g. social concerns, historical retrospective, concerns about the future)? Cite specific events that happened around the time of the book's initial publication.

In my opinion this book is just a glorified propaganda pamphlet for the socialist party. During the time this book was written Europe was facing the expansion of fascist rule under Hitler and there seemed to be no stopping his defeat of neighboring countries. World War I had just ended and England was facing some extremely tough times with an even more difficult future ahead. People were looking for an alternative and according to Orwell socialism was the most obvious choice.

Historical Application

What type(s) of source(s) is this book (i.e. primary or secondary)?

This book is a primary source written in the first person point of view.

What value does it have for the study of socialism between the two world wars?

Between the two world wars Europe was a very volatile and unstable place. There was a constant battle between fascism, communism, and socialism that affected almost every one on one level or another. During this time England was spared from the initial spread of fascism simply because it is not connected by land to the rest of Europe. This gave England the opportunity to form a new government and react to the spread of fascism. One can see by reading this book that socialism may have been the best choice for England in the mid 100's, but not all people saw it as a positive movement. However by studying the society of England in the 100's one can envision what socialism would have done for England, and how it would have rescued tens of thousands from a life of poverty and squalor.

What impact might this book have today or have had at the time of its publication?

When this book was published I'm sure it was considered to be very controversial for the main reason that it forced the reader to look into the daily life of the poor in England. People, especially those against socialism, probably didn't want to know just how bad off the poor were, because ignorance is bliss. By closing their eyes to the truth the upper class could more easily sit in their comfortable homes and deny that poverty was such an immense problem. On the other hand I'm quite sure that the poor were grateful to finally have a voice that people would listen to. The only down side of this is that the poor most likely never got a chance to read Orwell's book. Orwell definitely accomplished what he set out to do with this book, and that was to spread the belief that socialism was the best road for England to take.

Who would appreciate this book, and who would object to it, either at the time of its initial publication or today?

Those who would appreciate this book and those who would oppose it can be easily separated by party lines. Those who oppose socialism would probably see this book as simply more socialist propaganda to spread to the public. They would feel that it is too one sided and doesn't give the reader an accurate account of the big picture. Supporters of socialism would definitely appreciate this book because it shows how the poor live and how much their lives would improve under the institution of socialism. As for the main characters in the book, the poor, I don't know how they would react to the book. It doesn't show them as bad people, but by reading the book they might feel as if they are being used by the socialist party as a way to drum up sympathetic support for socialism. These are a proud people who are used to living life at a certain level and I don't know that they would all welcome government support with open arms.

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A history of evolutionary theory

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Evolutionary theory itself has evolved in man's quest for understanding his origins. Many individuals have contributed to it, each modifying the work of his predecessors to address new data or resolve problems that arose from new information. This paper will briefly summarize some of the most defining contributions and trace the development of the theory of evolution from early to modern times. Views if origins will be categorized as early, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian, and post-Darwinian.

Early Views of Origins

The best-known early view of origins is that of the Hebrews. The Torah taught that an eternal, omnipotent, and all-wise God created the entire universe, including man, by calling it into existence. Creation began with apparent age, and complexity and design was woven into every detail. The species (Latin = kinds) were fixed by reproductive limitations which resulted when God commanded each to "bring forth after its own kind". God created man in his own image and was his showpiece of workmanship. 1 Acknowledgement of this doctrine established man's accountability to his maker. This view was subsequently embraced by Christianity, which had its origins in Judaism, but not until after the Greek Empire arose.

The Greeks adopted a view of origins that included a multitude of anthropomorphic, deities. The gods of the Greeks though superior in power and knowledge to man, were themselves subject to the laws of nature and came from primordial matter. Gaia (Mother Earth) gave rise to all life, both men and gods. There were many views as to how this occurred, but most philosophers attributed it to various processes involving air and water.

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Anaximander (ca.611-547 BC) is sometimes regarded to have developed the first written theory of evolution. He believed that the earth underwent a series of dramatic changes, each resulting in changed life forms. The early earth was covered by water, and the primary life form was fish. During one of its changes the continents appeared, and some fish became terrestrial. Humans, which to this point had lived as internal parasites inside these fish, broke free of their hosts and began their history of independence.

Plato, despite his renown as a Greek scholar and philosopher, contributed little to the study of origins. Truth, to him, was to be derived through introspection, and scientific observation held little merit. 4 This was not so with Plato's student, Aristotle (84- BC). Unlike his mentor, Aristotle was a keen observer, and he set forth observation as the key to science. In his Scala Naturae, species were hiearchially arranged from simple to complex like rungs on a ladder. Since each species was perfectly adapted to its position in the ladder, there was no need for significant change. Even so, the bottom rungs contained organisms that arose spontaneously from inorganic sources. 5

Although modern evolutionists have rejected most of Aristotle's views, he briefly toyed with the idea of limited natural selection. He believed that some anatomical features, such as incisors and molar teeth, occasionally appeared for no purpose. If such a feature were useful, it would be preserved. If not, it would cease. 6

This concept, however, was never well developed in his teachings, and emphasis was placed upon the fixity and permanence of the species.

The polytheistic view of the Greeks persisted into the Roman Empire with simple name changes for the deities and minor modifications in the myths. It wasn't until the rise of Christianity that large numbers of people seriously challenged it. The Christians, with their Jewish origins, clung to the Genesis account of creation. Jesus Christ, himself, quoted Genesis numerous times in such a way to endorse its literal interpretation. 7 When Constantine became a Christian, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

The almost unlimited power of the Roman church was wielded with arrogance and lack of reason, stifling scientific inquiry. Proclamations were made as to the exact day and hour that the earth had been created. Galileo, already famous for developing a working telescope, was punished for endorsing the heliocentric theory of the solar system. Reaction to this intellectual dishonesty lead to a questioning of all that the church taught, including the theory of intelligent creation. The Reformation of the seventeenth century and the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century were largely due to reactions to extra-Biblical decrees of the Roman church.

Before leaving the topic of special creation, it should be noted that, though this view has ancient roots, it is still the view of most people in the western world. Many prestigious scientists believe that, putting theology and religious doctrine aside, there is more empirical evidence to support a model of creation with intelligent design than there is to support a model of evolution through random processes.

Pre-Darwinian Views of Origins

Georges Buffon (1707-88) interpreted geological strata as the results of stages in the earth's history. Each stratum was the result of some cataclysmic catastrophe such as an earthquake or volcano. This explained why so many fossils were of organisms which no longer lived, having become extinct through such catastrophes.

First proposed by James Hutton (176-7) and then argued by Charles Leyell (1787-1875) in his Principles of Geology, the uniformatarian theory taught that sedimentary strata was the result of long time periods involving ordinary forces. This view gained quick acceptance and replaced the theory of catastrophism taught by Buffon.

A contemporary of Buffon and Hutton, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swedish botanist, was driven by a sense of having been called by God to develop a classification of organisms. Linnaeus, usually considered the father of modern taxonomy, saw nature as a "Divine Order" of God's creation, and his own role to develop a "natural classification" which would present God's order to the world. At first Linnaeus believed that species were fixed, but after his observations in the hybridization of many plants, he suggested that new genera could be developed by hybridization. Ironically, though Linnaeus wanted his life's work to exalt God as the creator, his system of classification is now primarily used to describe evolutionary relationships.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-18) is best remembered for his theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In his theory of transforism, he presented the idea that fluids moving throughout an organism became "excited" as they were used. This lead to increased size and complexity of the used organs that were subsequently inherited by their offspring. Traits and organs that were not used ceased to exist. Also, Lamarck believed that there was a tendency of all development to be progressive, resulting in newer, more complex species. He reasoned that the fluids in non-living matter could only produce small, simple organisms spontaneously.

Although neither of Lamarck's views is considered credible today, his was the first scientific theory of evolution. Further, his work in the natural sciences resulted in a unified science which he called "Biology".

Perhaps the most influential writing that would stir the imagination of Charles Darwin was Essay on the Principles of Populations, 178, by Thomas Malthus (1766-184). Malthus described the problem of overpopulation in plants, animals, and even man. His view was that any population, left to itself, would eventually outgrow its food source. His motive was to establish the need for moral restraint in reproduction, but Darwin saw his work as an insight into the competitive environment that all species must face to survive.

Darwinism

The writings of Malthus and Lyell were to find significance in the mind of Charles Darwin. He was given a post as a naturalist for an extended voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, from which he acquired a wealth of observations of various organisms. It was during this voyage that he began developing a theory of adaptation based upon natural selection, though it was not until twenty-two years later that he wrote and published Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection. Though "survival of the fittest" was not a phrase that he actually coined, it describes his view of gradual evolution through natural selection. Small, random variations in some individuals within an isolated population coupled with changes in the environment created a competitive advantage for those

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Dracula and The Lost Boys

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Family

The idea of becoming a vampire has been embraced as a deviant alternative to fulfill a sense of youth because it offers eternal life and rebellion. Vampires target humans in order to suck their blood and provide nourishment for themselves. Most often families are targeted and destroyed, because the vampires are preoccupied by the idea of creating their own families. Vampires do not create families in the traditional sense, they follow no norms. Although vampires may have what they refer to as a family unit, there is no marriage involved. Marriage means monogamy and vampires are not monogamous, rather they are quite sexual, with both men and women. For this reason, vampires pose many threats to the traditional families.

In Stoker's Dracula, the threats Dracula poses are over Jonathan, Mina, and Lucy. Although Jonathan is engaged, in a committed relationship, he is tempted by three women. Had the women been able to carry out their plan of seduction, Jonathan would have easily fallen into their trap. It may be that Jonathan is hypnotized by Dracula, or by the women, who are Dracula's pawns. If Jonathan had fallen prey to the women, he would have jeopardized his relationship with Mina. But Jonathan does not fall prey to the women, but rather Dracula himself, which leaves him deathly ill and very confused. Mina has lost the Jonathan she once knew.

Dracula also targets virginal Lucy. Lucy already shows that she has a sexual side when she talks about marrying three men. "Why can't they let a girl marry three men, or as many want her, and save all this trouble?" (Stoker 68) Lucy's comment may mean that she would prefer to have more than one sexual partner, because perhaps one may not

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Family

be enough to satisfy her needs. Since Lucy mentions the word, "marriage", she attempts to legalize her need for multiple sexual partners. Lucy is engaged (to one man), but may be considered "damaged goods", since Dracula has been making nightly visits to her. Dracula's motive of targeting Lucy is to procreate, and make Lucy the mother of his child.

The threat of vampires does not end with Dracula- The Lost Boys also has one mastermind head vampire that poses a major threat to families. Max purposely targets fatherless children in order to become a surrogate father to them. He then uses them as puppets to do his "dirty work." According to Rob Latham, "The precise relationship between David's gang and Max is never fully made clear while Max is identified as the 'head' vampire who ostensibly uses David as his pawn to enslave other teens, the few scenes of them together suggest that Max is genuinely afraid of David and not entirely certain of his loyalty" (Latham 145). Just as "normal" teenagers rebel against their parents, who are their authority figures, so do David and his gang, against Max, who is their surrogate father. The teen vampires have a great deal of autonomy and do not necessarily need to follow all of Max's rules.

In order to complete his vampire family, Max targets Lucy and her sons. Max uses David and his gang to lure Michael into the world of vampires. Michael is not infected by being bitten, but rather by drinking David's blood. Michael's behavior after this incident resembles that of a drug-addict. Just as peer pressure influences teens to begin using drugs, similarly, David's gang influences Michael into the vampire

Family 4

"initiation." Drug addictions alone are a tremendous threat to families. The blackouts the victims experience are very much like hangovers that drug addicts experience. Drugs

have a sort of mind control over the users much like how vampires have control over their victims.

In Santa Carla, the teenagers are easy targets because they are mostly unsupervised and the parents appear to be neglectful. Latham argues, "...the members of the original '60s generation are depicted as...an easy-going generation of neglectful parents who have left their children ill-equipped to resist the blandishments of mass culture" (Latham 14). Michael and Sam's own mother is preoccupied by dating the head-vampire, and are thus left unsupervised for the majority of the time. According to Nina Auerbach, "Weist is so distracted by working and flirting that she abandons her boys to a vampire gang" (Auerbach 168). The divorced mother is so caught up in the act of courtship, that she unknowingly invites her vampire-boyfriend into her home and into her family. Ultimately it is the mother who is responsible for the destruction within her family because instead of protecting her children, she exposes her sons to danger.

The issues of sexuality and the dangers associated with it are carefully examined by Michel Foucault. He studies the shift from the ancient Greek to Classical Christian societies. Foucault discusses how sexual pleasure, although a legitimate part of the Greek social system, is still a source of conflict- especially as a part of social relations between the different social classes. Both Lucys (Dracula and The Lost Boys) are not married, but lead a sexual life. Young, virginal Lucy Westerna after her nightly visits from Dracula, becomes a sex vixen herself. But Lucy's sexual acts are represented

Family 5

through the sucking of blood. In Dracula, the symbolics of blood has been replaced with an association of sexuality. The vampire act of biting another is referred to as an "infection", and an infection is usually associated to some sort of a disease. Foucault argues, in regards to Greco-Roman thought of sexuality, "This disease, which is 'shameful in itself,' is 'dangerous in that it leads to stagnation; harmful to society in that it goes against the propagation of the species'" (16). This belief is similar to that of Christian society. Losing one's virginity to the sexual act (or the symbolism of sex), will lead to shame, danger, and ultimately will destroy families and societies. Lucy destroys not only her own life, but that of her fiance (her family), her friends, and anyone she makes her victim.

Lucy from The Lost Boys, although is a divorced mother of two teenage sons, still pursues a relation that would be most likely sexual with the head vampire. Foucault argues that "One already notes a certain association of sexual activity with evil" (15). In the case of Lucy and Max, their sexuality is definitely associated with evil. If Lucy had taken the relationship with Max further, she would surely have jeopardized the lives of her family, including her own. Although Lucy's affair would not be extra-marital, since she is divorced, her sexual relations would still be wrong, as an unmarried woman.

According to Foucault, the Christian belief regarding abstinence is "...renunciation can give access to a spiritual experience of truth and love that sexual activity excludes" (0). This principle would mean that sex and love do not go "hand in hand", it is one or the other. If one participated in sexual activity, in which the goal is not to procreate, it would mean that individual became part of something that is loveless and

Family 6

spiritless. All in all, being sexual is evil, in that if it is not used to procreate and build families, it is used to break down families.

Just as in Dracula, the vampire targets Lucy to create a "family", Max also targets Lucy to complete his own family. Max states to Lucy, "Boys need a mother." Before Max met Lucy, it was just him and his boys (David and his gang). Similar to the Brady bunch, it is the story of two families (almost) merging into one. Michael's vampire brothers coerce him into becoming one of them. "Drink some of this Michael. Be one of us." Michael follows the lead of the gang in order to rebel, and that is the reason for his new ear piercing. The vampires try to lure Michael in with an offer that is difficult to refuse, "You'll never grow old, you'll never die."

Auerbach argues that, "Max's exposure as head vampire not only indicts the careless sexuality of the mother who exposes her sons to danger; it undermines the autonomy of the vampires themselves" (Auerbach 168). Just as Lucy from The Lost Boys not only endangers herself, but her family as well, so does Lucy from Dracula. In the beginning, Lucy is unaware of her visits from Dracula and the consequences she will have to endure. Lucy from The Lost Boys also has a sort of mind control over her that she is unaware of what is occurring within her family. Max's charm is the control he uses over Lucy. Had it not been for Lucy's preoccupation with dating, it would be difficult to lure Michael into the world of vampirism.

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VDU

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on VDU. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality VDU paper right on time.

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What are VDUs?

VDU health and safety regulations define them as items of display screen equipment like computer screens or microfiche readers. Screens for showing films, videos and television pictures are not covered by the regulations. Neither are screens used for surveillance.

Are they bad for your health?

Not if they are used properly and the necessary precautions are in place. The legal rights and duties covering VDUs are set out in part VII of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations, 1.

Do the regulations apply to me?

They do if you use a VDU continuous periods of more than one hour.

What must my employer do?

Your employer is required to evaluate your health and safety at your workstation with particular reference to eyesight, physical difficulties and mental stress. Steps must be taken to control any risks to health and safety. Some of these steps are set out in the box.

Do I have any responsibilities as an employee?

Yes. You must co-operate with your employer on issues relating to health and safety and use equipment and appliances properly.

What problems can arise from working with VDUs?

The three main complaints are eyesight, physical difficulties and mental stress.

How can VDUs affect your eyes?

Although VDUs do not cause eye damage, they can highlight problems that are already there. And they can lead to eye strain and eye fatigue if you don't take the necessary precautions.

Eye fatigue can be caused by staying in the same position and concentrating for a long time, bad VDU positioning, poor legibility of the screen or source documents, bad lighting, glare and reflections, or a drifting, flickering or jittering image on the screen.

What about upper limb pains?

A range of work-related pains and discomforts to the arm, hand and shoulder areas are now described as 'work related upper limb disorders? (WRULDs). These range from temporary fatigue or soreness to cramp and even ongoing pain in the muscles or nerves.

These effects are thought to be caused by a number of factors rather than any single cause. Holding a part of the body (back, neck or head) rigid for a long time can cause discomfort in the muscles, bones and tendons. Awkward positioning of the hands and wrist relative to the work being carried out is another likely factor.

These effects can be avoided by using proper equipment, suitable furniture, and by training and changing the way work is carried out.

How can VDUs cause fatigue and stress?

Stress and fatigue can result if tasks require a very high degree of concentration and vigilance or when routine tasks cause boredom. Many symptoms can also be caused by stress arising from non-VDU aspects of the work. These are more likely to be caused by poor organisation of the work, lack of control by the employee over the pace of the work, under-utilisation of skills, high-speed repetitive work or working in isolation.

The onset of fatigue and stress can be minimised by careful design, selection and location of VDUs, good design of the workstation, its environment and the task involved as well as training, consultation and involvement of the employee.

Can I use a VDU if I'm pregnant?

Yes. Research has concluded that there's VDU use poses no risk to an unborn child. But pregnant women should take frequent breaks to prevent muscle fatigue.

www.vdu.com

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Theories of Crime: BECCARIA, LOMBROSO AND DURKHEIM

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The theories on crime deterrence and punishment have changed throughout history. Beccaria, Lombroso and Durkheim are three theorists who have changed the way deterrence, punishment and crime generally is viewed within society. This essay will first explore each of the theorists' ideas separately. It will then examine the similarities and differences between each theory.

Cesare Beccaria, born in 178, focused on deterrence as the means of crime prevention. Beccaria fits into the Classical School of thinking, and wrote in a time when torture was used regularly to obtain information from people, and where capital punishment could be used for any type of offence. Punishment was based on a retributive means, where the punishment, or harm, given was equal to the harm caused by the perpetrator. In 1764, Beccaria published a book called 'On crimes and Punishments', where he theorised that this approach did not discourage determined criminals from committing crimes. He suggested, however, by taking away their liberty through incarceration that this would deter other would-be criminals not to commit similar crimes, and would also prevent the perpetrator to recommit the crime again. He based this theory on the utilitarian ideals 'the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number' (Beccaria 1764/14, p. 7).

In his book, Beccaria theorised the deterrence to a crime would increase in effectiveness the faster the punishment was delivered. He also argued that the punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed, as, following the utilitarian ideals, this would be in the interest to the greater good. Beccaria also examined the fact that at the time punishment for the same crime could range from nothing to the death penalty, as it was to the complete discretion of the magistrate to what punishment was appropriate. Beccaria argued that the same crime should attract similar penalties, as this, according to his theory, would act as a greater deterrence.

Beccaria believed that the death penalty did not work as a deterrence to crime. He theorised that killing a person was retributive and had shown in the past that this did not stop the determined criminal committing an offence. He believed, on the other hand, that taking away a person's liberty through incarceration was a greater deterrence, as the duration of the punishment is a far stronger deterrent than 'the more powerful but momentary action' (Beccaria 1764/14 p. 81) of capital punishment.

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Unlike Beccaria, Cesare Lombroso looked at the physical and psychological aspects of the makeup of a 'criminal'. Born in 185, Lombroso was a doctor who theorised that some 'criminals' were biologically determined. From the Positivist School of thinking, his research emphasised the need to study the individual using measurements from economic, social and anthropological data. Lombroso performed many autopsies on male criminals throughout his research, where he found many features that were comparable with primitive humans (Vold, Bernard and Snipes 18). He also performed research on living people, both criminals and non-criminals. His findings of both the autopsies and the study involving live specimens were published in 1876 in the book 'Criminal Man'.

In his finding, Lombroso develops and explores his theory on criminal behaviour, where he claimed that certain physical aspects, such as anomalies in the size of the head, eye defects, pouches in the cheek, defects in the thorax and imbalance of the hemispheres of the brain could assist in ascertaining whether a person is a 'criminal' (Lombroso 111). He called these factors, as well as others not mentioned above, 'atavism'. He also theorised that a 'criminal' is a throwback to primitive times, as shows 'the ferocious instincts of primitive humanity and the inferior animals' (Lombroso 111, p. xxv).

In his book 'The Female Offender', published in 10, Lombroso theorises that most females are not criminal. He found that the women that are criminals, most are only occasional criminals that commit through means other than biological. However, according to Lombroso, there are some females offenders that are atavistic criminals. The female atavistic offender is often harder to detect and is often more vicious than her male counterpart.

While Lombroso looks at crime at the individual level, Emile Durkheim examines crime from the social perspective. Born two decades after Lombroso in 1858, Durkheim theorised that crime is normal (18). He elaborates on his theory in 'The Normal and the Pathological' (18), where he theorises that a society without crime is impossible. Developing on this idea, Durkheim theorises that for crime to not exist, every person would have to have the same sentiments on everything, to the same degree and intensity. If this were to happen, 'crime would not thereby disappear; it would merely change its form' (Durkheim 18/14, p. 85).

Durkheim also theorised that crime was useful, in that it help develops change in social morality and reforms in law. He develops this idea and wrote '… in order that these transformations may be possible, the collective sentiments at the basis of morality must not be hostile to change, and consequently must have but moderate energy' (Durkheim 18/14, p. 87). Furthermore, he theorises that without crime, society would become stagnant and would not progress.

In 187 Durkheim published 'Suicide', where he studied suicide rates. He found that the rate increased greatly when there were times of economic decline or growth. He called this 'state of inadequate regulation "anomie"' (Vold et al 18, p. 10). This is not associated with crime 'unless there is also a breakdown of social norms or rules' (Vold et al 18, p. 1).

Durkheim and Beccaria both looked at the crime from the societal level, but theorised in different areas. Beccaria took the Classical approach and was more interested in using deterrence in preventing crime. Durkheim, on the other hand, took the Positivist position and focused more on society's behaviour and interaction, and said that crime was normal and was needed for society to move forward. Beccaria looked at crime as a menace to society and theorised that it was not beneficial. Beccaria focused more on reform and how society could use deterrence as a means to stop crime, while Durkheim theorised that crime would always exist, and would only stop if everyone agreed and believed the same things. Durkheim also theorised that if one definition of crime were to be eliminated, it would only be redefined and shifted towards other behaviours.

Similar to Durkheim, Lombroso fits into the Positivist school of theory. Where they differ is the level of analysis the theorists used. Durkheim, as established previously, looked at crime from the societal level. Lombroso, however, looked at crime on the individual level. Where Durkheim looked at crime as a normal occurrence in society, Lombroso looked at crime as, at least in part, having a biological foundation. Lombroso looked at the causes of crime from a physical and psychological perspective, and theorised that the characteristic of some 'criminals' could be attributed to physical abnormalities of a person. Durkheim believed that crime was a result of differences in beliefs and values in society, and thus would always exist.

Lombroso and Beccaria looked at crime from different perspectives. Lombroso focused on the individual, whereas Beccaria looked at crime through society as a whole. Both theorists also belong to different schools of thinking; Beccaria belongs to the Classical school whereas Lombroso is a member of the Positivist school. Beccaria, through his studies, focused on deterrence and the need to reform the 'criminal'. Lombroso, though, looked at the physical and psychological attributes that made up a 'criminal, and believed that these characteristics were inherited through generations. He also theorised that a person with a predisposition of crime through their physical abnormalities could not be reformed, as Beccaria suggested.

Each theorist examined in this essay have focused on crime differently; Beccaria looked at using deterrence as a means to reduce crime, Lombroso looked at the biological makeup of a person, with certain abnormalities possibly making up a 'criminal', and Durkheim looked as crime being a normal occurrence within society. All the theorists looked at in this essay have influenced the way society looks at crime, and have provided a basis for other theorists to expand and explore the causes of crime that exist today.

Please note that this sample paper on Theories of Crime: BECCARIA, LOMBROSO AND DURKHEIM is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Theories of Crime: BECCARIA, LOMBROSO AND DURKHEIM, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Theories of Crime: BECCARIA, LOMBROSO AND DURKHEIM will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Affirmative Action

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Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, not ease, the nations internal divisions. Opponents of affirmative action say that the battle for equal rights is over, and that requiring quotas that favor one group over another is discrimination. The people that defend it say that the playing field is not level, and that providing advantages for minorities and women is fair considering the discrimination those groups tolerated for years.

Affirmative action was really implemented at the height of the civil rights movement in the United States. Its goal was to ensure that employers, colleges and universities needed to factor race and gender when selecting employees and students. "Under affirmative action there would be an active effort to make sure that the work place and the university included people of all races and both sexes." (Hanmer). Prior to this in the United States, opportunity did not exist for all. Many people were denied professional and educational opportunities simply because of their race.

Affirmative action was to change the way employers hired. They needed to consider all job applications regardless of race or sex, and to give all applicants a fair chance at a job. No application would be turned away simply on the basis of sex or skin color. Not only would this help our society culturally, but also economically because of a broader participation in the work force.

Although affirmative action did include all minorities, it may have never became government policy if it were not for the civil rights movement that began in the 150's. The Civil War had ended slavery nearly a century before, but sill many African-Americans had never been granted full equality. Many states, particularly the South, passed laws "that were designed to segregate the white and black races and to keep African Americans in an inferior position in society." (Hamner). These laws were called "Jim Crow laws." Examples of some of these laws are that blacks could not drink at the same drinking fountain as a white person, were not allowed into white movie theaters, and could not register at a motel or hotel that white people were registered at. Also in most southern states, blacks could not vote.

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These laws also denied blacks equal education. Black children could not attend the same schools as white children. Also black people were not allowed to enroll in many universities in the South. The separate facilities were far from equal. "At black schools and colleges, the faculty were poorly paid, the facilities inferior, and the curriculum at black colleges was often limited to agricultural and technical programs designed to train southern blacks for low-paying jobs. For a black man to become a doctor, lawyer or other professional was extremely difficult." (Hamner).

Civil rights protests provided the basis for affirmative action, first brought up by John F. Kennedy. "In declaring the federal contractors must utilize "affirmative action" to recruit minority employees, [Kennedy] was responding to the claims of the civil rights movement." (Hamner). The Civil Rights Act of 164 most clearly defined affirmative action. There were seven sections to the bill. Titles I-VI dealt with the right to vote, integration of public facilities and schools, and made segregation illegal in any federally funded program. Title VII dealt primarily with employment practices. It clearly stated that discrimination in hiring was illegal.

The Supreme Court has considered the constitutionality of affirmative action in a number of cases involving such issues as admission to educational institutions, job hiring and promotion, exemption from ordinary seniority-bound job-layoff rules, award of public building contracts, and award of licenses for radio and television stations by the federal Communications Commission. "In the Supreme Court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Allan Bakke, a white applicant, was rejected twice even though there were minority applicants admitted with significantly lower scores than his. Bakke maintained that judging him on the basis of his race was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that wile race was a legitimate factor in school admissions; the use of such inflexible quotas as the medical school had set aside was not. As a result of the decision Bakke was admitted to the school and graduated in 1. The Supreme Court, however, was split 5-4 in its decision on the Bakke case and addressed only a minimal number of the many complex issues that had sprung up about affirmative action." (Marshall).

An added source of complexity (or confusion) is the different level of freedom accorded the state and federal governments in regard to affirmative action. In the 180 case of Fullilove v. Klutznick, the Supreme Court upheld a federal program that required that minority-controlled businesses be preferred in awarding certain contracts. But, in 18, the court held that Richmond, Virginia, could not require the 0 percent of its building contracts be awarded to minority contractors. "The Court stated that the Fourteenth Amendment limits the states' use of racial preferences more strictly than it does the federal government's."(Marshall).

Affirmative action is very noble when looking at who benefits from the outcome, but take a closer look at affirmative action, the people that are involved and the damage it takes on our society surfaces many doubts. While supporters of affirmative action use black economic progress as proof that affirmative action is working there is more to the story. Obviously preferred treatment has furthered the careers of some blacks, but the evidence is mounting that these policies may be damaging to minorities. Huge legal liabilities, created by policies that make statistical under representation equivalent to discrimination, create incentives for employers to protect themselves by putting distance between their companies and predominantly black communities. (Bill).

Affirmative action weakens the spirit of the individual by making them think the reason they got the job or grant was because someone felt sorry for them. "This happened to a student at the University of Virginia Law School, a young black woman about to become the first black to make the prestigious Law Review when and affirmative action policy went into effect, supplanting a merit-based system of selection. When she heard that she had been thrust onto the Law review as an affirmative action case, she said angrily "Why are you doing this to me? Students want to be on the Law Review because they know big law firms look to [being on the] Law Review as an imprimatur… But if you have two tracks, one for the white kids and another for minorities, the minority who makes the Law Review forever has to defend and explain the door he came through. If he came through the one marked 'Minorities Only' the value is gone from it." (Bill)

Some women believe affirmative action will benefit them in the beginning because there is an incentive to hire women. This will do more to hinder than to help in the long run, it gives males a basis for their resentment and skepticism of females. This can cause additional tension between men and women that was not there before affirmative action.

Who really benefits from affirmative action policies? "William Melor of the libertarian Institute for Justice argues that most benefits of affirmative action go to educated middle-income minorities; "It helps those who need it the least. For those in the inner city, it's best useless and at worst creates a climate of hostility from other workers."(Billingsley).

But the failures of affirmative action programs to improve the economic conditions of their supposed beneficiaries, nor the hatred or stress they have endured have caused their supporters to have second thoughts. "The affirmative action bureaucrats have instead argued that the program will work if we just have more of it. They increase their own power and job prospects by finding yet more historical disadvantage and new groups of accredited victims. The city of San Francisco gives preference to gays in hiring and is exploring new protections for transsexuals and cross-dressers, alleged victims of straight society."(Billingsley).

By promoting a system of race-based entitlement, affirmative action is keeping America from evolving into a color-blind society where people are judged on their abilities, not the color of their skin. Affirmative action is a system of racial preferences and quotas that deny opportunity to individuals solely because they are not members of a preferred race or ethnic group. By locking deserving whites out of jobs and schools to make room for minorities with much weaker records, affirmative action heighten racial divisions and tensions.

Please note that this sample paper on Affirmative Action is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Affirmative Action, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Affirmative Action will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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